Recycling of additively printed rare-earth bonded magnets

doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.040

Title: Recycling of additively printed rare-earth bonded magnets

Full Record
Other Related Research

Abstract

Here, we describe an efficient and environmentally benign method of recycling of additive printed Nd-Fe-B polymer bonded magnets. Rapid pulverization of bonded magnets into composite powder containing Nd-Fe-B particles and polymer binder was achieved by milling at cryogenic temperatures. The recycled bonded magnets fabricated by warm compaction of ground cryomilled coarse composite powders and nylon particles showed improved magnetic properties and density. Remanent magnetization and saturation magnetization increased by 4% and 6.5% respectively, due to enhanced density while coercivity and energy product were retained from the original additive printed bonded magnets. This work presents a facile method that enables the direct reuse of end-of-life bonded magnets for remaking new bonded magnets. In addition to magnetic properties, mechanical properties comparable to commercial products have been achieved. This research advances efforts to ensure sustainability in critical materials by forming close loop supply chain.

Authors:

^[1]; Ouyang, Gaoyuan ^[2]; Gupta, Shalabh ^[1];

^[3];

^[3]; Nlebedim, Ikenna C. ^[1]

Ames Lab., Ames, IA (United States)
Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Publication Date:: 2019-04-24

Research Org.:: Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Ames Laboratory (AMES), Ames, IA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Advanced Manufacturing Office (EE-5A)

OSTI Identifier:: 1511946

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1514993

Report Number(s):: IS-J-9933
Journal ID: ISSN 0956-053X

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725; AC02-07CH11358

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Waste Management

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 90; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0956-053X

Publisher:: International Waste Working Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Recycling; Bonded magnets; Cryomilling; Waste management; Additive manufacturing; Nd-Fe-B

Citation Formats


                    Gandha, Kinjal, Ouyang, Gaoyuan, Gupta, Shalabh, Kunc, Vlastimil, Parans Paranthaman, M., and Nlebedim, Ikenna C. Recycling of additively printed rare-earth bonded magnets.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
        Web.  doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.040.

Copy to clipboard


                    Gandha, Kinjal, Ouyang, Gaoyuan, Gupta, Shalabh, Kunc, Vlastimil, Parans Paranthaman, M., & Nlebedim, Ikenna C. Recycling of additively printed rare-earth bonded magnets.  United States.  doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.040.

Copy to clipboard


                    Gandha, Kinjal, Ouyang, Gaoyuan, Gupta, Shalabh, Kunc, Vlastimil, Parans Paranthaman, M., and Nlebedim, Ikenna C. Wed .  
        "Recycling of additively printed rare-earth bonded magnets".  United States.  doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.040.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1511946.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1511946,

  title        = {Recycling of additively printed rare-earth bonded magnets},

  author       = {Gandha, Kinjal and Ouyang, Gaoyuan and Gupta, Shalabh and Kunc, Vlastimil and Parans Paranthaman, M. and Nlebedim, Ikenna C.},

  abstractNote = {Here, we describe an efficient and environmentally benign method of recycling of additive printed Nd-Fe-B polymer bonded magnets. Rapid pulverization of bonded magnets into composite powder containing Nd-Fe-B particles and polymer binder was achieved by milling at cryogenic temperatures. The recycled bonded magnets fabricated by warm compaction of ground cryomilled coarse composite powders and nylon particles showed improved magnetic properties and density. Remanent magnetization and saturation magnetization increased by 4% and 6.5% respectively, due to enhanced density while coercivity and energy product were retained from the original additive printed bonded magnets. This work presents a facile method that enables the direct reuse of end-of-life bonded magnets for remaking new bonded magnets. In addition to magnetic properties, mechanical properties comparable to commercial products have been achieved. This research advances efforts to ensure sustainability in critical materials by forming close loop supply chain.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.040},

  journal      = {Waste Management},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 90,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2019},

  month        = {4}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2019.04.040

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Functionalizing magnet additive manufacturing with in-situ magnetic field source

Journal Article Sarkar, Abhishek ; Somashekara, M. A. ; Paranthaman, M. Parans ; ... - Additive Manufacturing

