Experimental Approach to Search for Free Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations Based on Coherent Neutron and Antineutron Mirror Reflection

Nesvizhevsky, V. V.; Gudkov, V.; Protasov, K. V.; Snow, W. M.; Voronin, A. Yu.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.221802

Title: Experimental Approach to Search for Free Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations Based on Coherent Neutron and Antineutron Mirror Reflection

Abstract

An observation of neutron-antineutron oscillations (n – n¯), which violate both B and B – L conservation, would constitute a scientific discovery of fundamental importance to physics and cosmology. A stringent upper bound on its transition rate would make an important contribution to our understanding of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe by eliminating the postsphaleron baryogenesis scenario in the light quark sector. We show that one can design an experiment using slow neutrons that in principle can reach the required sensitivity of τ_n–n¯ ~ 10¹⁰ s in the oscillation time, an improvement of ~ 10⁴ in the oscillation probability relative to the existing limit for free neutrons. The improved statistical accuracy needed to reach this sensitivity can be achieved by allowing both the neutron and antineutron components of the developing superposition state to coherently reflect from mirrors. We present a quantitative analysis of this scenario and show that, for sufficiently small transverse momenta of n/n¯ and for certain choices of nuclei for the n/n¯ guide material, the relative phase shift of the n and n¯ components upon reflection and the n¯ annihilation rate can be small enough to maintain sufficient coherence to benefit from the greater phase space acceptancemore » the mirror provides.« less

Authors:: Nesvizhevsky, V. V.; Gudkov, V.; Protasov, K. V.; Snow, W. M.; Voronin, A. Yu.

Publication Date:: 2019-06-07

Research Org.:: Univ. of South Carolina, Columbia, SC (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1525340

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1612340

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0015882

Resource Type:: Published Article

Journal Name:: Physical Review Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Name: Physical Review Letters Journal Volume: 122 Journal Issue: 22; Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007

Publisher:: American Physical Society

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; Physics; Particle mixing & oscillations

Citation Formats


                    Nesvizhevsky, V. V., Gudkov, V., Protasov, K. V., Snow, W. M., and Voronin, A. Yu. Experimental Approach to Search for Free Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations Based on Coherent Neutron and Antineutron Mirror Reflection.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.221802.

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                    Nesvizhevsky, V. V., Gudkov, V., Protasov, K. V., Snow, W. M., & Voronin, A. Yu. Experimental Approach to Search for Free Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations Based on Coherent Neutron and Antineutron Mirror Reflection.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.221802

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                    Nesvizhevsky, V. V., Gudkov, V., Protasov, K. V., Snow, W. M., and Voronin, A. Yu. Fri .  
"Experimental Approach to Search for Free Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations Based on Coherent Neutron and Antineutron Mirror Reflection".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.221802.

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@article{osti_1525340,

  title        = {Experimental Approach to Search for Free Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations Based on Coherent Neutron and Antineutron Mirror Reflection},

  author       = {Nesvizhevsky, V. V. and Gudkov, V. and Protasov, K. V. and Snow, W. M. and Voronin, A. Yu.},

  abstractNote = {An observation of neutron-antineutron oscillations (n – n¯), which violate both B and B – L conservation, would constitute a scientific discovery of fundamental importance to physics and cosmology. A stringent upper bound on its transition rate would make an important contribution to our understanding of the baryon asymmetry of the Universe by eliminating the postsphaleron baryogenesis scenario in the light quark sector. We show that one can design an experiment using slow neutrons that in principle can reach the required sensitivity of τn–n¯ ~ 1010 s in the oscillation time, an improvement of ~ 104 in the oscillation probability relative to the existing limit for free neutrons. The improved statistical accuracy needed to reach this sensitivity can be achieved by allowing both the neutron and antineutron components of the developing superposition state to coherently reflect from mirrors. We present a quantitative analysis of this scenario and show that, for sufficiently small transverse momenta of n/n¯ and for certain choices of nuclei for the n/n¯ guide material, the relative phase shift of the n and n¯ components upon reflection and the n¯ annihilation rate can be small enough to maintain sufficient coherence to benefit from the greater phase space acceptance the mirror provides.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.221802},

