Sedentary behavior associated with reduced medial temporal lobe thickness in middle-aged and older adults

Siddarth, Prabha; Burggren, Alison C.; Eyre, Harris A.; Small, Gary W.; Merrill, David A.

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195549

Title: Sedentary behavior associated with reduced medial temporal lobe thickness in middle-aged and older adults

Abstract

Atrophy of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) occurs with aging, resulting in impaired episodic memory. Aerobic fitness is positively correlated with total hippocampal volume, a heavily studied memory-critical region within the MTL. However, research on associations between sedentary behavior and MTL subregion integrity is limited. Here we explore associations between thickness of the MTL and its subregions (namely CA1, CA23DG, fusiform gyrus, subiculum, parahippocampal, perirhinal and entorhinal cortex,), physical activity, and sedentary behavior. We assessed 35 non-demented middle-aged and older adults (25 women, 10 men; 45–75 years) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for older adults, which quantifies physical activity levels in MET-equivalent units and asks about the average number of hours spent sitting per day. All participants had high resolution MRI scans performed on a Siemens Allegra 3T MRI scanner, which allows for detailed investigation of the MTL. Controlling for age, total MTL thickness correlated inversely with hours of sitting/day (r = -0.37, p = 0.03). In MTL subregion analysis, parahippocampal (r = -0.45, p = 0.007), entorhinal (r = -0.33, p = 0.05) cortical and subiculum (r = -0.36, p = .04) thicknesses correlated inversely with hours of sitting/day. No significant correlations were observed between physical activity levelsmore »« less

Authors:

^[1]; Burggren, Alison C. ^[2]; Eyre, Harris A. ^[3]; Small, Gary W. ^[1]; Merrill, David A. ^[1]

Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Semel Inst. for Neuroscience and Human Behavior
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States). Center for Cognitive Neurosciences
Univ. of Adelaide, SA (Australia). Discipline of Psychiatry

Publication Date:: Thu Apr 12 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE; National Inst. of Health (NIH) (United States)

OSTI Identifier:: 1505148

Grant/Contract Number:: FC03-87ER60615; MH077650; AT003480; P01-AG024831; AG13308; P50 AG 16570; MH/AG58156; AG10123; M01-RR00865; 5P30AG028748; UL1TR000124

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: PLoS ONE

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 13; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 1932-6203

Publisher:: Public Library of Science

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 60 APPLIED LIFE SCIENCES; physical activity; elderly; Alzheimer's disease; behavior; central nervous system; magnetic resonance imaging; entorhinal cortex; temporal lobe

Citation Formats


                    Siddarth, Prabha, Burggren, Alison C., Eyre, Harris A., Small, Gary W., and Merrill, David A. Sedentary behavior associated with reduced medial temporal lobe thickness in middle-aged and older adults.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0195549.

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                    Siddarth, Prabha, Burggren, Alison C., Eyre, Harris A., Small, Gary W., & Merrill, David A. Sedentary behavior associated with reduced medial temporal lobe thickness in middle-aged and older adults.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195549

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                    Siddarth, Prabha, Burggren, Alison C., Eyre, Harris A., Small, Gary W., and Merrill, David A. Thu .  
"Sedentary behavior associated with reduced medial temporal lobe thickness in middle-aged and older adults".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0195549.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1505148.

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@article{osti_1505148,

  title        = {Sedentary behavior associated with reduced medial temporal lobe thickness in middle-aged and older adults},

  author       = {Siddarth, Prabha and Burggren, Alison C. and Eyre, Harris A. and Small, Gary W. and Merrill, David A.},

