Theory of isolated magnetic skyrmions: From fundamentals to room temperature applications

Büttner, Felix; Lemesh, Ivan; Beach, Geoffrey S.  D.

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22242-8

Title: Theory of isolated magnetic skyrmions: From fundamentals to room temperature applications

Abstract

Magnetic skyrmions are topological quasiparticles of great interest for data storage applications because of their small size, high stability, and ease of manipulation via electric current. However, although models exist for some limiting cases, there is no universal theory capable of accurately describing the structure and energetics of all skyrmions. The main barrier is the complexity of non-local stray field interactions, which are usually included through crude approximations. Here we present an accurate analytical framework to treat isolated skyrmions in any material, assuming only a circularly-symmetric 360° domain wall profile and a homogeneous magnetization profile in the out-of-plane direction. We establish the first rigorous criteria to distinguish stray field from DMI skyrmions, resolving a major dispute in the community. We discover new phases, such as bi-stability, a phenomenon unknown in magnetism so far. We predict materials for sub-10 nm zero field room temperature stable skyrmions suitable for applications. Finally, we derive analytical equations to describe current-driven dynamics, find a topological damping, and show how to engineer materials in which compact skyrmions can be driven at velocities >1000 m/s.

Authors:

^[1];

^[1]

Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)

Publication Date:: Tue Mar 13 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1500030

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0012371

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Scientific Reports

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 8; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 2045-2322

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Citation Formats


                    Büttner, Felix, Lemesh, Ivan, and Beach, Geoffrey S.  D. Theory of isolated magnetic skyrmions: From fundamentals to room temperature applications.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/s41598-018-22242-8.

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                    Büttner, Felix, Lemesh, Ivan, & Beach, Geoffrey S.  D. Theory of isolated magnetic skyrmions: From fundamentals to room temperature applications.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22242-8

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                    Büttner, Felix, Lemesh, Ivan, and Beach, Geoffrey S.  D. Tue .  
"Theory of isolated magnetic skyrmions: From fundamentals to room temperature applications".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-22242-8.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1500030.

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@article{osti_1500030,

  title        = {Theory of isolated magnetic skyrmions: From fundamentals to room temperature applications},

  author       = {Büttner, Felix and Lemesh, Ivan and Beach, Geoffrey S.  D.},

  abstractNote = {Magnetic skyrmions are topological quasiparticles of great interest for data storage applications because of their small size, high stability, and ease of manipulation via electric current. However, although models exist for some limiting cases, there is no universal theory capable of accurately describing the structure and energetics of all skyrmions. The main barrier is the complexity of non-local stray field interactions, which are usually included through crude approximations. Here we present an accurate analytical framework to treat isolated skyrmions in any material, assuming only a circularly-symmetric 360° domain wall profile and a homogeneous magnetization profile in the out-of-plane direction. We establish the first rigorous criteria to distinguish stray field from DMI skyrmions, resolving a major dispute in the community. We discover new phases, such as bi-stability, a phenomenon unknown in magnetism so far. We predict materials for sub-10 nm zero field room temperature stable skyrmions suitable for applications. Finally, we derive analytical equations to describe current-driven dynamics, find a topological damping, and show how to engineer materials in which compact skyrmions can be driven at velocities >1000 m/s.},

  doi          = {10.1038/s41598-018-22242-8},

  journal      = {Scientific Reports},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 8,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Mar 13 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Tue Mar 13 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Title: Theory of isolated magnetic skyrmions: From fundamentals to room temperature applications

Abstract

Citation Formats

Universal helimagnon and skyrmion excitations in metallic, semiconducting and insulating chiral magnets journal, March 2015

Electrical detection of magnetic skyrmions by tunnelling non-collinear magnetoresistance journal, October 2015

Skyrmions on the track journal, March 2013

Current-induced skyrmion dynamics in constricted geometries journal, September 2013

Magnetic bilayer-skyrmions without skyrmion Hall effect journal, January 2016

Nucleation, stability and current-induced motion of isolated magnetic skyrmions in nanostructures journal, October 2013

The properties of isolated chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films journal, May 2016

Room-Temperature Creation and Spin–Orbit Torque Manipulation of Skyrmions in Thin Films with Engineered Asymmetry journal, February 2016

Thermodynamically stable magnetic vortex states in magnetic crystals journal, December 1994

Chiral Symmetry Breaking in Magnetic Thin Films and Multilayers journal, June 2001

Observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions and their current-driven dynamics in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets journal, February 2016

