The sea of quarks and antiquarks in the nucleon

Geesaman, D. F.; Reimer, P. E.

doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ab05a7

Title: The sea of quarks and antiquarks in the nucleon

Abstract

The quark and gluon structure of the proton has been under intense experimental and theoretical investigation for five decades. Even for the distributions of the well-studied valence quarks, challenges such as the value of the down quark to up quark ratio at high fractional momenta remain. Much of the sea of quark-antiquark pairs emerges from the splitting of gluons and is well described by perturbative evolution in quantum chromodynamics. However, experiments confirm that there is a non-perturbative component to the sea that is not well understood and hitherto has been difficult to calculate with ab initio non-perturbative methods. This non-perturbative structure shows up, perhaps most directly, in the flavor dependence of the sea antiquark distributions. Even though some of the general trends can be reproduced by models, there are features of the data that do not seem to be well described. Conclusively, this article discusses the experimental situation, the status of calculations and models, and the directions where these studies will progress in the near future.

Authors:

^[1];

^[1]

Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Publication Date:: Tue Mar 05 00:00:00 EST 2019

Research Org.:: Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)

OSTI Identifier:: 1501863

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-06CH11357

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Reports on Progress in Physics

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 82; Journal Issue: 4; Journal ID: ISSN 0034-4885

Publisher:: IOP Publishing

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; nucleon structure; parton distributions; proton structure; quark sea; sea of the proton

Citation Formats


                    Geesaman, D. F., and Reimer, P. E. The sea of quarks and antiquarks in the nucleon.  United States: N. p., 2019. 
Web.  doi:10.1088/1361-6633/ab05a7.

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                    Geesaman, D. F., & Reimer, P. E. The sea of quarks and antiquarks in the nucleon.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab05a7

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                    Geesaman, D. F., and Reimer, P. E. Tue .  
"The sea of quarks and antiquarks in the nucleon".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6633/ab05a7.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1501863.

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@article{osti_1501863,

  title        = {The sea of quarks and antiquarks in the nucleon},

  author       = {Geesaman, D. F. and Reimer, P. E.},

  abstractNote = {The quark and gluon structure of the proton has been under intense experimental and theoretical investigation for five decades. Even for the distributions of the well-studied valence quarks, challenges such as the value of the down quark to up quark ratio at high fractional momenta remain. Much of the sea of quark-antiquark pairs emerges from the splitting of gluons and is well described by perturbative evolution in quantum chromodynamics. However, experiments confirm that there is a non-perturbative component to the sea that is not well understood and hitherto has been difficult to calculate with ab initio non-perturbative methods. This non-perturbative structure shows up, perhaps most directly, in the flavor dependence of the sea antiquark distributions. Even though some of the general trends can be reproduced by models, there are features of the data that do not seem to be well described. Conclusively, this article discusses the experimental situation, the status of calculations and models, and the directions where these studies will progress in the near future.},

  doi          = {10.1088/1361-6633/ab05a7},

  journal      = {Reports on Progress in Physics},

  number       = 4,

  volume       = 82,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Mar 05 00:00:00 EST 2019},

  month        = {Tue Mar 05 00:00:00 EST 2019}

}

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Multiplicities of charged kaons from deep-inelastic muon scattering off an isoscalar target
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Extracting the transversity distributions from single-hadron and dihadron production
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arXiv
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The asymptotic behaviour of parton distributions at small and large $x$
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Ball, Richard D.; Nocera, Emanuele R.; Rojo, Juan
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Multiplicities of charged kaons from deep-inelastic muon scattering off an isoscalar target
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Adolph, C.; Agarwala, J.; Aghasyan, M.
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Kinematics of Current Region Fragmentation in Semi-Inclusive Deeply Inelastic Scattering
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First simultaneous extraction of spin-dependent parton distributions and fragmentation functions from a global QCD analysis
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A complete non-perturbative renormalization prescription for quasi-PDFs
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Alexandrou, Constantia; Cichy, Krzysztof; Constantinou, Martha
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Renormalization in Large Momentum Effective Theory of Parton Physics
text, January 2017

