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Title: Nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines induce potent T follicular helper and germinal center B cell responses

Abstract

T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are required to develop germinal center (GC) responses and drive immunoglobulin class switch, affinity maturation, and long-term B cell memory. In this study, we characterize a recently developed vaccine platform, nucleoside-modified, purified mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNPs), that induces high levels of Tfh and GC B cells. Intradermal vaccination with nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNPs encoding various viral surface antigens elicited polyfunctional, antigen-specific, CD4+T cell responses and potent neutralizing antibody responses in mice and nonhuman primates. Importantly, the strong antigen-specific Tfh cell response and high numbers of GC B cells and plasma cells were associated with long-lived and high-affinity neutralizing antibodies and durable protection. Comparative studies demonstrated that nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccines outperformed adjuvanted protein and inactivated virus vaccines and pathogen infection. The incorporation of noninflammatory, modified nucleosides in the mRNA is required for the production of large amounts of antigen and for robust immune responses.

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1];  [1];  [1]; ORCiD logo [2];  [2]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [2];  [3];  [1];  [1]; ORCiD logo [4];  [4];  [1];  [2]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [5]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [5];  [1] more »;  [1];  [1]; ORCiD logo [1];  [1];  [6];  [6]; ORCiD logo [7]; ORCiD logo [8];  [3];  [9];  [6];  [6];  [10];  [3];  [3];  [1];  [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [1] « less
  1. Univ. of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA (United States)
  2. Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC (United States)
  3. Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA (United States)
  4. Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC (United States)
  5. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
  6. Acuitas Therapeutics, Vancouver, BC (Canada)
  7. Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (United States)
  8. BioNTech RNA Pharmaceuticals, Mainz (Germany)
  9. The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA (United States)
  10. Bioqual Inc., Rockville, MD (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE; National Institutes of Health (NIH)
OSTI Identifier:
1505995
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-17-26175
Journal ID: ISSN 0022-1007
Grant/Contract Number:  
89233218CNA000001
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Journal of Experimental Medicine
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 215; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 0022-1007
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES

