Tuning the Luminescence of Layered Halide Perovskites

Smith, Matthew D.; Connor, Bridget A.; Karunadasa, Hemamala I.

doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00477

Title: Tuning the Luminescence of Layered Halide Perovskites

Abstract

Layered halide perovskites offer a versatile platform for manipulating light through synthetic design. Although most layered perovskites absorb strongly in the ultraviolet (UV) or near-UV region, their emission can range from the UV to the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This emission can be very narrow, displaying high color purity, or it can be extremely broad, spanning the entire visible spectrum and providing high color rendition (or accurately reproducing illuminated colors). The origin of the photoluminescence can vary enormously. Strongly correlated electron–hole pairs, permanent lattice defects, transient light-induced defects, and ligand-field transitions in the inorganic layers and molecular chromophores in the organic layers can be involved in the emission mechanism. Here in this review, we highlight the different types of photoluminescence that may be attained from layered halide perovskites, with an emphasis on how the emission may be systematically tuned through changes to the bulk crystalline lattice: changes in composition, structure, and dimensionality.

Authors:

^[1]; Connor, Bridget A. ^[1];

^[1]

Stanford Univ., CA (United States). Dept. of Chemistry

Publication Date:: 2019-01-28

Research Org.:: SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE; Alfred P. Sloan; National Science Foundation (NSF)

OSTI Identifier:: 1528780

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Chemical Reviews

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 119; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 0009-2665

Publisher:: American Chemical Society

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats


                    Smith, Matthew D., Connor, Bridget A., and Karunadasa, Hemamala I. Tuning the Luminescence of Layered Halide Perovskites.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00477.

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                    Smith, Matthew D., Connor, Bridget A., & Karunadasa, Hemamala I. Tuning the Luminescence of Layered Halide Perovskites.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00477

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                    Smith, Matthew D., Connor, Bridget A., and Karunadasa, Hemamala I. Mon .  
"Tuning the Luminescence of Layered Halide Perovskites".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00477.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1528780.

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@article{osti_1528780,

  title        = {Tuning the Luminescence of Layered Halide Perovskites},

  author       = {Smith, Matthew D. and Connor, Bridget A. and Karunadasa, Hemamala I.},

  abstractNote = {Layered halide perovskites offer a versatile platform for manipulating light through synthetic design. Although most layered perovskites absorb strongly in the ultraviolet (UV) or near-UV region, their emission can range from the UV to the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum. This emission can be very narrow, displaying high color purity, or it can be extremely broad, spanning the entire visible spectrum and providing high color rendition (or accurately reproducing illuminated colors). The origin of the photoluminescence can vary enormously. Strongly correlated electron–hole pairs, permanent lattice defects, transient light-induced defects, and ligand-field transitions in the inorganic layers and molecular chromophores in the organic layers can be involved in the emission mechanism. Here in this review, we highlight the different types of photoluminescence that may be attained from layered halide perovskites, with an emphasis on how the emission may be systematically tuned through changes to the bulk crystalline lattice: changes in composition, structure, and dimensionality.},

  doi          = {10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00477},

  journal      = {Chemical Reviews},

  number       = 5,

  volume       = 119,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2019},

  month        = {1}

}

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Nanophotonics, Vol. 8, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1515/nanoph-2019-0114

A moisture-stable organosulfonate-based metal–organic framework with intrinsic self-trapped white-light emission
journal, January 2020

Zhang, Guiyang; Yin, Jinlin; Song, Xueling
Chemical Communications, Vol. 56, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09486e

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Title: Tuning the Luminescence of Layered Halide Perovskites

Abstract

Citation Formats

Polyhedron Distortions in Tourmaline journal, February 2002

Effect of Mono- versus Di-ammonium Cation of 2,2‘-Bithiophene Derivatives on the Structure of Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Materials Based on Iodo Metallates journal, August 2003

XVI.Auszüge journal, November 1884

Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed self-organized multiple quantum wells journal, September 2016

Preparation and characterization of layered lead halide compounds journal, March 1991