  abstractNote = {Atrophy of the medial temporal lobe (MTL) occurs with aging, resulting in impaired episodic memory. Aerobic fitness is positively correlated with total hippocampal volume, a heavily studied memory-critical region within the MTL. However, research on associations between sedentary behavior and MTL subregion integrity is limited. Here we explore associations between thickness of the MTL and its subregions (namely CA1, CA23DG, fusiform gyrus, subiculum, parahippocampal, perirhinal and entorhinal cortex,), physical activity, and sedentary behavior. We assessed 35 non-demented middle-aged and older adults (25 women, 10 men; 45–75 years) using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire for older adults, which quantifies physical activity levels in MET-equivalent units and asks about the average number of hours spent sitting per day. All participants had high resolution MRI scans performed on a Siemens Allegra 3T MRI scanner, which allows for detailed investigation of the MTL. Controlling for age, total MTL thickness correlated inversely with hours of sitting/day (r = -0.37, p = 0.03). In MTL subregion analysis, parahippocampal (r = -0.45, p = 0.007), entorhinal (r = -0.33, p = 0.05) cortical and subiculum (r = -0.36, p = .04) thicknesses correlated inversely with hours of sitting/day. No significant correlations were observed between physical activity levels and MTL thickness. Though preliminary, our results suggest that more sedentary non-demented individuals have less MTL thickness. Future studies should include longitudinal analyses and explore mechanisms, as well as the efficacy of decreasing sedentary behaviors to reverse this association.},

  doi          = {10.1371/journal.pone.0195549},

  journal      = {PLoS ONE},

  number       = 4,

  volume       = 13,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Apr 12 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Thu Apr 12 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Figure 1: Methods for producing flat maps. Oblique coronal images are acquired to cover the long axis of the hippocampus as shown in image A. This image is cropped over the area of interest (red square) and shown in greater detail in image B. The gray matter ribbon (shown inmore »

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Journal Article Siddarth, Prabha ; Burggren, Alison C. ; Merrill, David A. ; ... - PLoS ONE

The translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 (TOMM40), which lies in linkage disequilibrium with the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, has been implicated in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). TOMM40 influences AD pathology through mitochondrial neurotoxicity, and the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is the most likely brain region for identifying early manifestations of AD-related morphology changes. While early reports indicated that the longer length poly-T allele of TOMM40 increases risk for AD, these findings have not been consistently replicated in further studies. We examined the effect of TOMM40 and APOE on regional brain positron emission tomography (PET) 2-(1-{6-[(2 [F18]fluoroethyl) (methyl) amino]-2-naphthyl}ethylidene)malononitrile (FDDNP) bindingmore »« less
Cited by 3
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208358

Full Text Available
Hippocampal thinning linked to longer TOMM40 poly‐T variant lengths in the absence of the APOE ε4 variant

Journal Article Burggren, Alison C. ; Mahmood, Zanjbeel ; Harrison, Theresa M. ; ... - Alzheimer's & Dementia

Abstract Introduction The translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 40 ( TOMM40 ), which lies in linkage disequilibrium with apolipoprotein E ( APOE ), has received attention more recently as a promising gene in Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk. TOMM40 influences AD pathology through mitochondrial neurotoxicity, and the medial temporal lobe (MTL) is the most likely brain region for identifying early manifestations of AD‐related morphology changes. Methods In this study, we examined the effects of TOMM40 using high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging in 65 healthy, older subjects with and without the APOE ε4 AD‐risk variant. Results Examining individual subregions within the MTL, wemore »« less
Cited by 20
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jalz.2016.12.009
Memory and Brain Amyloid and Tau Effects of a Bioavailable Form of Curcumin in Non-Demented Adults: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled 18-Month Trial

Journal Article Small, Gary W. ; Siddarth, Prabha ; Li, Zhaoping ; ... - The American Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry

Because curcumin's anti-inflammatory properties may protect the brain from neurodegeneration, we studied its effect on memory in non-demented adults and explored its impact on brain amyloid and tau accumulation using 2-(1-{6-[(2-[F-18]fluoroethyl)(methyl)amino]-2-naphthyl}ethylidene)malononitrile positron emission tomography (FDDNP-PET). Forty subjects (age 51–84 years) were randomized to a bioavailable form of curcumin (Theracurmin® containing 90 mg of curcumin twice daily [N = 21]) or placebo (N = 19) for 18 months. Primary outcomes were verbal (Buschke Selective Reminding Test [SRT]) and visual (Brief Visual Memory Test-Revised [BVMT-R]) memory, and attention (Trail Making A) was a secondary outcome. FDDNP-PET signals (15 curcumin, 15 placebo) weremore »« less
Cited by 150
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jagp.2017.10.010
Cortical tau deposition follows patterns of entorhinal functional connectivity in aging