Citation Formats

Pardi, Norbert, Hogan, Michael J., Naradikian, Martin S., Parkhouse, Kaela, Cain, Derek W., Jones, Letitia, Moody, M. Anthony, Verkerke, Hans P., Myles, Arpita, Willis, Elinor, LaBranche, Celia C., Montefiori, David C., Lobby, Jenna L., Saunders, Kevin O., Liao, Hua-Xin, Korber, Bette T., Sutherland, Laura L., Scearce, Richard M., Hraber, Peter T., Tombácz, István, Muramatsu, Hiromi, Ni, Houping, Balikov, Daniel A., Li, Charles, Mui, Barbara L., Tam, Ying K., Krammer, Florian, Karikó, Katalin, Polacino, Patricia, Eisenlohr, Laurence C., Madden, Thomas D., Hope, Michael J., Lewis, Mark G., Lee, Kelly K., Hu, Shiu-Lok, Hensley, Scott E., Cancro, Michael P., Haynes, Barton F., and Weissman, Drew. Nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines induce potent T follicular helper and germinal center B cell responses. United States: N. p., 2018. Web. doi:10.1084/jem.20171450.
Pardi, Norbert, Hogan, Michael J., Naradikian, Martin S., Parkhouse, Kaela, Cain, Derek W., Jones, Letitia, Moody, M. Anthony, Verkerke, Hans P., Myles, Arpita, Willis, Elinor, LaBranche, Celia C., Montefiori, David C., Lobby, Jenna L., Saunders, Kevin O., Liao, Hua-Xin, Korber, Bette T., Sutherland, Laura L., Scearce, Richard M., Hraber, Peter T., Tombácz, István, Muramatsu, Hiromi, Ni, Houping, Balikov, Daniel A., Li, Charles, Mui, Barbara L., Tam, Ying K., Krammer, Florian, Karikó, Katalin, Polacino, Patricia, Eisenlohr, Laurence C., Madden, Thomas D., Hope, Michael J., Lewis, Mark G., Lee, Kelly K., Hu, Shiu-Lok, Hensley, Scott E., Cancro, Michael P., Haynes, Barton F., & Weissman, Drew. Nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines induce potent T follicular helper and germinal center B cell responses. United States. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20171450
Pardi, Norbert, Hogan, Michael J., Naradikian, Martin S., Parkhouse, Kaela, Cain, Derek W., Jones, Letitia, Moody, M. Anthony, Verkerke, Hans P., Myles, Arpita, Willis, Elinor, LaBranche, Celia C., Montefiori, David C., Lobby, Jenna L., Saunders, Kevin O., Liao, Hua-Xin, Korber, Bette T., Sutherland, Laura L., Scearce, Richard M., Hraber, Peter T., Tombácz, István, Muramatsu, Hiromi, Ni, Houping, Balikov, Daniel A., Li, Charles, Mui, Barbara L., Tam, Ying K., Krammer, Florian, Karikó, Katalin, Polacino, Patricia, Eisenlohr, Laurence C., Madden, Thomas D., Hope, Michael J., Lewis, Mark G., Lee, Kelly K., Hu, Shiu-Lok, Hensley, Scott E., Cancro, Michael P., Haynes, Barton F., and Weissman, Drew. Tue . "Nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines induce potent T follicular helper and germinal center B cell responses". United States. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20171450. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1505995.
@article{osti_1505995,
title = {Nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccines induce potent T follicular helper and germinal center B cell responses},
author = {Pardi, Norbert and Hogan, Michael J. and Naradikian, Martin S. and Parkhouse, Kaela and Cain, Derek W. and Jones, Letitia and Moody, M. Anthony and Verkerke, Hans P. and Myles, Arpita and Willis, Elinor and LaBranche, Celia C. and Montefiori, David C. and Lobby, Jenna L. and Saunders, Kevin O. and Liao, Hua-Xin and Korber, Bette T. and Sutherland, Laura L. and Scearce, Richard M. and Hraber, Peter T. and Tombácz, István and Muramatsu, Hiromi and Ni, Houping and Balikov, Daniel A. and Li, Charles and Mui, Barbara L. and Tam, Ying K. and Krammer, Florian and Karikó, Katalin and Polacino, Patricia and Eisenlohr, Laurence C. and Madden, Thomas D. and Hope, Michael J. and Lewis, Mark G. and Lee, Kelly K. and Hu, Shiu-Lok and Hensley, Scott E. and Cancro, Michael P. and Haynes, Barton F. and Weissman, Drew},
abstractNote = {T follicular helper (Tfh) cells are required to develop germinal center (GC) responses and drive immunoglobulin class switch, affinity maturation, and long-term B cell memory. In this study, we characterize a recently developed vaccine platform, nucleoside-modified, purified mRNA encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (mRNA-LNPs), that induces high levels of Tfh and GC B cells. Intradermal vaccination with nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNPs encoding various viral surface antigens elicited polyfunctional, antigen-specific, CD4+T cell responses and potent neutralizing antibody responses in mice and nonhuman primates. Importantly, the strong antigen-specific Tfh cell response and high numbers of GC B cells and plasma cells were associated with long-lived and high-affinity neutralizing antibodies and durable protection. Comparative studies demonstrated that nucleoside-modified mRNA-LNP vaccines outperformed adjuvanted protein and inactivated virus vaccines and pathogen infection. The incorporation of noninflammatory, modified nucleosides in the mRNA is required for the production of large amounts of antigen and for robust immune responses.},
doi = {10.1084/jem.20171450},
journal = {Journal of Experimental Medicine},
number = 6,
volume = 215,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue May 08 00:00:00 EDT 2018},
month = {Tue May 08 00:00:00 EDT 2018}
}

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Works referenced in this record:

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Affinity maturation in an HIV broadly neutralizing B-cell lineage through reorientation of variable domains
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Generating the optimal mRNA for therapy: HPLC purification eliminates immune activation and improves translation of nucleoside-modified, protein-encoding mRNA
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Zika virus protection by a single low-dose nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccination
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Tfh cells and HIV bnAbs, an immunodominance model of the HIV neutralizing antibody generation problem
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Efficient Targeting and Activation of Antigen-Presenting Cells In Vivo after Modified mRNA Vaccine Administration in Rhesus Macaques
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Lymphatic-targeted cationic liposomes: A robust vaccine adjuvant for promoting long-term immunological memory
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Targeting Antigen to Clec9A Primes Follicular Th Cell Memory Responses Capable of Robust Recall
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An mRNA Vaccine Encoding Rabies Virus Glycoprotein Induces Protection against Lethal Infection in Mice and Correlates of Protection in Adult and Newborn Pigs
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Sustained antigen availability during germinal center initiation enhances antibody responses to vaccination
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The use of self-adjuvanting nanofiber vaccines to elicit high-affinity B cell responses to peptide antigens without inflammation
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Water-in-Oil–Only Adjuvants Selectively Promote T Follicular Helper Cell Polarization through a Type I IFN and IL-6–Dependent Pathway
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Characterization of a thymus-tropic HIV-1 isolate from a rapid progressor: role of the envelope
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Magnitude and Breadth of the Neutralizing Antibody Response in the RV144 and Vax003 HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy Trials
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Targeting Antigen to Mouse Dendritic Cells via Clec9A Induces Potent CD4 T Cell Responses Biased toward a Follicular Helper Phenotype
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Cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies to multiple HIV-1 subtype and SIVcpz envelope glycoproteins
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Cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies to multiple HIV-1 subtype and SIVcpz envelope glycoproteins
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Characterization of a thymus-tropic HIV-1 isolate from a rapid progressor: role of the envelope
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Germinal Centers
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Characterization of a thymus-tropic HIV-1 isolate from a rapid progressor: role of the envelope
text, January 2004