  journal      = {Physical Review Letters},

  number       = 22,

  volume       = 122,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2019},

  month        = {6}

}

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Fundamental symmetry tests of baryon number violation in low-energy experiments can probe beyond the standard model (BSM) explanations of the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe. Neutron-antineutron oscillations are predicted to be a signature of many baryogenesis mechanisms involving low-scale baryon number violation. This Letter presents first-principles calculations of neutron-antineutron matrix elements needed to accurately connect measurements of the neutron-antineutron oscillation rate to constraints on |ΔB| = 2 baryon number violation in BSM theories. Several important systematic uncertainties are controlled by using a state-of-the-art lattice gauge field ensemble with physical quark masses and approximate chiral symmetry, performing nonperturbative renormalization with perturbativemore »« less
Cited by 2
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.122.162001
Affleck-Dine baryogenesis with observable neutron-antineutron oscillation

Journal Article Mohapatra, Rabindra N. ; Okada, Nobuchika - Physical Review D

We discuss the implications of Affleck-Dine (AD) baryogenesis for different classes of baryon and lepton number violating processes: specially focusing on implications for neutron-antineutronmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.104.055030
Theoretical analysis of antineutron-nucleus data needed for antineutron mirrors in neutron-antineutron oscillation experiments

Journal Article Protasov, K. V. ; Gudkov, V. ; Kupriyanova, E. A. ; ... - Physical Review D

The values of the antineutron-nucleus scattering lengths, and, in particular, their imaginary parts, are needed to evaluate the feasibility of using neutron mirrors in laboratory experiments to search for neutronantineutron oscillations. We analyze existing experimental and theoretical constraints on these values with emphasis on low-A nuclei and use the results to suggest materials for the neutron-antineutron guide and to evaluate the systematic uncertainties in estimating the neutron-antineutron oscillation time. As an example, we discuss a scenario for a future neutron-antineutron oscillation experiment proposed for the European Spallation Source. We also suggest future experiments which can provide a better determination ofmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.102.075025
Expectations for neutron-antineutron oscillation time from TeV scale baryogenesis

Journal Article Babu, K. S. ; Bhupal Dev, P. S. ; Fortes, Elaine C. F. S. ; ... - AIP Conference Proceedings

A TeV scale extension of the standard model that incorporates the seesaw mechanism for neutrino masses along with quark-lepton unification is presented. It is shown that this model leads to the {Delta}B= 2 baryon number violating process of neutron-antineutron (n-bar n) oscillation. The model has all the ingredients to generate the observed baryon asymmetry of the universe using the B-violating decay of a scalar field involved in the seesaw mechanism. The B-violating decay arises from the exchange of color sextet scalars which have TeV scale masses. Baryogenesis occurs below the sphaleron decoupling temperature and has been termed post-sphaleron baryogenesis. Heremore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4807359
A new approach to search for free neutron-antineutron oscillations using coherent neutron propagation in gas

Journal Article Gudkov, V. ; Nesvizhevsky, V. V. ; Protasov, K. V. ; ... - Physics Letters B

Coherent forward neutron propagation in gas is discussed as a new approach to search for neutron-antineutron oscillations (more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.physletb.2020.135636

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Title: Experimental Approach to Search for Free Neutron-Antineutron Oscillations Based on Coherent Neutron and Antineutron Mirror Reflection

Abstract

Citation Formats

Mirror World and its Cosmological Consequences journal, September 2004

Electromagnetic neutron-atom interactions journal, August 1986

Observation of a strong interplanar electric field in a dynamical diffraction of polarized neutrons journal, November 1989

Polished sapphire for ultracold-neutron guides journal, February 2006

Six-fermion (B−L)-violating operators of arbitrary generational structure journal, January 1984

On the Repulsion of Slow Neutrons by Attractive Potentials journal, March 1971

Electroweak baryogenesis journal, December 2012

Search for dinucleon decay into pions at Super-Kamiokande journal, April 2015

Phenomenology of neutron-antineutron conversion journal, March 2018

Unity of All Elementary-Particle Forces journal, February 1974

B-L nonconservation and neutron oscillation journal, May 1980

Search for n − n ¯ oscillation in Super-Kamiokande journal, April 2015

Observation of the topological Aharonov-Casher phase shift by neutron interferometry journal, July 1989