Influence of the image charge effect on excitonic energy structure in organic-inorganic multiple quantum well crystals journal, March 2013

Excitonic and Polaronic Properties of 2D Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskites journal, January 2017

Excitons in two-dimensional layered perovskite compounds: (C6H5C2H4NH3)2Pb(Br,I)4 and (C6H5C2H4NH3)2Pb(Cl,Br)4 journal, October 1997

Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells journal, May 2009

Bis(monoalkylammonium) tetrachlorochromates(II): a new series of two-dimensional ionic ferromagnets journal, January 1976

Synthesis, characterization and phase transitions of the inorganic–organic layered perovskite-type hybrids [(CnH2n+1NH3)2PbI4] (n = 12, 14, 16 and 18) journal, January 2008

Organic–Inorganic Perovskites: Structural Versatility for Functional Materials Design journal, March 2016

Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structures, and Optical Properties of (CH 3 NH 3 ) 2 CdX 4 (X = Cl, Br, I) journal, November 2017

Optical spectroscopy of two-dimensional layered (C_6H_5C_2H_4-NH_3)_2-PbI_4 perovskite journal, January 2010

Nearly Perfect Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer from Wannier Excitons to Naphthalene in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Quantum-Well Materials journal, June 2008

Structural origins of broadband emission from layered Pb–Br hybrid perovskites journal, January 2017

Preparation and Properties of (C 4 H 9 NH 3 ) 2 EuI 4 : A Luminescent Organic−Inorganic Perovskite with a Divalent Rare-Earth Metal Halide Framework journal, December 1997

Trirubidium heptachlorodimanganate journal, August 1978

Broadband white-light emission with a high color rendering index in a two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite journal, January 2018

A Theory of Sensitized Luminescence in Solids journal, May 1953

X-ray Scintillation in Lead Halide Perovskite Crystals journal, November 2016

A Layered Hybrid Perovskite Solar-Cell Absorber with Enhanced Moisture Stability journal, September 2014

Optical Absorption and Photoluminescence Properties of Pb(I, Br)-Based Two-Dimensional Layered Perovskite journal, April 1997

Thermochromic phase transitions in two aromatic tetrachlorocuprates journal, June 1991

In Situ X-Ray Observation on the Intercalation of Weak Interaction Molecules into Perovskite-Type Layered Crystals (C 9 H 19 NH 3 ) 2 PbI 4 and (C 10 H 21 NH 3 ) 2 CdCl 4 journal, February 1986

PbnI4n+2(2n+2)? ribbons (n = 3, 5) as dimensional reductions of 2D perovskite layers in cystamine cation based hybrids, also incorporating iodine molecules or reversible guest water molecules journal, January 2007

Polarized, single-crystal, electronic spectral studies of hexachlorodicuprate(2-): excited-state effects of binuclear interaction journal, January 1987

Synthesis, structural, thermal and optical studies of inorganic-organic hybrid semiconductors, R-PbI 4 journal, February 2013

Preparation and characterization of [H3N(CH2)6NH3]PbI4 and similar compounds with a layered perovskite structure journal, January 2000

Lithium Cycling in a Self-Assembled Copper Chloride–Polyether Hybrid Electrode journal, June 2014

The Crystal Structure of Cesium Aurous Auric Chloride, Cs 2 AuAuCl 6 , and Cesium Argentous Auric Chloride, Cs 2 AgAuCl 6 journal, August 1938

XVII. Allgemeinste Krystallisationsgesetze und die darauf fussende eindeutige Aufstellung der Krystalle journal, November 1904

On caesium-mercuric halides journal, September 1892

Morphology-Independent Stable White-Light Emission from Self-Assembled Two-Dimensional Perovskites Driven by Strong Exciton–Phonon Coupling to the Organic Framework journal, April 2017

Efficient Visible Quasi-2D Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes journal, June 2016

Enhanced Out-of-Plane Conductivity and Photovoltaic Performance in n = 1 Layered Perovskites through Organic Cation Design journal, May 2018

