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Title: The Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS). V. Optically Faint Variable Object Survey

Abstract

We present our survey for optically faint variable objects using multiepoch (8-10 epochs over 2-4 years) i'-band imaging data obtained with Subaru Suprime-Cam over 0.918 deg2 in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field (SXDF). We found 1040 optically variable objects by image subtraction for all the combinations of images at different epochs. This is the first statistical sample of variable objects at depths achieved with 8-10 m class telescopes or the Hubble Space Telescope. The detection limit for variable components is i'vari∼ 25.5 mag. These variable objects were classified into variable stars, supernovae (SNe), and active galactic nuclei (AGNs), based on the optical morphologies, magnitudes, colors, and optical-mid-infrared colors of the host objects, spatial offsets of variable components from the host objects, and light curves. Detection completeness was examined by simulating light curves for periodic and irregular variability. We detected optical variability for 36% ± 2% (51% ± 3% for a bright sample with i' < 24.4 mag) of X-ray sources in the field. Number densities of variable objects as functions of time intervals Δt and variable component magnitudes i'vari are obtained. Number densities of variable stars, SNe, and AGNs are 120, 489, and 579 objects deg-2, respectively. Bimodal distributions of variablemore » stars in the color-magnitude diagrams indicate that the variable star sample consists of bright (V ∼ 22 mag) blue variable stars of the halo population and faint (V ∼ 23.5 mag) red variable stars of the disk population. Lastly, there are a few candidates of RR Lyrae providing a possible number density of ∼10-2 kpc-3 at a distance of >150 kpc from the Galactic center.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [4];  [6];  [6];  [6];  [7];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [10];  [11];  [12];  [13];  [13];  [13];  [14] more »;  [15];  [16] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. National Astronomical Observatory, Tokyo (Japan). Optical and Infrared Astronomy Division; Univ. of Tokyo (Japan). Inst. of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science
  2. Univ. of Tokyo (Japan). Inst. of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science
  3. Univ. of Tokyo (Japan). Inst. for Cosmic Ray Research
  4. National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Hilo, HI (United States). Subaru Telescope
  5. National Astronomical Observatory, Tokyo (Japan). Optical and Infrared Astronomy Division; National Astronomical Observatory of Japan, Hilo, HI (United States). Subaru Telescope
  6. Kyoto Univ. (Japan). Dept. of Astronomy
  7. National Astronomical Observatory, Tokyo (Japan). Optical and Infrared Astronomy Division
  8. Tohoku Univ., Sendai (Japan). Astronomical Inst., Graduate School of Science
  9. Space Telescope Science Inst., Baltimore, MD (United States)
  10. Univ. of Leicester, Leicester (United Kingdom). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
  11. Rochester Inst. of Technology, Rochester, NY (United States). Dept. of Physics
  12. European Southern Observatory, Santiago (Chile)
  13. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
  14. Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States). Dept. of Physics
  15. Univ. of Oxford (United Kingdom). Dept. of Astrophysics
  16. Vanderbilt Univ., Nashville, TN (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), High Energy Physics (HEP)
OSTI Identifier:
1511305
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-05CH11231
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
The Astrophysical Journal
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 676; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-637X
Publisher:
Institute of Physics (IOP)
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; galaxies: active; stars: variables: other; supernovae: general; surveys

