Activation of intact bacteria and bacterial fragments mixed with agar as cloud droplets and ice crystals in cloud chamber experiments

Suski, Kaitlyn J.; Bell, David M.; Hiranuma, Naruki; Möhler, Ottmar; Imre, Dan; Zelenyuk, Alla

doi:10.5194/acp-18-17497-2018

Title: Activation of intact bacteria and bacterial fragments mixed with agar as cloud droplets and ice crystals in cloud chamber experiments

Journal Article · 11 December 2018 · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-17497-2018 · OSTI ID:1496614

^[1]; Bell, David M. ^[1];

^[2]; Möhler, Ottmar ^[2]; Imre, Dan ^[3]; Zelenyuk, Alla ^[1]

Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)
Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology (KIT) (Germany)
Imre Consulting, Richland, WA (United States)

Biological particles, including bacteria and bacterial fragments, have beenof much interest due to the special ability of some to nucleate ice atmodestly supercooled temperatures. This paper presents results from a recentstudy conducted on two strains of cultivated bacteria which suggest thatbacterial fragments mixed with agar, and not whole bacterial cells, serve ascloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Due to the absence of whole bacteria cellsin droplets, they are unable to serve as ice nucleating particles (INPs) inthe immersion mode under the experimental conditions. Experiments wereconducted at the Aerosol Interaction and Dynamics in the Atmosphere (AIDA)cloud chamber at the Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) by injectingbacteria-containing aerosol samples into the cloud chamber and inducing cloudformation by expansion over a temperature range of -5 to -12°C.Cloud droplets and ice crystals were sampled through a pumped counterflowvirtual impactor inlet (PCVI) and their residuals were characterized with asingle particle mass spectrometer (miniSPLAT). The size distribution of theoverall aerosol was bimodal, with a large particle mode composed of intactbacteria and a mode of smaller particles composed of bacterial fragmentsmixed with agar that were present in higher concentrations. Results fromthree expansions with two bacterial strains indicate that the cloud dropletresiduals had virtually the same size distribution as the smaller particlesize mode and had mass spectra that closely matched those of bacterialfragments mixed with agar. The characterization of ice residuals that weresampled through an ice-selecting PCVI (IS-PCVI) also shows that the sameparticles that activate to form cloud droplets, bacteria fragments mixed withagar, were the only particle type observed in ice residuals. These resultsindicate that the unavoidable presence of agar or other growth media inall laboratory studies conducted on cultivated bacteria can greatlyaffect the results and needs to be considered when interpreting CCN and INactivation data.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830

OSTI ID:: 1496614

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA-131706

Journal Information:: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online), Vol. 18, Issue 23; ISSN 1680-7324

Publisher:: European Geosciences UnionCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (83)

