Ocean Warming: From the Surface to the Deep in Observations and Models

Durack, Paul; Gleckler, Peter; Purkey, Sarah; Johnson, Gregory; Lyman, John; Boyer, Tim

doi:10.5670/oceanog.2018.227

Title: Ocean Warming: From the Surface to the Deep in Observations and Models

Journal Article · 08 December 2018 · Oceanography

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2018.227 · OSTI ID:1498454

Durack, Paul ^[1]; Gleckler, Peter ^[1]; Purkey, Sarah ^[2]; Johnson, Gregory ^[3]; Lyman, John ^[4]; Boyer, Tim ^[5]

Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States). Scripps Inst. of Oceanography
NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Lab., Seattle, WA (United States)
NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Lab., Seattle, WA (United States); Univ. of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI (United States). Joint Inst. for Marine and Atmospheric Research
NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI), Silver Spring, MD (United States). Ocean Climate Lab.

The ocean is the primary heat sink of the global climate system. Since 1971, it has been responsible for storing more than 90% of the excess heat added to the Earth system by anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions. Adding this heat to the ocean contributes substantially to sea level rise and affects vital marine ecosystems. Considering the global ocean’s large role in ongoing climate variability and change, it is a good place to focus in order to understand what observed changes have occurred to date and, by using models, what future changes might arise under continued anthropogenic forcing of the climate system. While sparse measurement coverage leads to enhanced uncertainties with long-term historical estimates of change, modern measurements are beginning to provide the clearest picture yet of ongoing global ocean change. Observations show that the ocean is warming from the near-surface through to the abyss, a conclusion that is strengthened with each new analysis. In this assessment, we revisit here observation- and model-based estimates of ocean warming from the industrial era to the present and show a consistent, full-depth pattern of change over the observed record that is likely to continue at an ever-increasing pace if effective actions to reduce greenhouse-gas emissions are not taken.

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Research Organization:: Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Lab., Seattle, WA (United States); Univ. of California, San Diego, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) (United States); National Science Foundation (NSF) (United States); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER) (SC-23)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344

OSTI ID:: 1498454

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-760809; 949580

Journal Information:: Oceanography, Journal Name: Oceanography Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 31; ISSN 1042-8275

Publisher:: The Oceanography SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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