Dynamics and inertia of skyrmionic spin structures journal, February 2015

Antiferromagnetic Skyrmion: Stability, Creation and Manipulation journal, April 2016

Skyrmion Hall effect revealed by direct time-resolved X-ray microscopy journal, December 2016

Magnetic and magneto‐optical properties of rare‐earth transition‐metal alloys containing Gd, Tb, Fe, Co journal, July 1989

Magnetic and magneto‐optical properties of rare‐earth transition‐metal alloys containing Dy, Ho, Fe, Co journal, March 1991

Multiply periodic states and isolated skyrmions in an anisotropic frustrated magnet journal, September 2015

Ginzburg-Landau theory for skyrmions in inversion-symmetric magnets with competing interactions journal, February 2016

Tunable room-temperature magnetic skyrmions in Ir/Fe/Co/Pt multilayers journal, July 2017

Temperature dependence of spin-orbit torques across the magnetic compensation point in a ferrimagnetic TbCo alloy film journal, August 2017

Steady-State Motion of Magnetic Domains journal, February 1973

Field-free deterministic ultrafast creation of magnetic skyrmions by spin–orbit torques journal, October 2017

Observation of stable Néel skyrmions in cobalt/palladium multilayers with Lorentz transmission electron microscopy journal, March 2017

Spin Hall torque magnetometry of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls journal, November 2014

Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions journal, December 2013

Blowing magnetic skyrmion bubbles journal, June 2015

Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal journal, June 2010

Ultrafast spin dynamics across compensation points in ferrimagnetic GdFeCo : The role of angular momentum compensation journal, June 2006

Static and Dynamical Properties of Antiferromagnetic Skyrmions in the Presence of Applied Current and Temperature journal, April 2016

Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies? journal, September 2011

Tailoring magnetic energies to form dipole skyrmions and skyrmion lattices journal, January 2017

Investigation of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and room temperature skyrmions in W/CoFeB/MgO thin films and microwires journal, July 2017

Determination of Magnetization of Micromagnetic Wall in Bubble Domains by Direct Minimization journal, December 1971

Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures journal, January 2016

Path to collapse for an isolated Néel skyrmion journal, June 2016

Field-Dependent Size and Shape of Single Magnetic Skyrmions journal, May 2015

Additive interfacial chiral interaction in multilayers for stabilization of small individual skyrmions at room temperature journal, January 2016

Current-induced rotational torques in the skyrmion lattice phase of chiral magnets journal, August 2011

A new class of chiral materials hosting magnetic skyrmions beyond room temperature journal, July 2015

Magnetic Domain Structures in Thin Uniaxial Plates with Perpendicular Easy Axis journal, December 1971

Magnetic vortices  The microscopic analogs of magnetic bubbles journal, July 1990

Domain-Wall Dynamics and Spin-Wave Excitations with Spin-Transfer Torques journal, May 2004

A strategy for the design of skyrmion racetrack memories journal, October 2014

Fluctuations and instabilities of ferromagnetic domain-wall pairs in an external magnetic field journal, December 1994

Current-induced skyrmion generation and dynamics in symmetric bilayers journal, June 2017

Inertia and Chiral Edge Modes of a Skyrmion Magnetic Bubble journal, November 2012

Skyrmion-Electronics: An Overview and Outlook journal, October 2016

Spontaneous atomic-scale magnetic skyrmion lattice in two dimensions journal, July 2011

Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals journal, August 2006

Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions journal, August 2013

Measuring and tailoring the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in perpendicularly magnetized thin films journal, July 2014

Giant Skyrmions Stabilized by Dipole-Dipole Interactions in Thin Ferromagnetic Films journal, November 2010

Engineered materials for all-optical helicity-dependent magnetic switching journal, February 2014

Stability of single skyrmionic bits journal, October 2015

Epitaxial Mn2.5Ga thin films with giant perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for spintronic devices journal, March 2009

Domain-wall velocities of up to 750 m s−1 driven by exchange-coupling torque in synthetic antiferromagnets journal, February 2015

Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications journal, June 2017

A unified field theory of mesons and baryons journal, March 1962

The Properties of Isolated Magnetic Vortices journal, December 1994

Emergent phenomena induced by spin–orbit coupling at surfaces and interfaces journal, November 2016

Magnetic Domain-Wall Racetrack Memory journal, April 2008

Room-Temperature Current-Induced Generation and Motion of sub-100 nm Skyrmions journal, March 2017

