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Title: Impacts of droughts and extreme-temperature events on gross primary production and ecosystem respiration: a systematic assessment across ecosystems and climate zones

Journal Article · · Biogeosciences (Online)
 [1]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [3];  [4];  [5]; ORCiD logo [6];  [7]; ORCiD logo [8];  [9];  [10];  [11]; ORCiD logo [12];  [13]; ORCiD logo [14]; ORCiD logo [15];  [16];  [17]; ORCiD logo [18];  [7]; ORCiD logo [19] more »; ORCiD logo [20];  [21];  [22]; ORCiD logo [23];  [24];  [25];  [24];  [26];  [27]; ORCiD logo [28]; ORCiD logo [5] « less
  1. Max Planck Society, Jena (Germany). Max Planck Inst. for Biogeochemistry; Univ. of Gottingen, Gottingen (Germany)
  2. Max Planck Society, Jena (Germany). Max Planck Inst. for Biogeochemistry; Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology (ETH), Zurich (Switzerland)
  3. Technical Univ.of Munich (TUM), Freising (Germany)
  4. Max Planck Society, Jena (Germany). Max Planck Inst. for Biogeochemistry; Norwegian Inst. of Bioeconomy Research, Høgskoleveien (Norway)
  5. Max Planck Society, Jena (Germany). Max Planck Inst. for Biogeochemistry; German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv), Leipzig (Germany)
  6. Univ. of Gottingen, Gottingen (Germany)
  7. Max Planck Society, Jena (Germany). Max Planck Inst. for Biogeochemistry
  8. Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)
  9. McMaster Univ., Hamilton, ON (Canada)
  10. Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology (ETH), Zurich (Switzerland)
  11. Joint Research Center (JRC), Ispra (Italy). Inst. for Environment and Sustainability
  12. Edmund Mach Foundation, San Michele all'Adige (Italy)
  13. Univ. College Cork, Cork (Ireland)
  14. Oregon State Univ., Corvallis, OR (United States)
  15. National Research Council (CNR), Ercolano, Napoli (Italy). Inst. for Mediterranean Forest and Agricultural Systems
  16. Laval Univ., Quebec (Canada)
  17. Queen's Univ., Kingston, ON (Canada)
  18. Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology (ETH), Zurich (Switzerland); International Livestock Research Inst.(ILRI), Nairobi (Kenya)
  19. Free Univ. of Bozen-Bolzano, Bolzano (Italy)
  20. San Diego State Univ., San Diego, CA (United States); Univ. of Exeter, Exeter (United Kingdom)
  21. Czech Academy of Sciences (CAS), Prague (Czech Republic). Global Change Research Inst.
  22. Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Umea (Sweden)
  23. Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (CEFE), Montpellier (France)
  24. Inst. of Biometeorology, Florence (Italy)
  25. Southwest Watershed Research Center, Tucson, AZ (United States)
  26. Australian National Univ., Canberra, ACT (Australia)
  27. Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Moscow (Russian Federation)
  28. Univ. Innsbruck, Innsbruck (Austria)

Extreme climatic events, such as droughts and heat stress, induce anomalies in ecosystem–atmosphere CO2 fluxes, such as gross primary production (GPP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco), and, hence, can change the net ecosystem carbon balance. However, despite our increasing understanding of the underlying mechanisms, the magnitudes of the impacts of different types of extremes on GPP and Reco within and between ecosystems remain poorly predicted. Here we aim to identify the major factors controlling the amplitude of extreme-event impacts on GPP, Reco, and the resulting net ecosystem production (NEP). We focus on the impacts of heat and drought and their combination. We identified hydrometeorological extreme events in consistently downscaled water availability and temperature measurements over a 30-year time period. We then used FLUXNET eddy covariance flux measurements to estimate the CO2 flux anomalies during these extreme events across dominant vegetation types and climate zones. Overall, our results indicate that short-term heat extremes increased respiration more strongly than they downregulated GPP, resulting in a moderate reduction in the ecosystem's carbon sink potential. In the absence of heat stress, droughts tended to have smaller and similarly dampening effects on both GPP and Reco and, hence, often resulted in neutral NEP responses. The combination of drought and heat typically led to a strong decrease in GPP, whereas heat and drought impacts on respiration partially offset each other. Taken together, compound heat and drought events led to the strongest C sink reduction compared to any single-factor extreme. A key insight of this paper, however, is that duration matters most: for heat stress during droughts, the magnitude of impacts systematically increased with duration, whereas under heat stress without drought, the response of Reco over time turned from an initial increase to a downregulation after about 2 weeks. This confirms earlier theories that not only the magnitude but also the duration of an extreme event determines its impact. Our study corroborates the results of several local site-level case studies but as a novelty generalizes these findings on the global scale. Specifically, we find that the different response functions of the two antipodal land–atmosphere fluxes GPP and Reco can also result in increasing NEP during certain extreme conditions. Apparently counterintuitive findings of this kind bear great potential for scrutinizing the mechanisms implemented in state-of-the-art terrestrial biosphere models and provide a benchmark for future model development and testing.