  • M., Duus, Karen; Xiao-Fang, Yu,; Lishan, Su,
  • The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
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Induction of virus-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytesin vivo by liposome-entrapped mRNA
journal, July 1993

  • Martinon, Frédéric; Krishnan, Sivadasan; Lenzen, Gerlinde
  • European Journal of Immunology, Vol. 23, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1002/eji.1830230749

Designing therapeutic cancer vaccines by mimicking viral infections
journal, April 2016

  • Sultan, Hussein; Fesenkova, Valentyna I.; Addis, Diane
  • Cancer Immunology, Immunotherapy, Vol. 66, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1007/s00262-016-1834-5

The use of self-adjuvanting nanofiber vaccines to elicit high-affinity B cell responses to peptide antigens without inflammation
journal, November 2013


Germinal Center Selection and the Antibody Response to Influenza
journal, October 2015


Modified mRNA Vaccines Protect against Zika Virus Infection
journal, March 2017


Novel universal influenza virus vaccine approaches
journal, April 2016


Type I Interferon Signaling in Dendritic Cells Stimulates the Development of Lymph-Node-Resident T Follicular Helper Cells
journal, September 2009


Human Antibodies that Neutralize HIV-1: Identification, Structures, and B Cell Ontogenies
journal, September 2012


T Follicular Helper Cell Differentiation, Function, and Roles in Disease
journal, October 2014


Skin dendritic cells induce follicular helper T cells and protective humoral immune responses
journal, November 2015

  • Yao, Chen; Zurawski, Sandra M.; Jarrett, Elizabeth S.
  • Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Vol. 136, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2015.04.001

Purification of recombinant vaccinia virus-expressed monomeric HIV-1 gp120 to apparent homogeneity
journal, July 2013

  • Guo, Wenjin; Cleveland, Brad; Davenport, Thaddeus M.
  • Protein Expression and Purification, Vol. 90, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.04.009

Lymphatic-targeted cationic liposomes: A robust vaccine adjuvant for promoting long-term immunological memory
journal, September 2014


Characterization of a thymus-tropic HIV-1 isolate from a rapid progressor: role of the envelope
journal, October 2004


Cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies to multiple HIV-1 subtype and SIVcpz envelope glycoproteins
journal, November 2009


Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza vaccination
journal, July 2004


Preclinical and Clinical Demonstration of Immunogenicity by mRNA Vaccines against H10N8 and H7N9 Influenza Viruses
journal, June 2017


Efficient Targeting and Activation of Antigen-Presenting Cells In Vivo after Modified mRNA Vaccine Administration in Rhesus Macaques
journal, December 2017


Is there a future for mRNAs as viral vaccines?
journal, September 2017


Incorporation of Pseudouridine Into mRNA Yields Superior Nonimmunogenic Vector With Increased Translational Capacity and Biological Stability
journal, November 2008

  • Karikó, Katalin; Muramatsu, Hiromi; Welsh, Frank A.
  • Molecular Therapy, Vol. 16, Issue 11
  • DOI: 10.1038/mt.2008.200

Biodegradable Lipids Enabling Rapidly Eliminated Lipid Nanoparticles for Systemic Delivery of RNAi Therapeutics
journal, August 2013

  • Maier, Martin A.; Jayaraman, Muthusamy; Matsuda, Shigeo
  • Molecular Therapy, Vol. 21, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1038/mt.2013.124

Zika virus protection by a single low-dose nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccination
journal, February 2017