Dark matter, baryogenesis and neutrino oscillations from right-handed neutrinos journal, May 2013

Neutrino mass hierarchy, neutron-antineutron oscillation from baryogenesis journal, January 2009

Rotation of neutron spin in passing through a noncentrosymmetric single crystal journal, September 2001

Phenomenology of n − n ¯ oscillations revisited journal, May 2015

Phenomenology of neutron oscillations journal, July 1980

Observable neutron–antineutron oscillations in seesaw models of neutrino mass journal, October 2001

Search for neutron–mirror neutron oscillations in a laboratory experiment with ultracold neutrons journal, December 2009

Search for neutron-antineutron oscillations using multiprong events in Soudan 2 journal, August 2002

Characterization of a ballistic supermirror neutron guide journal, June 2006

Comparison of specularly reflecting mirrors for GRANIT journal, August 2007

Incoherent dynamics in neutron-matter interaction journal, December 1997

Quantum motion of a neutron in a waveguide in the gravitational field journal, February 2006

Gravitational quantum states of Antihydrogen journal, March 2011

Data tables for Lorentz and C P T violation journal, March 2011

Measurements of total cross sections for very slow neutrons with velocities from 100 m/sec to 5 m/sec journal, March 1969

Neutron-antineutron oscillations beyond the quasifree limit journal, February 2017

Neutron scattering and extra-short-range interactions journal, February 2008

A new type of radioactive decay: gravitational annihilation of baryons journal, December 1976

Cosmology and elementary particles journal, January 1981

Neutron–antineutron oscillations: Discrete symmetries and quark operators journal, January 2019

n - n ¯ Oscillations in Models with Large Extra Dimensions journal, April 2002

Limiting equivalence principle violation and long-range baryonic force from neutron-antineutron oscillation journal, September 2016

Magnetic anomaly in UCN trapping: signal for neutron oscillations to parallel world? journal, April 2012

Neutron to mirror-neutron oscillations in the presence of mirror magnetic fields journal, August 2009

C P -violating baryon oscillations journal, October 2016

n − n ¯ oscillation, H- H ¯ oscillation, and the double proton decay: Are they suppressed by wave-function effects? journal, July 1983

Neutrino oscillations and rare processes in models with a small extra dimension journal, July 2001

Realistic calculations of nuclear disappearance lifetimes induced by n n ¯ oscillations journal, July 2008

Neutron-antineutron oscillations: Theoretical status and experimental prospects journal, February 2016

Implications of an Improved Neutron-Antineutron Oscillation Search for Baryogenesis: A Minimal Effective Theory Analysis journal, October 2018

Ultra-cold anti-neutrons (UC) journal, January 1992

Experimental search for neutron–mirror neutron oscillations using storage of ultracold neutrons journal, May 2008

Antiproton-deuteron annihilation at low energies journal, September 2000

Barygenesis without grand unification journal, June 1986

Neutron Oscillations and the Existence of Massive Neutral Leptons journal, July 1980

Neutron-antineutron oscillations in a trap revisited journal, March 2004

Topological nature of the Aharonov-Casher effect journal, July 1992

Baryogenesis and neutron–antineutron oscillation at TeV journal, November 2011

A new experimental limit on neutron-antineutron oscillations journal, September 1994

Neutron–anti-neutron oscillation: theory and phenomenology journal, September 2009

Ultra-cold anti-neutrons (UCN̄) journal, October 1989

Parity-doublet representation of Majorana fermions and neutron oscillation journal, December 2016

Simplified models with baryon number violation but no proton decay journal, April 2013

The influence of magnetic fields on free neutron oscillations journal, December 1992

Neutron–Mirror-Neutron Oscillations: How Fast Might They Be? journal, February 2006

Fundamental aspects of neutron optics journal, February 1982

Observable N − N ¯ Oscillation in High Scale Seesaw Models journal, February 2006