Reduced Band Gap Hybrid Perovskites Resulting from Combined Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding at the Organic−Inorganic Interface journal, February 2007

Quasi-Two-Dimensional Halide Perovskite Single Crystal Photodetector journal, April 2018

Intrinsic White-Light Emission from Layered Hybrid Perovskites journal, September 2014

The Diversity of Layered Halide Perovskites journal, July 2018

Transient free-exciton luminescence and exciton—lattice interaction in pyrene crystals journal, April 1987

Impact of microstructure on local carrier lifetime in perovskite solar cells journal, April 2015

Transition Temperature of the Two‐Dimensional Heisenberg Ferromagnet with S =½ journal, March 1969

[(CH 3 ) 3 NCH 2 CH 2 NH 3 ]SnI 4 : A Layered Perovskite with Quaternary/Primary Ammonium Dications and Short Interlayer Iodine−Iodine Contacts journal, March 2003

Exciton dynamics related with phase transitions in CsPbCl3 single crystals journal, December 2001

New transparent ferromagnets journal, July 1979

Perovskite energy funnels for efficient light-emitting diodes journal, June 2016

Structurally Tailored Organic−Inorganic Perovskites: Optical Properties and Solution-Processed Channel Materials for Thin-Film Transistors journal, October 2001

Compositional Modulation of Two-Dimensional Layered Perovskite ( R N H 3 ) 2 P b ( C l , B r , I ) 4 and Its Optical Properties journal, December 1996

Tuning the Band Gap in Hybrid Tin Iodide Perovskite Semiconductors Using Structural Templating journal, June 2005

Room-Temperature Optical Tunability and Inhomogeneous Broadening in 2D-Layered Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Pseudobinary Alloys journal, November 2014

Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites with Improved Stability for Tandem Solar Cells journal, February 2016

Intrinsic Instability of Cs 2 In(I)M(III)X 6 (M = Bi, Sb; X = Halogen) Double Perovskites: A Combined Density Functional Theory and Experimental Study journal, April 2017

Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites journal, October 2012

Layer perovskites of the (CnH2n+1NH3)2MX4 and NH3(CH2)mNH3MX4 families with M = Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn OR Pd and X = Cl OR Br: Importance, solubilities and simple growth techniques journal, March 1978

Dynamically Disordered Lattice in a Layered Pb-I-SCN Perovskite Thin Film Probed by Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy journal, July 2018

Fundamental Carrier Lifetime Exceeding 1 µs in Cs 2 AgBiBr 6 Double Perovskite journal, May 2018

Terahertz Emission from Hybrid Perovskites Driven by Ultrafast Charge Separation and Strong Electron-Phonon Coupling journal, January 2018

Interband Optical Transitions in Extremely Anisotropic Semiconductors. I. Bound and Unbound Exciton Absorption journal, October 1966

Two-Dimensional Organic Tin Halide Perovskites with Tunable Visible Emission and Their Use in Light-Emitting Devices journal, June 2017

Broadband Emission with a Massive Stokes Shift from Sulfonium Pb–Br Hybrids journal, August 2017

Exciton-relaxation dynamics in lead halides journal, May 2003

Energy migration in a nearly one-dimensional compound, tetramethyl ammonium manganese chloride (TMMC) journal, May 1977

Understanding Quantum Confinement of Charge Carriers in Layered 2D Hybrid Perovskites journal, September 2014

Tunable White-Light Emission in Single-Cation-Templated Three-Layered 2D Perovskites (CH 3 CH 2 NH 3 ) 4 Pb 3 Br 10– x Cl x journal, August 2017

Orientation of azobenzene chromophore incorporated into metal halide-based layered perovskite having organic–inorganic superlattice structure journal, August 2001

Ultrastable, cationic three-dimensional lead bromide frameworks that intrinsically emit broadband white-light journal, January 2018

Two-Dimensional Lead(II) Halide-Based Hybrid Perovskites Templated by Acene Alkylamines: Crystal Structures, Optical Properties, and Piezoelectricity journal, July 2017