  • Pardi, Norbert; Hogan, Michael J.; Pelc, Rebecca S.
  • Nature, Vol. 543, Issue 7644
  • DOI: 10.1038/nature21428

Potent and persistent in vivo anti-HBV activity of chemically modified siRNAs
journal, July 2005

  • Morrissey, David V.; Lockridge, Jennifer A.; Shaw, Lucinda
  • Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 23, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1038/nbt1122

Activin A programs the differentiation of human TFH cells
journal, July 2016

  • Locci, Michela; Wu, Jennifer E.; Arumemi, Fortuna
  • Nature Immunology, Vol. 17, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1038/ni.3494

mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology
journal, January 2018

  • Pardi, Norbert; Hogan, Michael J.; Porter, Frederick W.
  • Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 17, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1038/nrd.2017.243

Broadly neutralizing antibodies and the search for an HIV-1 vaccine: the end of the beginning
journal, August 2013

  • Kwong, Peter D.; Mascola, John R.; Nabel, Gary J.
  • Nature Reviews Immunology, Vol. 13, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1038/nri3516

Unmodified mRNA in LNPs constitutes a competitive technology for prophylactic vaccines
journal, October 2017


Affinity maturation in an HIV broadly neutralizing B-cell lineage through reorientation of variable domains
journal, June 2014

  • Fera, D.; Schmidt, A. G.; Haynes, B. F.
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 28
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1409954111

Sustained antigen availability during germinal center initiation enhances antibody responses to vaccination
journal, October 2016

  • Tam, Hok Hei; Melo, Mariane B.; Kang, Myungsun
  • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 113, Issue 43
  • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1606050113

Progress in developing virus-like particle influenza vaccines
journal, May 2016


Magnitude and Breadth of the Neutralizing Antibody Response in the RV144 and Vax003 HIV-1 Vaccine Efficacy Trials
journal, May 2012

  • Montefiori, D. C.; Karnasuta, C.; Huang, Y.
  • Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 206, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jis367

Generating the optimal mRNA for therapy: HPLC purification eliminates immune activation and improves translation of nucleoside-modified, protein-encoding mRNA
journal, September 2011

  • Karikó, Katalin; Muramatsu, Hiromi; Ludwig, János
  • Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 39, Issue 21
  • DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkr695

Tfh cells and HIV bnAbs, an immunodominance model of the HIV neutralizing antibody generation problem
journal, January 2017

  • Havenar-Daughton, Colin; Lee, Jeong Hyun; Crotty, Shane
  • Immunological Reviews, Vol. 275, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1111/imr.12512

Germinal Centers
journal, April 2022


Synthetic DNA vaccine strategies against persistent viral infections
journal, May 2013

  • Villarreal, Daniel O.; Talbott, Kendra T.; Choo, Daniel K.
  • Expert Review of Vaccines, Vol. 12, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1586/erv.13.33

Targeting Antigen to Mouse Dendritic Cells via Clec9A Induces Potent CD4 T Cell Responses Biased toward a Follicular Helper Phenotype
journal, June 2011

  • Lahoud, Mireille H.; Ahmet, Fatma; Kitsoulis, Susie
  • The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 187, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101176

MF59 Mediates Its B Cell Adjuvanticity by Promoting T Follicular Helper Cells and Thus Germinal Center Responses in Adult and Early Life
journal, April 2015

  • Mastelic Gavillet, Beatris; Eberhardt, Christiane S.; Auderset, Floriane
  • The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 194, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402071

Targeting Antigen to Clec9A Primes Follicular Th Cell Memory Responses Capable of Robust Recall
journal, June 2015


Cytokine-Independent Detection of Antigen-Specific Germinal Center T Follicular Helper Cells in Immunized Nonhuman Primates Using a Live Cell Activation-Induced Marker Technique
journal, June 2016

  • Havenar-Daughton, Colin; Reiss, Samantha M.; Carnathan, Diane G.
  • The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 197, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600320

Water-in-Oil–Only Adjuvants Selectively Promote T Follicular Helper Cell Polarization through a Type I IFN and IL-6–Dependent Pathway
journal, October 2016

  • Riteau, Nicolas; Radtke, Andrea J.; Shenderov, Kevin
  • The Journal of Immunology, Vol. 197, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1600883

A novel, disruptive vaccination technology: Self-adjuvanted RNActive
journal, October 2013

  • Kallen, Karl-Josef; Heidenreich, Regina; Schnee, Margit
  • Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics, Vol. 9, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.4161/hv.25181

Works referencing / citing this record:

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