Journal Article Adams, Jenna N. ; Maass, Anne ; Harrison, Theresa M. ; ... - eLife

Tau pathology first appears in the transentorhinal and anterolateral entorhinal cortex (alEC) in the aging brain. The transition to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is hypothesized to involve amyloid-β (Aβ) facilitated tau spread through neural connections. We contrasted functional connectivity (FC) of alEC and posteromedial EC (pmEC), subregions of EC that differ in functional specialization and cortical connectivity, with the hypothesis that alEC-connected cortex would show greater tau deposition than pmEC-connected cortex. We used resting state fMRI to measure FC, and PET to measure tau and Aβ in cognitively normal older adults. Tau preferentially deposited in alEC-connected cortex compared to pmEC-connected ormore »« less
Cited by 51
https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.49132

Full Text Available
Sedentary nestlings of Wood Stork as monitors of mercury contamination in the gold mining region of the Brazilian Pantanal

Journal Article Nassif Del Lama, Silvia, E-mail: dsdl@ufscar.br ; Dosualdo Rocha, Cristiano ; Figueiredo Jardim, Wilson ; ... - Environmental Research

Sedentary organisms that are at top trophic levels allow inference about the level of local mercury contamination. We evaluated mercury contamination in feather tissue of nestling Wood Storks (Mycteria americana), sampled in different parts of the Brazilian Pantanal that were variably polluted by mercury releases from gold mining activities. Levels of mercury in feathers sampled in seven breeding colonies were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the mean value of mercury concentration was 0.557 {mu}g/g, dry weight (n=124), range 0.024-4.423 {mu}g/g. From this total sample, 21 feathers that represent 30% of nestlings collected in Porto da Fazenda and Tucum colonies,more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.ENVRES.2011.07.007

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Title: Sedentary behavior associated with reduced medial temporal lobe thickness in middle-aged and older adults

Abstract

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Physical Activity Predicts Microstructural Integrity in Memory-Related Networks in Very Old Adults journal, January 2014

APOE associated hemispheric asymmetry of entorhinal cortical thickness in aging and Alzheimer's disease journal, December 2013

The effect of midlife physical activity on structural brain changes in the elderly journal, November 2010

Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory journal, January 2011

Biochemical Markers of Physical Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Systematic Review and Perspectives journal, August 2015

Evidence that women meeting physical activity guidelines do not sit less: An observational inclinometry study journal, January 2012

Brain mapping as a tool to study neurodegeneration journal, July 2007

The Assessment of Anxiety States by Rating journal, March 1959

Imaging markers of structural and functional brain changes that precede cognitive symptoms in risk for Alzheimer’s disease journal, December 2013

Reduced cortical thickness in hippocampal subregions among cognitively normal apolipoprotein E e4 carriers journal, July 2008

A Rating Scale for Depression journal, February 1960

Comparison of self-reported measure of sitting time (IPAQ) with objective measurement (activPAL) journal, October 2014

Cessation of voluntary wheel running increases anxiety-like behavior and impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice journal, May 2013

Exercise Is Associated with Reduced Risk for Incident Dementia among Persons 65 Years of Age and Older journal, January 2006

What is the association between sedentary behaviour and cognitive function? A systematic review journal, May 2016

Advances in high-resolution imaging and computational unfolding of the human hippocampus journal, August 2009

Towards a functional organization of episodic memory in the medial temporal lobe journal, August 2012

Sedentary behavior and health outcomes among older adults: a systematic review journal, April 2014

Structural and functional brain changes related to different types of physical activity across the life span journal, November 2013

An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus journal, March 2007

Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Trial journal, September 2008

Physical Exercise as a Preventive or Disease-Modifying Treatment of Dementia and Brain Aging journal, September 2011

Revenge of the “sit” II: Does lifestyle impact neuronal and cognitive health through distinct mechanisms associated with sedentary behavior and physical activity? journal, March 2014

Sedentary Behaviors and Subsequent Health Outcomes in Adults journal, August 2011

Longitudinal changes in medial temporal cortical thickness in normal subjects with the APOE-4 polymorphism journal, October 2010