Non-GUT baryogenesis journal, December 1992

Model of n ¯ annihilation in experimental searches for n ¯ transformations journal, February 2019

Some constraints on oscillations journal, May 1981

Search for neutron-antineutron oscillations at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory journal, November 2017

Neutron-antineutron oscillations in nuclei journal, November 1989

Quantum states of neutrons in the Earth's gravitational field journal, January 2002

Gauged $$B-L$$ B - L number and neutron–antineutron oscillation: long-range forces mediated by baryophotons journal, May 2017

Neutron-antineutron oscillations in the trapping box journal, December 2003

Fluorinated nanodiamonds as unique neutron reflector journal, April 2018

Processes that break baryon number by two units and the Majorana nature of the neutrino journal, March 2019

Effect of nanodiamond fluorination on the efficiency of quasispecular reflection of cold neutrons journal, February 2018

Post-sphaleron baryogenesis and an upper limit on the neutron-antineutron oscillation time journal, June 2013

Neutron disappearance and regeneration from a mirror state journal, August 2017

Computation of the quantum effects due to a four-dimensional pseudoparticle journal, December 1976

Baryon asymmetry of the universe in standard electroweak theory journal, January 1987

Limiting Lorentz violation from neutron-antineutron oscillation journal, May 2015

n ↔ transition operators and their matrix elements in the MIT bag model journal, October 1982

Mirror World and its Cosmological Consequences
journal, September 2004

Electromagnetic neutron-atom interactions
journal, August 1986

Observation of a strong interplanar electric field in a dynamical diffraction of polarized neutrons
journal, November 1989

Polished sapphire for ultracold-neutron guides
journal, February 2006

Six-fermion (B−L)-violating operators of arbitrary generational structure
journal, January 1984

On the Repulsion of Slow Neutrons by Attractive Potentials
journal, March 1971

Electroweak baryogenesis
journal, December 2012

Search for dinucleon decay into pions at Super-Kamiokande
journal, April 2015

Phenomenology of neutron-antineutron conversion
journal, March 2018

Unity of All Elementary-Particle Forces
journal, February 1974

B-L nonconservation and neutron oscillation
journal, May 1980

Search for $n - \bar{n}$ oscillation in Super-Kamiokande
journal, April 2015

Observation of the topological Aharonov-Casher phase shift by neutron interferometry
journal, July 1989

Dark matter, baryogenesis and neutrino oscillations from right-handed neutrinos
journal, May 2013

Neutrino mass hierarchy, neutron-antineutron oscillation from baryogenesis
journal, January 2009

Rotation of neutron spin in passing through a noncentrosymmetric single crystal
journal, September 2001

Phenomenology of $n − \bar{n}$ oscillations revisited
journal, May 2015

Phenomenology of neutron oscillations
journal, July 1980

Observable neutron–antineutron oscillations in seesaw models of neutrino mass
journal, October 2001

Search for neutron–mirror neutron oscillations in a laboratory experiment with ultracold neutrons
journal, December 2009

Search for neutron-antineutron oscillations using multiprong events in Soudan 2
journal, August 2002

Characterization of a ballistic supermirror neutron guide
journal, June 2006

Comparison of specularly reflecting mirrors for GRANIT
journal, August 2007

Incoherent dynamics in neutron-matter interaction
journal, December 1997

Quantum motion of a neutron in a waveguide in the gravitational field
journal, February 2006

Gravitational quantum states of Antihydrogen
journal, March 2011

Data tables for Lorentz and $C P T$ violation
journal, March 2011

Measurements of total cross sections for very slow neutrons with velocities from 100 m/sec to 5 m/sec
journal, March 1969

Neutron-antineutron oscillations beyond the quasifree limit
journal, February 2017

Neutron scattering and extra-short-range interactions
journal, February 2008

A new type of radioactive decay: gravitational annihilation of baryons
journal, December 1976

Cosmology and elementary particles
journal, January 1981

Neutron–antineutron oscillations: Discrete symmetries and quark operators
journal, January 2019

