Nitrate Salt Based Melt Cast Materials

Leonard, Philip W.; Chavez, David E.; Bowden, Patrick R.; Francois, Elizabeth G.

doi:10.1002/prep.201700183

Title: Nitrate Salt Based Melt Cast Materials

Abstract

Three new low melting compositions have been developed here based on the ingredients amino-1,2,4-triazolium nitrate, 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazolium nitrate and ammonium nitrate, to create the formulation AAD, in addition to mixtures comprising guanidinium 5-amino-tetrazolate and ammonium nitrate in either a 1 : 3 or 1 : 6 mole ratio (GAN13 and GAN16 respectively). The materials melt in the range of 95–100 °C and do not begin to decompose until >195 °C. The formulations are insensitive to impact, spark and friction and were calculated to show promising explosive performance properties (V_D=8.78–9.0 km/s, P_CJ=28.4–30.6 GPa). HMX mixtures of AAD, GAN13 and GAN16 were also prepared and these materials were characterized with respect to their safety and performance as well.

Authors:

Leonard, Philip W. ^[1]; Chavez, David E. ^[1]; Bowden, Patrick R. ^[1]; Francois, Elizabeth G. ^[1]

Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Publication Date:: 2017-10-24

Research Org.:: Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOD

OSTI Identifier:: 1514955

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1402522

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-17-25863
Journal ID: ISSN 0721-3115

Grant/Contract Number:: 89233218CNA000001

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 43; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 0721-3115

Publisher:: Wiley

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 45 MILITARY TECHNOLOGY, WEAPONRY, AND NATIONAL DEFENSE; ionic liquid; energetic material; melt cast; tetrazole; ammonium nitrate

Citation Formats


                    Leonard, Philip W., Chavez, David E., Bowden, Patrick R., and Francois, Elizabeth G. Nitrate Salt Based Melt Cast Materials.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/prep.201700183.

Copy to clipboard


                    Leonard, Philip W., Chavez, David E., Bowden, Patrick R., & Francois, Elizabeth G. Nitrate Salt Based Melt Cast Materials.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201700183

Copy to clipboard


                    Leonard, Philip W., Chavez, David E., Bowden, Patrick R., and Francois, Elizabeth G. Tue .  
"Nitrate Salt Based Melt Cast Materials".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201700183.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1514955.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1514955,

  title        = {Nitrate Salt Based Melt Cast Materials},

  author       = {Leonard, Philip W. and Chavez, David E. and Bowden, Patrick R. and Francois, Elizabeth G.},

  abstractNote = {Three new low melting compositions have been developed here based on the ingredients amino-1,2,4-triazolium nitrate, 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazolium nitrate and ammonium nitrate, to create the formulation AAD, in addition to mixtures comprising guanidinium 5-amino-tetrazolate and ammonium nitrate in either a 1 : 3 or 1 : 6 mole ratio (GAN13 and GAN16 respectively). The materials melt in the range of 95–100 °C and do not begin to decompose until >195 °C. The formulations are insensitive to impact, spark and friction and were calculated to show promising explosive performance properties (VD=8.78–9.0 km/s, PCJ=28.4–30.6 GPa). HMX mixtures of AAD, GAN13 and GAN16 were also prepared and these materials were characterized with respect to their safety and performance as well.},

  doi          = {10.1002/prep.201700183},

  journal      = {Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 43,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2017},

  month        = {10}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (Publisher)

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1002/prep.201700183

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Figures / Tables:

Figure 1: Ingredients used in this study

All figures and tables (6 total)

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Energized nitro-substituted azoles through ether bridges
journal, January 2015

Tang, Yongxing; He, Chunlin; Gao, Haixiang
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 30
DOI: 10.1039/C5TA03884G

Review on Melt Cast Explosives
journal, October 2011

Ravi, Pasupala; Badgujar, Dilip M.; Gore, Girish M.
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 36, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1002/prep.201100047

Comparative study of melting points of 3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan (DNTF)/1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) eutectic compositions using molecular dynamic simulations
journal, January 2016

Liu, Ning; Zeman, Svatopluk; Shu, Yuan-jie
RSC Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 64
DOI: 10.1039/C6RA12041E

Melt-cast materials: combining the advantages of highly nitrated azoles and open-chain nitramines
journal, January 2016

Klapötke, Thomas M.; Penger, Alexander; Pflüger, Carolin
New Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 40, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1039/C6NJ00202A