Ji, Xiangdong; Zhang, Jian-Hui; Zhao, Yong
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Probing the Sea Quark Content of the Proton with One-Particle-Inclusive Processes
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Borsa, Ignacio; Sassot, Rodolfo; Stratmann, Marco
arXiv
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Improved Parton Distribution Functions at Physical Pion Mass
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Lin, Huey-Wen; Chen, Jiunn-Wei; Ishikawa, Tomomi
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Gauge invariance and kaon production in deep inelastic scattering at low scales
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arXiv
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Parton distributions and lattice QCD calculations: a community white paper
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Lin, Huey-Wen; Nocera, Emanuele R.; Olness, Fred
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The Flavor Asymmetry of the Light Quark Sea from Semi-inclusive Deep-inelastic Scattering
text, January 1998

Ackerstaff, K.
arXiv
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Chiral extrapolation of lattice moments of proton quark distributions
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Detmold, W.; Melnitchouk, W.; Negele, J. W.
arXiv
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Dynamical Symmetry Breaking in the Sea of the Nucleon
text, January 2000

Thomas, A. W.; Melnitchouk, W.; Steffens, F. M.
arXiv
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New Generation of Parton Distributions with Uncertainties from Global QCD Analysis
text, January 2002

Pumplin, J.; Stump, D. R.; Huston, J.
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Final-State Interactions and Single-Spin Asymmetries in Semi-Inclusive Deep Inelastic Scattering
text, January 2002

Brodsky, Stanley J.; Hwang, Dae Sung; Schmidt, Ivan
arXiv
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The statistical parton distributions: status and prospects
text, January 2005

Bourrely, Claude; Soffer, Jacques; Buccella, Franco
arXiv
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text, January 2006

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arXiv
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Parton distributions: a new global analysis
text, January 1998

Martin, A. D.; Roberts, R. G.; Stirling, W. J.
arXiv
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Isovector unpolarized quark distribution in the nucleon in the large-N_c limit
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Pobylitsa, P. V.; Polyakov, M. V.; Goeke, K.
arXiv
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Global QCD Analysis of Parton Structure of the Nucleon: CTEQ5 Parton Distributions
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Lai, H. L.; Huston, J.; Kuhlmann, S.
arXiv
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Flavor asymmetry of polarized antiquark distributions and semi-inclusive DIS
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Dressler, B.; Goeke, K.; Polyakov, M. V.
arXiv
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Garvey, Gerald T.; Peng, Jen-Chieh
arXiv
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Title: The sea of quarks and antiquarks in the nucleon

Abstract

Citation Formats

Quark elastic scattering as a source of high-transverse-momentum mesons journal, May 1977

Flavour symmetry breaking in antiquark distributions journal, March 1979

Phenomenology of the Flavor-Asymmetry in the Light-Quark sea of the Nucleon journal, April 2000

Dynamical determination of parton and gluon distributions in quantum chromodynamics journal, November 1977

On the breaking of Bjorken scaling journal, June 1976

Gottfried sum from the ratio F 2 n / F 2 p journal, May 1991

Sum Rule for High-Energy Electron-Proton Scattering journal, June 1967

Local-density studies of the structure and electronic properties of B and S in an Fe grain boundary journal, July 1994

Constraints on isospin breaking in the light quark sea from the Drell-Yan process journal, March 1991

Massive Lepton-Pair Production in Hadron-Hadron Collisions at High Energies journal, August 1970

Massive Lepton-Pair Production in Hadron-Hadron Collisions at High Energies journal, September 1970

Study of the isospin symmetry breaking in the light quark sea of the nucleon from the Drell-Yan process journal, July 1994

Improved measurement of the d ¯ / ū asymmetry in the nucleon sea journal, August 2001

Global QCD analysis of parton structure of the nucleon: CTEQ5 parton distributions journal, February 2000

Parton distributions: a new global analysis journal, July 1998

Flavor Asymmetry of the Light Quark Sea from Semi-inclusive Deep-Inelastic Scattering journal, December 1998

New parton distributions for collider physics journal, October 2010

New parton distribution functions from a global analysis of quantum chromodynamics journal, February 2016