Moving with the current journal, February 2013

Skyrmion confinement in ultrathin film nanostructures in the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction journal, November 2013

Skyrmion dynamics in a frustrated ferromagnetic film and current-induced helicity locking-unlocking transition journal, November 2017

Skyrmion State Stability in Magnetic Nanodots With Perpendicular Anisotropy journal, January 2015

Direct observation of the skyrmion Hall effect journal, September 2016

Accurate model of the stripe domain phase of perpendicularly magnetized multilayers journal, May 2017

Variation of Topology in Magnetic Bubbles in a Colossal Magnetoresistive Manganite journal, October 2016

Nanoscale magnetic skyrmions in metallic films and multilayers: a new twist for spintronics journal, June 2016

Current-driven dynamics and inhibition of the skyrmion Hall effect of ferrimagnetic skyrmions in GdFeCo films journal, March 2018

Skyrmion–Anti-Skyrmion Pair Creation by in-Plane Currents journal, June 2017

Bi-Stability of Magnetic Skyrmions in Ultrathin Multilayer Nanodots Induced by Magnetostatic Interaction journal, September 2017

Investigation of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and room temperature skyrmions in W/CoFeB/MgO thin films and microwires text, January 2017

Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies? text, January 2011

Current induced rotational torques in the skyrmion lattice phase of chiral magnets text, January 2011

Skyrmion confinement in ultrathin film nanostructures in the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction text, January 2013

Universal helimagnon and skyrmion excitations in metallic, semiconducting and insulating chiral magnets
journal, March 2015

Electrical detection of magnetic skyrmions by tunnelling non-collinear magnetoresistance
journal, October 2015

Skyrmions on the track
journal, March 2013

Current-induced skyrmion dynamics in constricted geometries
journal, September 2013

Magnetic bilayer-skyrmions without skyrmion Hall effect
journal, January 2016

Nucleation, stability and current-induced motion of isolated magnetic skyrmions in nanostructures
journal, October 2013

The properties of isolated chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films
journal, May 2016

Room-Temperature Creation and Spin–Orbit Torque Manipulation of Skyrmions in Thin Films with Engineered Asymmetry
journal, February 2016

Thermodynamically stable magnetic vortex states in magnetic crystals
journal, December 1994

Chiral Symmetry Breaking in Magnetic Thin Films and Multilayers
journal, June 2001

Observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions and their current-driven dynamics in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets
journal, February 2016

Dynamics and inertia of skyrmionic spin structures
journal, February 2015

Antiferromagnetic Skyrmion: Stability, Creation and Manipulation
journal, April 2016

Skyrmion Hall effect revealed by direct time-resolved X-ray microscopy
journal, December 2016

Magnetic and magneto‐optical properties of rare‐earth transition‐metal alloys containing Gd, Tb, Fe, Co
journal, July 1989

Magnetic and magneto‐optical properties of rare‐earth transition‐metal alloys containing Dy, Ho, Fe, Co
journal, March 1991

Multiply periodic states and isolated skyrmions in an anisotropic frustrated magnet
journal, September 2015

Ginzburg-Landau theory for skyrmions in inversion-symmetric magnets with competing interactions
journal, February 2016

Tunable room-temperature magnetic skyrmions in Ir/Fe/Co/Pt multilayers
journal, July 2017

Temperature dependence of spin-orbit torques across the magnetic compensation point in a ferrimagnetic TbCo alloy film
journal, August 2017

Steady-State Motion of Magnetic Domains
journal, February 1973

Field-free deterministic ultrafast creation of magnetic skyrmions by spin–orbit torques
journal, October 2017

Observation of stable Néel skyrmions in cobalt/palladium multilayers with Lorentz transmission electron microscopy
journal, March 2017

Spin Hall torque magnetometry of Dzyaloshinskii domain walls
journal, November 2014

Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions
journal, December 2013

Blowing magnetic skyrmion bubbles
journal, June 2015

Real-space observation of a two-dimensional skyrmion crystal
journal, June 2010

Ultrafast spin dynamics across compensation points in ferrimagnetic $GdFeCo$ : The role of angular momentum compensation
journal, June 2006

Static and Dynamical Properties of Antiferromagnetic Skyrmions in the Presence of Applied Current and Temperature
journal, April 2016

Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies?
journal, September 2011

Tailoring magnetic energies to form dipole skyrmions and skyrmion lattices
journal, January 2017

Investigation of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and room temperature skyrmions in W/CoFeB/MgO thin films and microwires
journal, July 2017