The influence of aerobic fitness on cerebral white matter integrity and cognitive function in older adults: Results of a one-year exercise intervention: Aerobic Fitness, White Matter, and Aging journal, June 2012

The Effects of Aerobic Activity on Brain Structure journal, January 2012

Regional Brain Atrophy Rate Predicts Future Cognitive Decline: 6-year Longitudinal MR Imaging Study of Normal Aging journal, December 2003

The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence journal, September 2011

Differential effects of aging and Alzheimer's disease on medial temporal lobe cortical thickness and surface area journal, March 2009

Family History of Alzheimer's Disease and Hippocampal Structure in Healthy People journal, November 2010

A meta-analysis of prospective studies on the role of physical activity and the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease in older adults journal, February 2015

Entorhinal volume, aerobic fitness, and recognition memory in healthy young adults: A voxel-based morphometry study journal, February 2016

Loss and atrophy of layer II entorhinal cortex neurons in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment journal, January 2001

Association of change in brain structure to objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior in older adults: Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study journal, January 2016

Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity journal, October 2013

Assessment of Physical Activity: An International Perspective journal, June 2000

International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-Country Reliability and Validity journal, January 2003

Profound Loss of Layer II Entorhinal Cortex Neurons Occurs in Very Mild Alzheimer’s Disease journal, July 1996

Loss and atrophy of layer II entorhinal cortex neurons in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment journal, February 2001

A Rating Scale for Depression journal, October 1960

Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older journal, August 2006

Imaging markers of structural and functional brain changes that precede cognitive symptoms in risk for Alzheimer’s disease journal, December 2013

Association of change in brain structure to objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior in older adults: Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study journal, January 2016

Structural and functional brain changes related to different types of physical activity across the life span journal, November 2013

Differential effects of aging and Alzheimer's disease on medial temporal lobe cortical thickness and surface area journal, March 2009

The effect of midlife physical activity on structural brain changes in the elderly journal, November 2010

Advances in high-resolution imaging and computational unfolding of the human hippocampus journal, August 2009

Longitudinal changes in medial temporal cortical thickness in normal subjects with the APOE-4 polymorphism journal, October 2010

APOE associated hemispheric asymmetry of entorhinal cortical thickness in aging and Alzheimer's disease journal, December 2013

Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity journal, October 2013

Prevention of cognitive decline in ageing: dementia as the target, delayed onset as the goal journal, September 2011

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire modified for the elderly: aspects of validity and feasibility journal, March 2010

An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus journal, March 2007

Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory journal, January 2011

Assessment of Physical Activity: An International Perspective journal, June 2000

Comparison of self-reported measure of sitting time (IPAQ) with objective measurement (activPAL) journal, October 2014

Physical Activity Predicts Microstructural Integrity in Memory-Related Networks in Very Old Adults journal, January 2014

Physical Activity, Brain Volume, and Dementia Risk: The Framingham Study journal, July 2016

What is the association between sedentary behaviour and cognitive function? A systematic review journal, May 2016

Physical activity improves cognitive function in people with memory impairment journal, April 2009

The Hamilton Depression Scale--accelerator or break on antidepressant drug discovery? journal, January 2014

Regional Brain Atrophy Rate Predicts Future Cognitive Decline: 6-year Longitudinal MR Imaging Study of Normal Aging journal, December 2003

Family History of Alzheimer's Disease and Hippocampal Structure in Healthy People journal, November 2010

Symptom burden in community-dwelling older people with multimorbidity: a cross-sectional study journal, January 2015

Evidence that women meeting physical activity guidelines do not sit less: An observational inclinometry study journal, January 2012

The Effects of Breaking up Prolonged Sitting Time: A Review of Experimental Studies journal, January 2015

Sedentary behavior as a risk factor for cognitive decline? A focus on the influence of glycemic control in brain health. journalarticle, January 2017

Increased Hippocampal Blood Flow in Sedentary Older Adults at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease journal, July 2014

Biochemical Markers of Physical Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Systematic Review and Perspectives journal, August 2015

The Effects of Aerobic Activity on Brain Structure journal, January 2012

Physical Exercise as a Preventive or Disease-Modifying Treatment of Dementia and Brain Aging journal, September 2011