Additive manufacturing via 3-D printing technologies have become a frontier in materials research, including its application in the development and recycling of permanent magnets. This work addresses the opportunity to integrate magnetic field sources into 3-D printing process in order to enable printing, alignment of anisotropic permanent magnets or magnetizing of magnetic filler materials, without requiring further processing. Specifically, a nonaxisymmetric electromagnet-type field source architecture was designed, modelled, constructed, installed to a fused filament commercial 3-D printer, and tested. The testing was performed by applying magnetic field while printing composite anisotropic Nd-Fe-B + Sm-Fe-N powders bonded in Nylon12 (65 vol.%)more »« less
DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2020.101289
Additive manufacturing of anisotropic hybrid NdFeB-SmFeN nylon composite bonded magnets

Journal Article Gandha, Kinjal ; Li, Ling ; Nlebedim, I. C. ; ... - Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

In this work, we demonstrate a novel method of extrusion-based 3D printing additive manufacturing of bonded magnets comprising 65 vol% anisotropic composite powders of Dy-free magfine Nd-Fe-B and Sm-Fe-N in nylon. The 3D printing was performed using a big area additive manufacturing (BAAM) process. The effects of various post-printing alignment with different magnetic field intensities and temperatures on the properties of the anisotropic bonded Nd-Fe-B + Sm-Fe-N composite magnets were investigated. Remanence increases with alignment magnetic field leading to an increase in energy product, (BH)_max. For anisotropic Nd-Fe-B + Sm-Fe-N composite bonded magnets with a 65 vol% loading fraction, (BH)_maxmore »« less
Cited by 5
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2018.07.021

Full Text Available
Microstructual investigation of mixed rar earth iron boron processed vis melt-spinning and high-pressure gas-atomization for isotrophic bonded permanent magnets

Thesis/Dissertation Buelow, Nicholas Lee

A solid solution of three rare earths (RE) in the RE₂Fe₁₄B structure have been combined to create the novel mixed rare earth iron boron (MRE₂Fe₁₄B) alloy family. MRE₂Fe₁₄B exhibits reduced temperature dependent magnetic properties; remanence and coercivity. The desired form of MRE₂Fe₁₄B is a powder that can be blended with a polymer binder and compression or injection molded to form an isotropic polymer bonded permanent magnet (PBM). Commercially, Nd₂Fe₁₄B is the alloy of choice for PBMs. Powders of Nd₂Fe₁₄B are made via melt-spinning as can be MRE₂Fe₁₄B which allows for direct comparisons. MRE₂Fe₁₄B made using melt-spinning at high wheel speedsmore »« less
DOI: 10.2172/850076

Full Text Available
Nd-Fe-B die-upset and anisotropic bonded magnets (invited)

Journal Article Nozawa, Y ; Iwasaki, K ; Tanigawa, S ; ... - J. Appl. Phys.; (United States)

The hot working conditions were examined for Nd-Fe-B die-upset magnets. The Nd/sub 14/Fe/sub 80/B/sub 6/ ternary composition has the best workability (die upsetting) from stress-strain curves for the initial stage of die upsetting at hot working temperature. The compression ratio defined as the inverse of reduction in height should be larger than 4 to have materials aligned. Alignment of c axis along the compressive stress direction is obtained, but grain coarsening occurs during die upsetting. Of several additional elements investigated, Ga is the best for enhancing the coercivity with a little sacrifice of remanence and no deterioration in hot workability.more »« less
DOI: 10.1063/1.342394
Fabrication of highly dense isotropic Nd-Fe-B nylon bonded magnets via extrusion-based additive manufacturing [Fabrication of highly dense isotropic Nd-Fe-B bonded magnets via extrusion-based additive manufacturing]

Journal Article Li, Ling ; Jones, Kodey E. ; Sales, Brian C. ; ... - Additive Manufacturing

Magnetically isotropic bonded magnets with a high loading fraction of 70 vol.% Nd-Fe-B are fabricated via an extrusion-based additive manufacturing, or 3D printing system that enables rapid production of large parts. The density of the printed magnet is ~5.2 g/cm³. The room temperature magnetic properties are: intrinsic coercivity H_ci = 8.9 kOe (708.2 kA/m), remanence B_r = 5.8 kG (0.58 T), and energy product (BH)max = 7.3 MGOe (58.1 kJ/m³). The as-printed magnets are then coated with two types of polymers, both of which improve the thermal stability as revealed by flux aging loss measurements. Tensile tests performed at 25more »« less
Cited by 6
DOI: 10.1016/j.addma.2018.04.001

Full Text Available

Similar Records