Handbook of perturbative QCD journal, January 1995

Asymptotic freedom in parton language journal, August 1977

Parton distributions with small-x resummation: evidence for BFKL dynamics in HERA data journal, April 2018

Short Range Correlations and the EMC Effect journal, February 2011

Factorization of the Drell-Yan cross section in perturbation theory journal, May 1985

Erratum: Factorization of the Drell-yan cross section in perturbation theory journal, December 1986

Nuclear effects in the proton-deuteron Drell-Yan process journal, July 2014

A determination of parton distributions with faithful uncertainty estimation journal, March 2009

A first unbiased global NLO determination of parton distributions and their uncertainties journal, October 2010

Parton distributions for the LHC run II journal, April 2015

New Generation of Parton Distributions with Uncertainties from Global QCD Analysis journal, July 2002

New developments in the statistical approach of parton distributions: Tests and predictions up to LHC energies journal, September 2015

Sea quark flavor asymmetry of hadrons in statistical balance model journal, October 2010

Isovector unpolarized quark distribution in the nucleon in the large- N c limit journal, January 1999

A first unbiased global determination of polarized PDFs and their uncertainties journal, October 2014

Simultaneous extraction of transversity and Collins functions from new semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering and e + e − data journal, May 2013

First extraction of valence transversities in a collinear framework journal, March 2013

Extracting the transversity distributions from single-hadron and dihadron production journal, January 2015

The asymptotic behaviour of parton distributions at small and large x journal, July 2016

Pion parton distribution function in the valence region journal, December 2005

Soft-Gluon Resummation and the Valence Parton Distribution Function of the Pion journal, December 2010

Precision measurement and interpretation of inclusive $$W^+$$ W + , $$W^-$$ W - and $$Z/\gamma ^*$$ Z / γ ∗ production cross sections with the ATLAS detector journal, June 2017

Precise measurement of dimuon production cross sections in ν μ Fe and ν ¯ μ Fe deep inelastic scattering at the Fermilab Tevatron journal, November 2001

Measurement of the Nucleon Strange-Antistrange Asymmetry at Next-to-Leading Order in QCD from NuTeV Dimuon Data journal, November 2007

Quark charge retention in final state hadrons from deep inelastic muon scattering journal, August 1984

Kinematics of current region fragmentation in semi-inclusive deeply inelastic scattering journal, March 2017

Current fragmentation in semiinclusive leptoproduction conference, January 2001

Quark helicity distributions in the nucleon for up, down, and strange quarks from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering journal, January 2005

Quark helicity distributions from longitudinal spin asymmetries in muon–proton and muon–deuteron scattering journal, October 2010

Extraction of spin-dependent parton densities and their uncertainties journal, August 2009

Possible resolution of the strange quark polarization puzzle? journal, July 2011

First Simultaneous Extraction of Spin-Dependent Parton Distributions and Fragmentation Functions from a Global QCD Analysis journal, September 2017

Reevaluation of the parton distribution of strange quarks in the nucleon journal, May 2014

The strange parton distribution of the nucleon: global analysis and applications journal, April 2007

Reweighting and unweighting of parton distributions and the LHC W lepton asymmetry data journal, February 2012

Multiplicities of charged kaons from deep-inelastic muon scattering off an isoscalar target journal, April 2017

Multiplicities of charged pions and charged hadrons from deep-inelastic scattering of muons off an isoscalar target journal, January 2017

Gauge invariance and kaon production in deep inelastic scattering at low scales journal, June 2018

The intrinsic charm of the proton journal, June 1980

An experimental limit on the intrinsic charm component of the nucleon journal, March 1982

Combination and QCD analysis of charm production cross section measurements in deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA journal, February 2013

A determination of the charm content of the proton: The NNPDF Collaboration journal, November 2016

Flavor asymmetry of antiquark distributions in the nucleon journal, September 1998

Flavor asymmetry of light quarks in the nucleon sea journal, January 2001

Flavor structure of the nucleon sea journal, November 2014

Instanton-induced asymmetric quark configurations in the nucleon and parton sum rules journal, April 1993