Femtosecond cascade-excitation spectroscopy for nonradiative deexcitation and lattice relaxation of the self-trapped exciton in NaCl journal, November 1991

One-dimensional organic lead halide perovskites with efficient bluish white-light emission journal, January 2017

Ultrabroad Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence at New Wavelengths from Doped Organometal Halide Perovskites journal, June 2016

An organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite containing copper paddle-wheel clusters linking perovskite layers : [Cu(O 2 C–(CH 2 ) 3 –NH 3 ) 2 ]PbBr 4 journal, January 2004

Scintillation detectors for x-rays journal, February 2006

Quantum wells with enhanced exciton effects and optical non-linearity journal, December 1988

Luminescence from pure Mn F 2 and from Mn F 2 doped with Eu 3 + and Er 3 + journal, April 1979

Electronic and Excitonic Structures of Inorganic–Organic Perovskite-Type Quantum-Well Crystal (C 4 H 9 NH 3 ) 2 PbBr 4 journal, August 2005

Numerical Experiments on the Absorption Lineshape of the Exciton under Lattice Vibrations. III. The Urbach Rule journal, May 1982

Polyhedron Distortions in Tourmaline
journal, February 2002

Effect of Mono- versus Di-ammonium Cation of 2,2‘-Bithiophene Derivatives on the Structure of Organic−Inorganic Hybrid Materials Based on Iodo Metallates
journal, August 2003

XVI.Auszüge
journal, November 1884

Perovskite light-emitting diodes based on solution-processed self-organized multiple quantum wells
journal, September 2016

Preparation and characterization of layered lead halide compounds
journal, March 1991

Influence of the image charge effect on excitonic energy structure in organic-inorganic multiple quantum well crystals
journal, March 2013

Excitonic and Polaronic Properties of 2D Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskites
journal, January 2017

Excitons in two-dimensional layered perovskite compounds: (C6H5C2H4NH3)2Pb(Br,I)4 and (C6H5C2H4NH3)2Pb(Cl,Br)4
journal, October 1997

Organometal Halide Perovskites as Visible-Light Sensitizers for Photovoltaic Cells
journal, May 2009

Bis(monoalkylammonium) tetrachlorochromates(II): a new series of two-dimensional ionic ferromagnets
journal, January 1976

Synthesis, characterization and phase transitions of the inorganic–organic layered perovskite-type hybrids [(CnH2n+1NH3)2PbI4] (n = 12, 14, 16 and 18)
journal, January 2008

Organic–Inorganic Perovskites: Structural Versatility for Functional Materials Design
journal, March 2016

Synthesis, Crystal and Electronic Structures, and Optical Properties of (CH ₃ NH ₃ ) ₂ CdX ₄ (X = Cl, Br, I)
journal, November 2017

Optical spectroscopy of two-dimensional layered (C_6H_5C_2H_4-NH_3)_2-PbI_4 perovskite
journal, January 2010

Nearly Perfect Triplet-Triplet Energy Transfer from Wannier Excitons to Naphthalene in Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Quantum-Well Materials
journal, June 2008

Structural origins of broadband emission from layered Pb–Br hybrid perovskites
journal, January 2017

Preparation and Properties of (C ₄ H ₉ NH ₃ ) ₂ EuI ₄ : A Luminescent Organic−Inorganic Perovskite with a Divalent Rare-Earth Metal Halide Framework
journal, December 1997

Trirubidium heptachlorodimanganate
journal, August 1978

Broadband white-light emission with a high color rendering index in a two-dimensional organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite
journal, January 2018

A Theory of Sensitized Luminescence in Solids
journal, May 1953

X-ray Scintillation in Lead Halide Perovskite Crystals
journal, November 2016

A Layered Hybrid Perovskite Solar-Cell Absorber with Enhanced Moisture Stability
journal, September 2014

Optical Absorption and Photoluminescence Properties of Pb(I, Br)-Based Two-Dimensional Layered Perovskite
journal, April 1997

Thermochromic phase transitions in two aromatic tetrachlorocuprates
journal, June 1991