Determination of Magnetization of Micromagnetic Wall in Bubble Domains by Direct Minimization
journal, December 1971

Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures
journal, January 2016

Path to collapse for an isolated Néel skyrmion
journal, June 2016

Field-Dependent Size and Shape of Single Magnetic Skyrmions
journal, May 2015

Additive interfacial chiral interaction in multilayers for stabilization of small individual skyrmions at room temperature
journal, January 2016

Current-induced rotational torques in the skyrmion lattice phase of chiral magnets
journal, August 2011

A new class of chiral materials hosting magnetic skyrmions beyond room temperature
journal, July 2015

Magnetic Domain Structures in Thin Uniaxial Plates with Perpendicular Easy Axis
journal, December 1971

Magnetic vortices  The microscopic analogs of magnetic bubbles
journal, July 1990

Domain-Wall Dynamics and Spin-Wave Excitations with Spin-Transfer Torques
journal, May 2004

A strategy for the design of skyrmion racetrack memories
journal, October 2014

Fluctuations and instabilities of ferromagnetic domain-wall pairs in an external magnetic field
journal, December 1994

Current-induced skyrmion generation and dynamics in symmetric bilayers
journal, June 2017

Inertia and Chiral Edge Modes of a Skyrmion Magnetic Bubble
journal, November 2012

Skyrmion-Electronics: An Overview and Outlook
journal, October 2016

Spontaneous atomic-scale magnetic skyrmion lattice in two dimensions
journal, July 2011

Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals
journal, August 2006

Writing and Deleting Single Magnetic Skyrmions
journal, August 2013

Measuring and tailoring the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction in perpendicularly magnetized thin films
journal, July 2014

Giant Skyrmions Stabilized by Dipole-Dipole Interactions in Thin Ferromagnetic Films
journal, November 2010

Engineered materials for all-optical helicity-dependent magnetic switching
journal, February 2014

Stability of single skyrmionic bits
journal, October 2015

Epitaxial Mn2.5Ga thin films with giant perpendicular magnetic anisotropy for spintronic devices
journal, March 2009

Domain-wall velocities of up to 750 m s−1 driven by exchange-coupling torque in synthetic antiferromagnets
journal, February 2015

Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications
journal, June 2017

A unified field theory of mesons and baryons
journal, March 1962

The Properties of Isolated Magnetic Vortices
journal, December 1994

Emergent phenomena induced by spin–orbit coupling at surfaces and interfaces
journal, November 2016

Magnetic Domain-Wall Racetrack Memory
journal, April 2008

Room-Temperature Current-Induced Generation and Motion of sub-100 nm Skyrmions
journal, March 2017

Moving with the current
journal, February 2013

Skyrmion confinement in ultrathin film nanostructures in the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction
journal, November 2013

Skyrmion dynamics in a frustrated ferromagnetic film and current-induced helicity locking-unlocking transition
journal, November 2017

Skyrmion State Stability in Magnetic Nanodots With Perpendicular Anisotropy
journal, January 2015

Direct observation of the skyrmion Hall effect
journal, September 2016

Accurate model of the stripe domain phase of perpendicularly magnetized multilayers
journal, May 2017

Variation of Topology in Magnetic Bubbles in a Colossal Magnetoresistive Manganite
journal, October 2016

Nanoscale magnetic skyrmions in metallic films and multilayers: a new twist for spintronics
journal, June 2016

Current-driven dynamics and inhibition of the skyrmion Hall effect of ferrimagnetic skyrmions in GdFeCo films
journal, March 2018

Skyrmion–Anti-Skyrmion Pair Creation by in-Plane Currents
journal, June 2017

Bi-Stability of Magnetic Skyrmions in Ultrathin Multilayer Nanodots Induced by Magnetostatic Interaction
journal, September 2017

Investigation of the Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction and room temperature skyrmions in W/CoFeB/MgO thin films and microwires
text, January 2017

Chiral skyrmions in thin magnetic films: new objects for magnetic storage technologies?
text, January 2011

Current induced rotational torques in the skyrmion lattice phase of chiral magnets
text, January 2011

Skyrmion confinement in ultrathin film nanostructures in the presence of Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction
text, January 2013

Current-induced skyrmion dynamics in constricted geometries
text, January 2013

A new class of chiral materials hosting magnetic skyrmions beyond room temperature
text, January 2015

Antiferromagnetic Skyrmion: Stability, Creation and Manipulation
text, January 2015