Sedentary behaviours, cognitive function, and possible mechanisms in older adults: a systematic review journal, February 2020

Effects of acute prolonged sitting on cerebral perfusion and executive function in young adults: A randomized cross‐over trial journal, August 2019

Morning exercise mitigates the impact of prolonged sitting on cerebral blood flow in older adults journal, April 2019

The effects of physical exercise on parahippocampal function journal, June 2019

Physical Activity Predicts Microstructural Integrity in Memory-Related Networks in Very Old Adults
journal, January 2014

APOE associated hemispheric asymmetry of entorhinal cortical thickness in aging and Alzheimer's disease
journal, December 2013

The effect of midlife physical activity on structural brain changes in the elderly
journal, November 2010

Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory
journal, January 2011

Biochemical Markers of Physical Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Systematic Review and Perspectives
journal, August 2015

Evidence that women meeting physical activity guidelines do not sit less: An observational inclinometry study
journal, January 2012

Brain mapping as a tool to study neurodegeneration
journal, July 2007

The Assessment of Anxiety States by Rating
journal, March 1959

Imaging markers of structural and functional brain changes that precede cognitive symptoms in risk for Alzheimer’s disease
journal, December 2013

Reduced cortical thickness in hippocampal subregions among cognitively normal apolipoprotein E e4 carriers
journal, July 2008

A Rating Scale for Depression
journal, February 1960

Comparison of self-reported measure of sitting time (IPAQ) with objective measurement (activPAL)
journal, October 2014

Cessation of voluntary wheel running increases anxiety-like behavior and impairs adult hippocampal neurogenesis in mice
journal, May 2013

Exercise Is Associated with Reduced Risk for Incident Dementia among Persons 65 Years of Age and Older
journal, January 2006

What is the association between sedentary behaviour and cognitive function? A systematic review
journal, May 2016

Advances in high-resolution imaging and computational unfolding of the human hippocampus
journal, August 2009

Towards a functional organization of episodic memory in the medial temporal lobe
journal, August 2012

Sedentary behavior and health outcomes among older adults: a systematic review
journal, April 2014

Structural and functional brain changes related to different types of physical activity across the life span
journal, November 2013

An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus
journal, March 2007

Effect of Physical Activity on Cognitive Function in Older Adults at Risk for Alzheimer Disease: A Randomized Trial
journal, September 2008

Physical Exercise as a Preventive or Disease-Modifying Treatment of Dementia and Brain Aging
journal, September 2011

Revenge of the “sit” II: Does lifestyle impact neuronal and cognitive health through distinct mechanisms associated with sedentary behavior and physical activity?
journal, March 2014

Sedentary Behaviors and Subsequent Health Outcomes in Adults
journal, August 2011

Longitudinal changes in medial temporal cortical thickness in normal subjects with the APOE-4 polymorphism
journal, October 2010

The influence of aerobic fitness on cerebral white matter integrity and cognitive function in older adults: Results of a one-year exercise intervention: Aerobic Fitness, White Matter, and Aging
journal, June 2012

The Effects of Aerobic Activity on Brain Structure
journal, January 2012

Regional Brain Atrophy Rate Predicts Future Cognitive Decline: 6-year Longitudinal MR Imaging Study of Normal Aging
journal, December 2003

The projected effect of risk factor reduction on Alzheimer's disease prevalence
journal, September 2011

Differential effects of aging and Alzheimer's disease on medial temporal lobe cortical thickness and surface area
journal, March 2009

Family History of Alzheimer's Disease and Hippocampal Structure in Healthy People
journal, November 2010

A meta-analysis of prospective studies on the role of physical activity and the prevention of Alzheimer’s disease in older adults
journal, February 2015

Entorhinal volume, aerobic fitness, and recognition memory in healthy young adults: A voxel-based morphometry study
journal, February 2016

Loss and atrophy of layer II entorhinal cortex neurons in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment
journal, January 2001

Association of change in brain structure to objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior in older adults: Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study
journal, January 2016

Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity
journal, October 2013

Assessment of Physical Activity: An International Perspective
journal, June 2000

International Physical Activity Questionnaire: 12-Country Reliability and Validity
journal, January 2003