In Situ X-Ray Observation on the Intercalation of Weak Interaction Molecules into Perovskite-Type Layered Crystals (C ₉ H ₁₉ NH ₃ ) ₂ PbI ₄ and (C ₁₀ H ₂₁ NH ₃ ) ₂ CdCl ₄
journal, February 1986

PbnI4n+2(2n+2)? ribbons (n = 3, 5) as dimensional reductions of 2D perovskite layers in cystamine cation based hybrids, also incorporating iodine molecules or reversible guest water molecules
journal, January 2007

Polarized, single-crystal, electronic spectral studies of hexachlorodicuprate(2-): excited-state effects of binuclear interaction
journal, January 1987

Synthesis, structural, thermal and optical studies of inorganic-organic hybrid semiconductors, R-PbI ₄
journal, February 2013

Preparation and characterization of [H3N(CH2)6NH3]PbI4 and similar compounds with a layered perovskite structure
journal, January 2000

Lithium Cycling in a Self-Assembled Copper Chloride–Polyether Hybrid Electrode
journal, June 2014

The Crystal Structure of Cesium Aurous Auric Chloride, Cs ₂ AuAuCl ₆ , and Cesium Argentous Auric Chloride, Cs ₂ AgAuCl ₆
journal, August 1938

XVII. Allgemeinste Krystallisationsgesetze und die darauf fussende eindeutige Aufstellung der Krystalle
journal, November 1904

On caesium-mercuric halides
journal, September 1892

Morphology-Independent Stable White-Light Emission from Self-Assembled Two-Dimensional Perovskites Driven by Strong Exciton–Phonon Coupling to the Organic Framework
journal, April 2017

Efficient Visible Quasi-2D Perovskite Light-Emitting Diodes
journal, June 2016

Enhanced Out-of-Plane Conductivity and Photovoltaic Performance in n = 1 Layered Perovskites through Organic Cation Design
journal, May 2018

Reduced Band Gap Hybrid Perovskites Resulting from Combined Hydrogen and Halogen Bonding at the Organic−Inorganic Interface
journal, February 2007

Quasi-Two-Dimensional Halide Perovskite Single Crystal Photodetector
journal, April 2018

Intrinsic White-Light Emission from Layered Hybrid Perovskites
journal, September 2014

The Diversity of Layered Halide Perovskites
journal, July 2018

Transient free-exciton luminescence and exciton—lattice interaction in pyrene crystals
journal, April 1987

Impact of microstructure on local carrier lifetime in perovskite solar cells
journal, April 2015

Transition Temperature of the Two‐Dimensional Heisenberg Ferromagnet with S =½
journal, March 1969

[(CH ₃ ) ₃ NCH ₂ CH ₂ NH ₃ ]SnI ₄ : A Layered Perovskite with Quaternary/Primary Ammonium Dications and Short Interlayer Iodine−Iodine Contacts
journal, March 2003

Exciton dynamics related with phase transitions in CsPbCl3 single crystals
journal, December 2001

New transparent ferromagnets
journal, July 1979

Perovskite energy funnels for efficient light-emitting diodes
journal, June 2016

Structurally Tailored Organic−Inorganic Perovskites: Optical Properties and Solution-Processed Channel Materials for Thin-Film Transistors
journal, October 2001

Compositional Modulation of Two-Dimensional Layered Perovskite ( R N H ₃ ) ₂ P b ( C l , B r , I ) ₄ and Its Optical Properties
journal, December 1996

Tuning the Band Gap in Hybrid Tin Iodide Perovskite Semiconductors Using Structural Templating
journal, June 2005

Room-Temperature Optical Tunability and Inhomogeneous Broadening in 2D-Layered Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Pseudobinary Alloys
journal, November 2014

Cesium Lead Halide Perovskites with Improved Stability for Tandem Solar Cells
journal, February 2016

Intrinsic Instability of Cs ₂ In(I)M(III)X ₆ (M = Bi, Sb; X = Halogen) Double Perovskites: A Combined Density Functional Theory and Experimental Study
journal, April 2017