Ecotoxicological assessment of a high energetic and insensitive munitions compound: 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN)
journal, November 2013

Dodard, Sabine G.; Sarrazin, Manon; Hawari, Jalal
Journal of Hazardous Materials, Vol. 262
DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2013.08.043

The nitration of 5-aminotetrazole
journal, August 1953

Herbst, Robert M.; Garrison, James A.
The Journal of Organic Chemistry, Vol. 18, Issue 8
DOI: 10.1021/jo50014a007

Basicity and structure of 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives
journal, January 1967

Bagal, L. I.; Pevzner, M. S.; Lopyrev, V. A.
Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Vol. 2, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1007/BF00742379

Synthesis and properties of 1,5-diaminotetrazole
journal, December 1984

Gaponik, P. N.; Karavai, V. P.
Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds, Vol. 20, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1007/BF00505966

Energetic, Low-Melting Salts of Simple Heterocycles
journal, August 2003

Drake, Gregory; Hawkins, Tommy; Brand, Adam
Propellants, Explosives, Pyrotechnics, Vol. 28, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1002/prep.200300002

New Compounds. Salts of 5-Aminotetrazole
journal, December 1952

Henry, Ronald
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 74, Issue 24
DOI: 10.1021/ja01144a035

Development of a reaction mechanism for liquid-phase decomposition of guanidinium 5-amino tetrazolate
journal, April 2014

Kumbhakarna, N.; Thynell, S. T.
Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 582
DOI: 10.1016/j.tca.2014.02.014

Works referencing / citing this record:

Efficient synthesis of N -methyltetranitropyrrole: A stable, insensitive and high energy melt-castable material
journal, January 2019

Thaltiri, Vikranth; Chavva, Kurumurthy; Kumar, B. Sathish
New Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 43, Issue 31
DOI: 10.1039/c9nj01227c

Figures / Tables found in this record:

Figures/Tables have been extracted from DOE-funded journal article accepted manuscripts.

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Investigation of the physical and explosives properties of the eutectic explosive ammonium nitrate/ammonium 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate. Annual report, 1978

Technical Report Stinecipher, M M

Cosolidification of an explosive salt, ammonium 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate (ADNT), with an oxidizer, ammonium nitrate (AN), by cooling from the eutectic melt produced a mixture that detonated ideally. The melt was also a good matrix for slurrying other explosives or aluminum. The addition of aluminum to a mixture with excess AN improved the performance. We found that although temperature cycling of cylindrical charges caused 11-vol % expansion, the charges retained their integrity. This report explains the preparation of ADNT and the procedure used to mix AN/ADNT. We determined the explosive sensitivity and performance of AN/ADNT mixtures and their mixtures with other explosives,more »« less
Anhydrous vs Hydrated f-Element Acetate Polymers Dictated by the Stoichiometry of Protic Acidic/Basic Azole Mixtures

Journal Article Nayak, Amrita ; Smetana, Volodymyr ; Mudring, Anja-Verena ; ... - Crystal Growth and Design

Continuing our investigations of ionic liquid (IL) based routes to a library of f-element/soft donor complexes which could be studied crystallographically, we have explored the dissolution of f-element salts in protic imidazole-based ILs containing only soft donors at high temperatures to drive off volatiles, including water and carboxylic or mineral acids. Here we present our results, reacting acidic and basic azoles in 1:3 or 1:1 stoichiometric compositions at elevated temperature, followed by saturation with Nd(OAc)₃·xH₂O or Ce(OAc)₃·xH₂O, which led to 13 new metal–acetate polymeric complexes identified by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. We found that the diversity in coordination modes of themore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00181

Full Text Available
INSENSITIVE HIGH-NITROGEN COMPOUNDS

Conference CHAVEZ, D ; ET AL

The conventional approach to developing energetic molecules is to chemically place one or more nitro groups onto a carbon skeleton, which is why the term ''nitration'' is synonymous to explosives preparation. The nitro group carries the oxygen that reacts with the skeletal carbon and hydrogen fuels, which in turn produces the heat and gaseous reaction products necessary for driving an explosive shock. These nitro-containing energetic molecules typically have heats of formation near zero and therefore most of the released energy is derived from the combustion process. Our investigation of the tetrazine, furazan and tetrazole ring systems has offered a differentmore »« less
Full Text Available
Synthesis and characterization of multicyclic oxadiazoles and 1-hydroxytetrazoles as energetic materials