Citation Formats

Morokuma, Tomoki, Doi, Mamoru, Yasuda, Naoki, Akiyama, Masayuki, Sekiguchi, Kazuhiro, Furusawa, Hisanori, Ueda, Yoshihiro, Totani, Tomonori, Oda, Takeshi, Nagao, Tohru, Kashikawa, Nobunari, Murayama, Takashi, Ouchi, Masami, Watson, Mike G., Richmond, Michael W., Lidman, Christopher, Perlmutter, Saul, Spadafora, Anthony L., Aldering, Greg, Wang, Lifan, Hook, Isobel M., and Knop, Rob A. The Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS). V. Optically Faint Variable Object Survey. United States: N. p., 2008. Web. doi:10.1086/527467.
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Morokuma, Tomoki, Doi, Mamoru, Yasuda, Naoki, Akiyama, Masayuki, Sekiguchi, Kazuhiro, Furusawa, Hisanori, Ueda, Yoshihiro, Totani, Tomonori, Oda, Takeshi, Nagao, Tohru, Kashikawa, Nobunari, Murayama, Takashi, Ouchi, Masami, Watson, Mike G., Richmond, Michael W., Lidman, Christopher, Perlmutter, Saul, Spadafora, Anthony L., Aldering, Greg, Wang, Lifan, Hook, Isobel M., & Knop, Rob A. The Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS). V. Optically Faint Variable Object Survey. United States. https://doi.org/10.1086/527467
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Morokuma, Tomoki, Doi, Mamoru, Yasuda, Naoki, Akiyama, Masayuki, Sekiguchi, Kazuhiro, Furusawa, Hisanori, Ueda, Yoshihiro, Totani, Tomonori, Oda, Takeshi, Nagao, Tohru, Kashikawa, Nobunari, Murayama, Takashi, Ouchi, Masami, Watson, Mike G., Richmond, Michael W., Lidman, Christopher, Perlmutter, Saul, Spadafora, Anthony L., Aldering, Greg, Wang, Lifan, Hook, Isobel M., and Knop, Rob A. Thu . "The Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS). V. Optically Faint Variable Object Survey". United States. https://doi.org/10.1086/527467. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1511305.
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@article{osti_1511305,
title = {The Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS). V. Optically Faint Variable Object Survey},
author = {Morokuma, Tomoki and Doi, Mamoru and Yasuda, Naoki and Akiyama, Masayuki and Sekiguchi, Kazuhiro and Furusawa, Hisanori and Ueda, Yoshihiro and Totani, Tomonori and Oda, Takeshi and Nagao, Tohru and Kashikawa, Nobunari and Murayama, Takashi and Ouchi, Masami and Watson, Mike G. and Richmond, Michael W. and Lidman, Christopher and Perlmutter, Saul and Spadafora, Anthony L. and Aldering, Greg and Wang, Lifan and Hook, Isobel M. and Knop, Rob A.},
abstractNote = {We present our survey for optically faint variable objects using multiepoch (8-10 epochs over 2-4 years) i'-band imaging data obtained with Subaru Suprime-Cam over 0.918 deg2 in the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Field (SXDF). We found 1040 optically variable objects by image subtraction for all the combinations of images at different epochs. This is the first statistical sample of variable objects at depths achieved with 8-10 m class telescopes or the Hubble Space Telescope. The detection limit for variable components is i'vari∼ 25.5 mag. These variable objects were classified into variable stars, supernovae (SNe), and active galactic nuclei (AGNs), based on the optical morphologies, magnitudes, colors, and optical-mid-infrared colors of the host objects, spatial offsets of variable components from the host objects, and light curves. Detection completeness was examined by simulating light curves for periodic and irregular variability. We detected optical variability for 36% ± 2% (51% ± 3% for a bright sample with i' < 24.4 mag) of X-ray sources in the field. Number densities of variable objects as functions of time intervals Δt and variable component magnitudes i'vari are obtained. Number densities of variable stars, SNe, and AGNs are 120, 489, and 579 objects deg-2, respectively. Bimodal distributions of variable stars in the color-magnitude diagrams indicate that the variable star sample consists of bright (V ∼ 22 mag) blue variable stars of the halo population and faint (V ∼ 23.5 mag) red variable stars of the disk population. Lastly, there are a few candidates of RR Lyrae providing a possible number density of ∼10-2 kpc-3 at a distance of >150 kpc from the Galactic center.},
doi = {10.1086/527467},
journal = {The Astrophysical Journal},
number = 1,
volume = 676,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Mar 20 00:00:00 EDT 2008},
month = {Thu Mar 20 00:00:00 EDT 2008}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1086/527467
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Figures / Tables:

Fig. 1 Fig. 1: The Suprime-Cam imaging fields (light gray and dark gray regions) in the SXDF, superimposed XMM-Newton EPIC imaging fields (black solid line) and Spitzer IRAC imaging fields (light gray region). The coordinates are measured relative to the center of the SXDF, (02h18m00s, -05:00:00) in J2000.0. Our optically variable objectmore » survey has been carried out in the entire Suprime-Cam fields over 0.918 deg2 except for regions around bright objects (white blanks). The five pointings of the SuprimeCam, SXDF-C, SXDF-N, SXDF-S, SXDF-E, and SXDF-W, are described.« less
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Subaru Prime Focus Camera — Suprime-Cam
journal, December 2002

  • Miyazaki, Satoshi; Komiyama, Yutaka; Sekiguchi, Maki
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 54, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/54.6.833

Constraining the GRB collimation with a survey for orphan afterglows
journal, March 2006

Cepheid Distances to SNe Ia Host Galaxies Based on a Revised Photometric Zero Point of the HST WFPC2 and New PL Relations and Metallicity Corrections
journal, July 2006