Research Organization:
Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331 (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER)
Grant/Contract Number:
FG02-04ER63917; FG02-04ER63911
OSTI ID:
1503315
Journal Information:
Biogeosciences (Online), Vol. 15, Issue 5; ISSN 1726-4189
Publisher:
European Geosciences UnionCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 121 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

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Parametrization of two photosynthesis models at the canopy scale in a northern boreal Scots pine forest journal November 2007
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CO 2 and water vapor exchange of a larch forest in northern Japan journal January 2003
Contrasting response of grassland versus forest carbon and water fluxes to spring drought in Switzerland text January 2013
Improving land surface models with FLUXNET data journal January 2009
Carbon uptake and water use in woodlands and forests in southern Australia during an extreme heat wave event in the "Angry Summer" of 2012/2013 text January 2016
The full greenhouse gas balance of an abandoned peat meadow journal January 2007
Seasonal and inter-annual variation of CO 2 flux between a temperate forest and the atmosphere in Japan journal January 1999
Biophysical controls on CO 2 fluxes of three Northern forests based on long-term eddy covariance data journal April 2008
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Dependence of drivers affects risks associated with compound events text January 2017
A few extreme events dominate global interannual variability in gross primary production text January 2014
Investigating soil moisture–climate interactions in a changing climate: A review text January 2010
Temperature dependence of organic matter decomposition: a critical review using literature data analyzed with different models journal July 1998
The role of isohydric and anisohydric species in determining ecosystem-scale response to severe drought journal July 2015
Biotic, Abiotic, and Management Controls on the Net Ecosystem CO2 Exchange of European Mountain Grassland Ecosystems journal October 2008
Heat stress: an overview of molecular responses in photosynthesis journal July 2008
Drag coefficient and turbulence intensity in conifer canopies journal February 2004
Seasonal variation in carbon dioxide exchange over a Mediterranean annual grassland in California journal May 2004
Modelling carbon budget of Mediterranean forests using ground and remote sensing measurements journal December 2005
Experimental analysis of flux footprint for varying stability conditions in an alpine meadow journal December 2005
Stability of above-ground and below-ground processes to extreme drought in model grassland ecosystems: Interactions with plant species diversity and soil nitrogen availability journal June 2012
Use of remotely sensed and ancillary data for estimating forest gross primary productivity in Italy journal February 2006
Effect of warming and drought on grassland microbial communities journal March 2011
Links between annual, Milankovitch and continuum temperature variability journal May 2006
Regionally strong feedbacks between the atmosphere and terrestrial biosphere journal May 2017
Contrasting response of European forest and grassland energy exchange to heatwaves journal September 2010
Soil water content and temperature as independent or confounded factors controlling soil respiration in a temperate mixed hardwood forest journal February 1998
Comparing global models of terrestrial net primary productivity (NPP): overview and key results journal April 1999
Seasonal and annual respiration of a ponderosa pine ecosystem journal February 1999
Assessing the eddy covariance technique for evaluating carbon dioxide exchange rates of ecosystems: past, present and future journal April 2003
Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences journal September 2006
Warm spring reduced carbon cycle impact of the 2012 US summer drought journal April 2016
Contrasting response of grassland versus forest carbon and water fluxes to spring drought in Switzerland journal July 2013
Drought-inhibition of Photosynthesis in C3 Plants: Stomatal and Non-stomatal Limitations Revisited journal February 2002
Photosynthesis under drought and salt stress: regulation mechanisms from whole plant to cell journal July 2008
Measuring fluxes of trace gases and energy between ecosystems and the atmosphere - the state and future of the eddy covariance method journal June 2014
Inhibition of photosynthesis by heat stress: the activation state of Rubisco as a limiting factor in photosynthesis journal February 2004
The growth respiration component in eddy CO2 flux from a Quercus ilex mediterranean forest journal September 2004
Terrestrial Gross Carbon Dioxide Uptake: Global Distribution and Covariation with Climate journal July 2010
Global Convergence in the Temperature Sensitivity of Respiration at Ecosystem Level journal July 2010
The full greenhouse gas balance of an abandoned peat meadow journal January 2007
Net ecosystem carbon exchange in three contrasting Mediterranean ecosystems – the effect of drought journal January 2007
Analyzing the causes and spatial pattern of the European 2003 carbon flux anomaly using seven models journal January 2008
Improving land surface models with FLUXNET data journal January 2009

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