Flavor asymmetry of the nucleon sea journal, February 1997

The statistical parton distributions: status and prospects journal, June 2005

Detailed balance and sea-quark flavor asymmetry of proton journal, December 2001

Parton distributions and lattice QCD calculations: A community white paper journal, May 2018

Chiral Extrapolation of Lattice Moments of Proton Quark Distributions journal, October 2001

Evolution equations for connected and disconnected sea parton distributions journal, August 2017

Parton Physics on a Euclidean Lattice journal, June 2013

Renormalization in Large Momentum Effective Theory of Parton Physics journal, March 2018

Flavor structure of the nucleon sea from lattice QCD journal, March 2015

Lattice calculation of parton distributions journal, July 2015

Light-Cone Parton Distribution Functions from Lattice QCD journal, September 2018

Transversity parton distribution functions from lattice QCD journal, November 2018

Improved parton distribution functions at the physical pion mass journal, September 2018

Quark elastic scattering as a source of high-transverse-momentum mesons
journal, May 1977

Flavour symmetry breaking in antiquark distributions
journal, March 1979

Phenomenology of the Flavor-Asymmetry in the Light-Quark sea of the Nucleon
journal, April 2000

Dynamical determination of parton and gluon distributions in quantum chromodynamics
journal, November 1977

On the breaking of Bjorken scaling
journal, June 1976

Gottfried sum from the ratio $F_{2}^{n}$ / $F_{2}^{p}$
journal, May 1991

Sum Rule for High-Energy Electron-Proton Scattering
journal, June 1967

Local-density studies of the structure and electronic properties of B and S in an Fe grain boundary
journal, July 1994

Constraints on isospin breaking in the light quark sea from the Drell-Yan process
journal, March 1991

Massive Lepton-Pair Production in Hadron-Hadron Collisions at High Energies
journal, August 1970

Massive Lepton-Pair Production in Hadron-Hadron Collisions at High Energies
journal, September 1970

Study of the isospin symmetry breaking in the light quark sea of the nucleon from the Drell-Yan process
journal, July 1994

Improved measurement of the $\bar{d} / ū$ asymmetry in the nucleon sea
journal, August 2001

Global QCD analysis of parton structure of the nucleon: CTEQ5 parton distributions
journal, February 2000

Parton distributions: a new global analysis
journal, July 1998

Flavor Asymmetry of the Light Quark Sea from Semi-inclusive Deep-Inelastic Scattering
journal, December 1998

New parton distributions for collider physics
journal, October 2010

New parton distribution functions from a global analysis of quantum chromodynamics
journal, February 2016

Handbook of perturbative QCD
journal, January 1995

Asymptotic freedom in parton language
journal, August 1977

Parton distributions with small-x resummation: evidence for BFKL dynamics in HERA data
journal, April 2018

Short Range Correlations and the EMC Effect
journal, February 2011

Factorization of the Drell-Yan cross section in perturbation theory
journal, May 1985

Erratum: Factorization of the Drell-yan cross section in perturbation theory
journal, December 1986

Nuclear effects in the proton-deuteron Drell-Yan process
journal, July 2014

A determination of parton distributions with faithful uncertainty estimation
journal, March 2009

A first unbiased global NLO determination of parton distributions and their uncertainties
journal, October 2010

Parton distributions for the LHC run II
journal, April 2015

New Generation of Parton Distributions with Uncertainties from Global QCD Analysis
journal, July 2002

New developments in the statistical approach of parton distributions: Tests and predictions up to LHC energies
journal, September 2015

Sea quark flavor asymmetry of hadrons in statistical balance model
journal, October 2010

Isovector unpolarized quark distribution in the nucleon in the large- $N_{c}$ limit
journal, January 1999

A first unbiased global determination of polarized PDFs and their uncertainties
journal, October 2014

Simultaneous extraction of transversity and Collins functions from new semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering and $e^{+} e^{-}$ data
journal, May 2013

First extraction of valence transversities in a collinear framework
journal, March 2013