  • Saha, A.; Thim, F.; Tammann, G. A.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 165, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/503800

Absolute Magnitude Calibrations of Population I and II Cepheids and Other Pulsating Variables in the Instability Strip of the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram
journal, September 2006

Down-sizing in galaxy formation at z ∼ 1 in the Subaru/ XMM-Newton Deep Survey (SXDS)
journal, May 2004

The DEEP Groth Strip Survey. VI. Spectroscopic, Variability, and X‐Ray Detection of Active Galactic Nuclei
journal, September 2006

  • Sarajedini, Vicki L.; Koo, David C.; Phillips, Andrew C.
  • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 166, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1086/505909

Exploring the Variable Sky with the Sloan Digital Sky Survey
journal, October 2007

  • Sesar, Branimir; Ivezić, Željko; Lupton, Robert H.
  • The Astronomical Journal, Vol. 134, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1086/521819
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    Works referencing / citing this record:

    Spectroscopic follow-up of variability-selected active galactic nuclei in the Chandra Deep Field South
    journal, February 2009

    The Subaru/ XMM‐Newton Deep Survey (SXDS). IV. Evolution of Lyα Emitters from \documentclass{aastex} \usepackage{amsbsy} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{bm} \usepackage{mathrsfs} \usepackage{pifont} \usepackage{stmaryrd} \usepackage{textcomp} \usepackage{portland,xspace} \usepackage{amsmath,amsxtra} \usepackage[OT2,OT1]{fontenc} \newcommand\cyr{ \renewcommand\rmdefault{wncyr} \renewcommand\sfdefault{wncyss} \renewcommand\encodingdefault{OT2} \normalfont \selectfont} \DeclareTextFontCommand{\textcyr}{\cyr} \pagestyle{empty} \DeclareMathSizes{10}{9}{7}{6} \begin{document} \landscape $z=3.1$ \end{document} to 5.7 in the 1 deg 2 Field: Luminosity Functions and AGN
    journal, June 2008

    • Ouchi, Masami; Shimasaku, Kazuhiro; Akiyama, Masayuki
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 176, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1086/527673

    LARGE AREA SURVEY FOR z = 7 GALAXIES IN SDF AND GOODS-N: IMPLICATIONS FOR GALAXY FORMATION AND COSMIC REIONIZATION
    journal, November 2009

    Delay Time Distribution Measurement of Type Ia Supernovae by the Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey and Implications for the Progenitor
    journal, December 2008

    • Totani, Tomonori; Morokuma, Tomoki; Oda, Takeshi
    • Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 60, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/60.6.1327

    The Type Ia supernovae rate with Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey
    journal, April 2014

    • Okumura, Jun E.; Ihara, Yutaka; Doi, Mamoru
    • Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 66, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psu024

    Kiso Supernova Survey (KISS): Survey strategy
    journal, December 2014

    • Morokuma, Tomoki; Tominaga, Nozomu; Tanaka, Masaomi
    • Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 66, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psu105

    Optical follow-up observation of Fast Radio Burst 151230
    journal, October 2018

    • Tominaga, Nozomu; Niino, Yuu; Totani, Tomonori
    • Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 70, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psy101

    The Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP transient survey in COSMOS: Overview
    journal, May 2019

    • Yasuda, Naoki; Tanaka, Masaomi; Tominaga, Nozomu
    • Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan, Vol. 71, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/pasj/psz050

    First Results from the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey
    text, January 2008

    Discovery of an Unusual Optical Transient with the Hubble Space Telescope
    text, January 2008

    The Type Ia supernovae rate with Subaru/XMM-Newton Deep Survey
    text, January 2014

    The Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP Transient Survey in COSMOS: Overview
    text, January 2019

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      Figures / Tables found in this record:

      Fig. 1 (p. 5)figure
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      Fig. 3 (p. 7)figure
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      Fig. 5 (p. 7)figure
      Fig. 6 (p. 8)figure
      Fig. 7 (p. 9)figure
      Fig. 8 (p. 11)figure
      Fig. 10 (p. 12)figure
      Fig. 9 (p. 12)figure
      Fig. 11 (p. 13)figure
      Fig. 12 (p. 14)figure
      Fig. 13 (p. 15)figure
      Fig. 14 (p. 15)figure
      Fig. 15 (p. 15)figure
      Fig. 16 (p. 15)figure
      Fig. 17 (p. 16)figure
      TABLE 1 (p. 19)table
      TABLE 2 (p. 19)table
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