Efficient Hybrid Solar Cells Based on Meso-Superstructured Organometal Halide Perovskites
journal, October 2012

Layer perovskites of the (CnH2n+1NH3)2MX4 and NH3(CH2)mNH3MX4 families with M = Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn OR Pd and X = Cl OR Br: Importance, solubilities and simple growth techniques
journal, March 1978

Dynamically Disordered Lattice in a Layered Pb-I-SCN Perovskite Thin Film Probed by Two-Dimensional Infrared Spectroscopy
journal, July 2018

Fundamental Carrier Lifetime Exceeding 1 µs in Cs ₂ AgBiBr ₆ Double Perovskite
journal, May 2018

Terahertz Emission from Hybrid Perovskites Driven by Ultrafast Charge Separation and Strong Electron-Phonon Coupling
journal, January 2018

Interband Optical Transitions in Extremely Anisotropic Semiconductors. I. Bound and Unbound Exciton Absorption
journal, October 1966

Two-Dimensional Organic Tin Halide Perovskites with Tunable Visible Emission and Their Use in Light-Emitting Devices
journal, June 2017

Broadband Emission with a Massive Stokes Shift from Sulfonium Pb–Br Hybrids
journal, August 2017

Exciton-relaxation dynamics in lead halides
journal, May 2003

Energy migration in a nearly one-dimensional compound, tetramethyl ammonium manganese chloride (TMMC)
journal, May 1977

Understanding Quantum Confinement of Charge Carriers in Layered 2D Hybrid Perovskites
journal, September 2014

Tunable White-Light Emission in Single-Cation-Templated Three-Layered 2D Perovskites (CH ₃ CH ₂ NH ₃ ) ₄ Pb ₃ Br _{10– x} Cl _x
journal, August 2017

Orientation of azobenzene chromophore incorporated into metal halide-based layered perovskite having organic–inorganic superlattice structure
journal, August 2001

Ultrastable, cationic three-dimensional lead bromide frameworks that intrinsically emit broadband white-light
journal, January 2018

Two-Dimensional Lead(II) Halide-Based Hybrid Perovskites Templated by Acene Alkylamines: Crystal Structures, Optical Properties, and Piezoelectricity
journal, July 2017

Femtosecond cascade-excitation spectroscopy for nonradiative deexcitation and lattice relaxation of the self-trapped exciton in NaCl
journal, November 1991

One-dimensional organic lead halide perovskites with efficient bluish white-light emission
journal, January 2017

Ultrabroad Photoluminescence and Electroluminescence at New Wavelengths from Doped Organometal Halide Perovskites
journal, June 2016

An organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite containing copper paddle-wheel clusters linking perovskite layers : [Cu(O ₂ C–(CH ₂ ) ₃ –NH ₃ ) ₂ ]PbBr ₄
journal, January 2004

Scintillation detectors for x-rays
journal, February 2006

Quantum wells with enhanced exciton effects and optical non-linearity
journal, December 1988

Luminescence from pure Mn $F_{2}$ and from Mn $F_{2}$ doped with ${Eu}^{3 +}$ and ${Er}^{3 +}$
journal, April 1979

Electronic and Excitonic Structures of Inorganic–Organic Perovskite-Type Quantum-Well Crystal (C ₄ H ₉ NH ₃ ) ₂ PbBr ₄
journal, August 2005

Numerical Experiments on the Absorption Lineshape of the Exciton under Lattice Vibrations. III. The Urbach Rule
journal, May 1982

Chemical Approaches to Addressing the Instability and Toxicity of Lead–Halide Perovskite Absorbers
journal, August 2016

CH3NH3SnBrxI3-x (x = 0-3), ein Sn(II)-System mit kubischer Perowskitstruktur / CH3NH3SnBrxI3-x(x = 0-3), a Sn(II)-System with Cubic Perovskite Structure
journal, August 1978

Electronic structures of lead iodide based low-dimensional crystals
journal, April 2003