Extracting the transversity distributions from single-hadron and dihadron production
journal, January 2015

The asymptotic behaviour of parton distributions at small and large x
journal, July 2016

Pion parton distribution function in the valence region
journal, December 2005

Soft-Gluon Resummation and the Valence Parton Distribution Function of the Pion
journal, December 2010

Precision measurement and interpretation of inclusive $$W^+$$ W + , $$W^-$$ W - and $$Z/\gamma ^*$$ Z / γ ∗ production cross sections with the ATLAS detector
journal, June 2017

Precise measurement of dimuon production cross sections in $ν_{μ} Fe$ and ${\bar{ν}}_{μ} Fe$ deep inelastic scattering at the Fermilab Tevatron
journal, November 2001

Measurement of the Nucleon Strange-Antistrange Asymmetry at Next-to-Leading Order in QCD from NuTeV Dimuon Data
journal, November 2007

Quark charge retention in final state hadrons from deep inelastic muon scattering
journal, August 1984

Kinematics of current region fragmentation in semi-inclusive deeply inelastic scattering
journal, March 2017

Current fragmentation in semiinclusive leptoproduction
conference, January 2001

Quark helicity distributions in the nucleon for up, down, and strange quarks from semi-inclusive deep-inelastic scattering
journal, January 2005

Quark helicity distributions from longitudinal spin asymmetries in muon–proton and muon–deuteron scattering
journal, October 2010

Extraction of spin-dependent parton densities and their uncertainties
journal, August 2009

Possible resolution of the strange quark polarization puzzle?
journal, July 2011

First Simultaneous Extraction of Spin-Dependent Parton Distributions and Fragmentation Functions from a Global QCD Analysis
journal, September 2017

Reevaluation of the parton distribution of strange quarks in the nucleon
journal, May 2014

The strange parton distribution of the nucleon: global analysis and applications
journal, April 2007

Reweighting and unweighting of parton distributions and the LHC W lepton asymmetry data
journal, February 2012

Multiplicities of charged kaons from deep-inelastic muon scattering off an isoscalar target
journal, April 2017

Multiplicities of charged pions and charged hadrons from deep-inelastic scattering of muons off an isoscalar target
journal, January 2017

Gauge invariance and kaon production in deep inelastic scattering at low scales
journal, June 2018

The intrinsic charm of the proton
journal, June 1980

An experimental limit on the intrinsic charm component of the nucleon
journal, March 1982

Combination and QCD analysis of charm production cross section measurements in deep-inelastic ep scattering at HERA
journal, February 2013

A determination of the charm content of the proton: The NNPDF Collaboration
journal, November 2016

Flavor asymmetry of antiquark distributions in the nucleon
journal, September 1998

Flavor asymmetry of light quarks in the nucleon sea
journal, January 2001

Flavor structure of the nucleon sea
journal, November 2014

Instanton-induced asymmetric quark configurations in the nucleon and parton sum rules
journal, April 1993

Flavor asymmetry of the nucleon sea
journal, February 1997

The statistical parton distributions: status and prospects
journal, June 2005

Detailed balance and sea-quark flavor asymmetry of proton
journal, December 2001

Parton distributions and lattice QCD calculations: A community white paper
journal, May 2018

Chiral Extrapolation of Lattice Moments of Proton Quark Distributions
journal, October 2001

Evolution equations for connected and disconnected sea parton distributions
journal, August 2017

Parton Physics on a Euclidean Lattice
journal, June 2013

Renormalization in Large Momentum Effective Theory of Parton Physics
journal, March 2018

Flavor structure of the nucleon sea from lattice QCD
journal, March 2015

Lattice calculation of parton distributions
journal, July 2015

Light-Cone Parton Distribution Functions from Lattice QCD
journal, September 2018

Transversity parton distribution functions from lattice QCD
journal, November 2018

Improved parton distribution functions at the physical pion mass
journal, September 2018

A complete non-perturbative renormalization prescription for quasi-PDFs
journal, October 2017

Instantons in QCD
journal, April 1998

Instanton-induced suppression of the singlet axial charge of the proton
journal, June 1991