Journal Article Pagoria, Philip F. ; Zhang, Mao-Xi ; Zuckerman, Nathaniel B. ; ... - Chemistry of Heterocyclic Compounds

Synthesis and characterization of several multicyclic oxadiazoles, 3,5-bis(4-nitrofurazan-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole, 3,3'-bis(4-nitrofurazan-3-yl)-5,5'-bi(1,2,4-oxadiazole), 3-(4-nitrofurazan-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-amine, and salts of 1-hydroxytetrazoles, ammonium 5,5'-(1,2,4-oxadiazole-3,5-diyl)bis(1H-tetrazol-1-olate) and hydroxylammonium 5,5'-{[3,3'-bi(1,2,4-oxadiazole)]-5,5'-diyl}bis(1H-tetrazol-1-olate), as energetic materials are reported here. Two of the compounds, 3,5-bis(4-nitrofurazan-3-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole and 3,3'-bis(4-nitrofurazan-3-yl)-5,5'-bi(1,2,4-oxadiazole), have attractive single crystal densities of 1.91 and 1.94 g·cm^–3 (at 20°C), respectively. The design of these materials has been based on the idea that these multicyclic compounds with a 1,2,4-oxadiazole core will have good thermal stability and high density because of their 3,5-substitution pattern and the possibility of achieving a planar conformation. The various synthetic approaches and interesting chemistry observed during the construction of these new heterocyclesmore » has been described.« less
Cited by 30
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10593-017-2122-9

Full Text Available
Eutectic composite explosives containing ammonium nitrate

Conference Stinecipher, M M

The eutectic of ammonium nitrate (AN), the ammonium salt of 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazole was prepared and its sensitivity and performance were studied. It was found that this AN formulation was unusual in that it performed ideally at small diameter, which indicated that it was a monomolecular explosive. Sensitivity tests included type 12 impact, Henkin thermal and wedge tests, and performance tests included rate stick/plate dent, cylinder, and aquarium tests. Results were compared with calculations, standard explosives, and another eutectic, ethylendiamine dinitrate (EDD)/AN.
Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Nitrate Salt Based Melt Cast Materials

Abstract

Citation Formats

Figures / Tables:

Energized nitro-substituted azoles through ether bridges journal, January 2015

Review on Melt Cast Explosives journal, October 2011

Comparative study of melting points of 3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan (DNTF)/1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) eutectic compositions using molecular dynamic simulations journal, January 2016

Melt-cast materials: combining the advantages of highly nitrated azoles and open-chain nitramines journal, January 2016

Ecotoxicological assessment of a high energetic and insensitive munitions compound: 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN) journal, November 2013

The nitration of 5-aminotetrazole journal, August 1953

Basicity and structure of 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives journal, January 1967

Synthesis and properties of 1,5-diaminotetrazole journal, December 1984

Energetic, Low-Melting Salts of Simple Heterocycles journal, August 2003

New Compounds. Salts of 5-Aminotetrazole journal, December 1952

Development of a reaction mechanism for liquid-phase decomposition of guanidinium 5-amino tetrazolate journal, April 2014

Efficient synthesis of N -methyltetranitropyrrole: A stable, insensitive and high energy melt-castable material journal, January 2019

Energized nitro-substituted azoles through ether bridges
journal, January 2015

Review on Melt Cast Explosives
journal, October 2011

Comparative study of melting points of 3,4-bis(3-nitrofurazan-4-yl)furoxan (DNTF)/1,3,3-trinitroazetidine (TNAZ) eutectic compositions using molecular dynamic simulations
journal, January 2016

Melt-cast materials: combining the advantages of highly nitrated azoles and open-chain nitramines
journal, January 2016

Ecotoxicological assessment of a high energetic and insensitive munitions compound: 2,4-Dinitroanisole (DNAN)
journal, November 2013

The nitration of 5-aminotetrazole
journal, August 1953

Basicity and structure of 1, 2, 4-triazole derivatives
journal, January 1967

Synthesis and properties of 1,5-diaminotetrazole
journal, December 1984

Energetic, Low-Melting Salts of Simple Heterocycles
journal, August 2003

New Compounds. Salts of 5-Aminotetrazole
journal, December 1952

Development of a reaction mechanism for liquid-phase decomposition of guanidinium 5-amino tetrazolate
journal, April 2014

Efficient synthesis of N -methyltetranitropyrrole: A stable, insensitive and high energy melt-castable material
journal, January 2019