$n$ - $\bar{n}$ Oscillations in Models with Large Extra Dimensions
journal, April 2002

Limiting equivalence principle violation and long-range baryonic force from neutron-antineutron oscillation
journal, September 2016

Magnetic anomaly in UCN trapping: signal for neutron oscillations to parallel world?
journal, April 2012

Neutron to mirror-neutron oscillations in the presence of mirror magnetic fields
journal, August 2009

$C P$ -violating baryon oscillations
journal, October 2016

$n - \bar{n}$ oscillation, H- $\bar{H}$ oscillation, and the double proton decay: Are they suppressed by wave-function effects?
journal, July 1983

Neutrino oscillations and rare processes in models with a small extra dimension
journal, July 2001

Realistic calculations of nuclear disappearance lifetimes induced by $n \bar{n}$ oscillations
journal, July 2008

Neutron-antineutron oscillations: Theoretical status and experimental prospects
journal, February 2016

Implications of an Improved Neutron-Antineutron Oscillation Search for Baryogenesis: A Minimal Effective Theory Analysis
journal, October 2018

Ultra-cold anti-neutrons (UC)
journal, January 1992

Experimental search for neutron–mirror neutron oscillations using storage of ultracold neutrons
journal, May 2008

Antiproton-deuteron annihilation at low energies
journal, September 2000

Barygenesis without grand unification
journal, June 1986

Neutron Oscillations and the Existence of Massive Neutral Leptons
journal, July 1980

Neutron-antineutron oscillations in a trap revisited
journal, March 2004

Topological nature of the Aharonov-Casher effect
journal, July 1992

Baryogenesis and neutron–antineutron oscillation at TeV
journal, November 2011

A new experimental limit on neutron-antineutron oscillations
journal, September 1994

Neutron–anti-neutron oscillation: theory and phenomenology
journal, September 2009

Ultra-cold anti-neutrons (UCN̄)
journal, October 1989

Parity-doublet representation of Majorana fermions and neutron oscillation
journal, December 2016

Simplified models with baryon number violation but no proton decay
journal, April 2013

The influence of magnetic fields on free neutron oscillations
journal, December 1992

Neutron–Mirror-Neutron Oscillations: How Fast Might They Be?
journal, February 2006

Fundamental aspects of neutron optics
journal, February 1982

Observable $N − \bar{N}$ Oscillation in High Scale Seesaw Models
journal, February 2006

Non-GUT baryogenesis
journal, December 1992

Model of $\bar{n}$ annihilation in experimental searches for $\bar{n}$ transformations
journal, February 2019

Some constraints on oscillations
journal, May 1981

Search for neutron-antineutron oscillations at the Sudbury Neutrino Observatory
journal, November 2017

Neutron-antineutron oscillations in nuclei
journal, November 1989

Quantum states of neutrons in the Earth's gravitational field
journal, January 2002

Gauged $$B-L$$ B - L number and neutron–antineutron oscillation: long-range forces mediated by baryophotons
journal, May 2017

Neutron-antineutron oscillations in the trapping box
journal, December 2003

Fluorinated nanodiamonds as unique neutron reflector
journal, April 2018

Processes that break baryon number by two units and the Majorana nature of the neutrino
journal, March 2019

Effect of nanodiamond fluorination on the efficiency of quasispecular reflection of cold neutrons
journal, February 2018

Post-sphaleron baryogenesis and an upper limit on the neutron-antineutron oscillation time
journal, June 2013

Neutron disappearance and regeneration from a mirror state
journal, August 2017

Computation of the quantum effects due to a four-dimensional pseudoparticle
journal, December 1976

Baryon asymmetry of the universe in standard electroweak theory
journal, January 1987

Limiting Lorentz violation from neutron-antineutron oscillation
journal, May 2015

n ↔ transition operators and their matrix elements in the MIT bag model
journal, October 1982

$C P T$ , $C P$ , and $C$ transformations of fermions, and their consequences, in theories with $B - L$ violation
journal, May 2016

Neutrino masses, grand unification, and baryon number violation
journal, July 2014

Possible Existence of a Neutron
journal, February 1932