Profound Loss of Layer II Entorhinal Cortex Neurons Occurs in Very Mild Alzheimer’s Disease
journal, July 1996

Loss and atrophy of layer II entorhinal cortex neurons in elderly people with mild cognitive impairment
journal, February 2001

A Rating Scale for Depression
journal, October 1960

Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older
journal, August 2006

Imaging markers of structural and functional brain changes that precede cognitive symptoms in risk for Alzheimer’s disease
journal, December 2013

Association of change in brain structure to objectively measured physical activity and sedentary behavior in older adults: Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study
journal, January 2016

Structural and functional brain changes related to different types of physical activity across the life span
journal, November 2013

Differential effects of aging and Alzheimer's disease on medial temporal lobe cortical thickness and surface area
journal, March 2009

The effect of midlife physical activity on structural brain changes in the elderly
journal, November 2010

Advances in high-resolution imaging and computational unfolding of the human hippocampus
journal, August 2009

Longitudinal changes in medial temporal cortical thickness in normal subjects with the APOE-4 polymorphism
journal, October 2010

APOE associated hemispheric asymmetry of entorhinal cortical thickness in aging and Alzheimer's disease
journal, December 2013

Bridging animal and human models of exercise-induced brain plasticity
journal, October 2013

Prevention of cognitive decline in ageing: dementia as the target, delayed onset as the goal
journal, September 2011

The International Physical Activity Questionnaire modified for the elderly: aspects of validity and feasibility
journal, March 2010

An in vivo correlate of exercise-induced neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus
journal, March 2007

Exercise training increases size of hippocampus and improves memory
journal, January 2011

Assessment of Physical Activity: An International Perspective
journal, June 2000

Comparison of self-reported measure of sitting time (IPAQ) with objective measurement (activPAL)
journal, October 2014

Physical Activity Predicts Microstructural Integrity in Memory-Related Networks in Very Old Adults
journal, January 2014

Physical Activity, Brain Volume, and Dementia Risk: The Framingham Study
journal, July 2016

What is the association between sedentary behaviour and cognitive function? A systematic review
journal, May 2016

Physical activity improves cognitive function in people with memory impairment
journal, April 2009

The Hamilton Depression Scale--accelerator or break on antidepressant drug discovery?
journal, January 2014

Regional Brain Atrophy Rate Predicts Future Cognitive Decline: 6-year Longitudinal MR Imaging Study of Normal Aging
journal, December 2003

Family History of Alzheimer's Disease and Hippocampal Structure in Healthy People
journal, November 2010

Symptom burden in community-dwelling older people with multimorbidity: a cross-sectional study
journal, January 2015

Evidence that women meeting physical activity guidelines do not sit less: An observational inclinometry study
journal, January 2012

The Effects of Breaking up Prolonged Sitting Time: A Review of Experimental Studies
journal, January 2015

Sedentary behavior as a risk factor for cognitive decline? A focus on the influence of glycemic control in brain health.
journalarticle, January 2017

Increased Hippocampal Blood Flow in Sedentary Older Adults at Genetic Risk for Alzheimer's Disease
journal, July 2014

Biochemical Markers of Physical Exercise on Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Systematic Review and Perspectives
journal, August 2015

The Effects of Aerobic Activity on Brain Structure
journal, January 2012

Physical Exercise as a Preventive or Disease-Modifying Treatment of Dementia and Brain Aging
journal, September 2011

Sedentary behaviours, cognitive function, and possible mechanisms in older adults: a systematic review
journal, February 2020

Effects of acute prolonged sitting on cerebral perfusion and executive function in young adults: A randomized cross‐over trial
journal, August 2019

Morning exercise mitigates the impact of prolonged sitting on cerebral blood flow in older adults
journal, April 2019

The effects of physical exercise on parahippocampal function
journal, June 2019

Effects of Combined Aerobic Exercise and Cognitive Training on Verbal Fluency in Older Adults
journal, January 2020

Re: Non-radiation occupational hazards and health issues faced by radiologists – A cross-sectional study of indian radiologists’ by Kawthalkar AS et al.
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