Stable Isotope Labeling of Entire Bacillus atrophaeus Spores and Vegetative Cells Using Bioaerosol Mass Spectrometry Czerwieniec, Gregg A.; Russell, Scott C.; Tobias, Herbert J. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 77, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0488098	journal	February 2005
Components of ice nucleation structures of bacteria. Turner, M. A.; Arellano, F.; Kozloff, L. M. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 173, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.173.20.6515-6527.1991	journal	October 1991
Ice nucleation active bacteria and their potential role in precipitation Morris, C. E.; Georgakopoulos, D. G.; Sands, D. C. Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings), Vol. 121 https://doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2004121004	journal	December 2004
Primary biological aerosol particles in the atmosphere: a review Després, VivianeR.; Huffman, J. Alex; Burrows, Susannah M. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Vol. 64, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v64i0.15598	journal	January 2012
Analysis of different approaches for evaluation of surface energy of microbial cells by contact angle goniometry Sharma, P. K.; Hanumantha Rao, K. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 98, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0001-8686(02)00004-0	journal	August 2002
Technical Note: A proposal for ice nucleation terminology Vali, G.; DeMott, P. J.; Möhler, O. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-10263-2015	journal	January 2015
Characterization of ice-nucleating bacteria using on-line electron impact ionization aerosol mass spectrometry: Bacteria analysis by aerosol mass spectrometry Wolf, R.; Slowik, J. G.; Schaupp, C. Journal of Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 50, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/jms.3573	journal	March 2015
SpectraMiner, an interactive data mining and visualization software for single particle mass spectroscopy: A laboratory test case Zelenyuk, Alla; Imre, Dan; Cai, Yong International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 258, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2006.06.015	journal	December 2006
Dust and Biological Aerosols from the Sahara and Asia Influence Precipitation in the Western U.S. Creamean, J. M.; Suski, K. J.; Rosenfeld, D. Science, Vol. 339, Issue 6127 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227279	journal	February 2013
Single Particle Laser Mass Spectrometry Applied to Differential Ice Nucleation Experiments at the AIDA Chamber Gallavardin, Stéphane J.; Froyd, Karl D.; Lohmann, Ulrike Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 42, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820802339538	journal	July 2008
Bacterial Ice Nucleation: A Factor in Frost Injury to Plants Lindow, Steven E.; Arny, Deane C.; Upper, Christen D. Plant Physiology, Vol. 70, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.70.4.1084	journal	October 1982
Survival and ice nucleation activity of bacteria as aerosols in a cloud simulation chamber Amato, P.; Joly, M.; Schaupp, C. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-6455-2015	journal	January 2015
Intercomparing different devices for the investigation of ice nucleating particles using Snomax as test substance Wex, H.; Augustin-Bauditz, S.; Boose, Y. Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/110104160	text	January 2015
Potential impacts from biological aerosols on ensembles of continental clouds simulated numerically Phillips, V. T. J.; Andronache, C.; Christner, B. Biogeosciences, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-987-2009	journal	January 2009
Survival and ice nucleation activity of bacteria as aerosols in a cloud simulation chamber Amato, P.; Joly, M.; Schaupp, C. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-15-4055-2015	journal	January 2015
Extending the Capabilities of Single Particle Mass Spectrometry: I. Measurements of Aerosol Number Concentration, Size Distribution, and Asphericity Vaden, Timothy D.; Imre, Dan; Beránek, Josef Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.526155	journal	January 2011
Extending the Capabilities of Single Particle Mass Spectrometry: II. Measurements of Aerosol Particle Density without DMA Vaden, Timothy D.; Imre, Dan; Beránek, Josef Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 45, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2010.526156	journal	January 2011
The adsorption of fungal ice-nucleating proteins on mineral dusts: a terrestrial reservoir of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles O'Sullivan, Daniel; Murray, Benjamin J.; Ross, James F. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7879-2016	journal	January 2016
Design and Performance of a Pumped Counterflow Virtual Impactor Boulter, J. E.; Cziczo, D. J.; Middlebrook, A. M. Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 40, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820600840984	journal	November 2006
Design and Performance of a Pumped Counterflow Virtual Impactor Boulter, J. E.; Cziczo, D. J.; Middlebrook, A. M. Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 40, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820600840984	journal	November 2006
Microbiology and atmospheric processes: the role of biological particles in cloud physics Möhler, O.; DeMott, P. J.; Vali, G. Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/110068959	text	January 2007
Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation Pruppacher, Hans R.; Klett, James D. Nature, Vol. 284, Issue 5751 https://doi.org/10.1038/284088b0	journal	March 1980
Airborne Single Particle Mass Spectrometers (SPLAT II & miniSPLAT) and New Software for Data Visualization and Analysis in a Geo-Spatial Context Zelenyuk, Alla; Imre, Dan; Wilson, Jacqueline Journal of The American Society for Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13361-014-1043-4	journal	January 2015
Comprehensive Assignment of Mass Spectral Signatures from Individual Bacillus a trophaeus Spores in Matrix-Free Laser Desorption/Ionization Bioaerosol Mass Spectrometry Srivastava, Abneesh; Pitesky, Maurice E.; Steele, Paul T. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 77, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac048298p	journal	May 2005
Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation Pruppacher, Hans R.; Klett, James D. Springer Dordrecht https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-9905-3	book	January 1978
Reagentless Detection and Classification of Individual Bioaerosol Particles in Seconds Fergenson, David P.; Pitesky, Maurice E.; Tobias, Herbert J. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 76, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac034467e	journal	January 2004
Heterogeneous ice nucleation activity of bacteria: new laboratory experiments at simulated cloud conditions Möhler, O.; Georgakopoulos, D. G.; Morris, C. E. Biogeosciences, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-5-1425-2008	journal	January 2008
SPLAT II: An Aircraft Compatible, Ultra-Sensitive, High Precision Instrument for In-Situ Characterization of the Size and Composition of Fine and Ultrafine Particles Zelenyuk, Alla; Yang, Juan; Choi, Eric Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 43, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820802709243	journal	April 2009
Microbiology and atmospheric processes: the role of biological particles in cloud physics Möhler, O.; DeMott, P. J.; Vali, G. Biogeosciences, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-4-1059-2007	journal	January 2007
The AquaVIT-1 intercomparison of atmospheric water vapor measurement techniques Fahey, David W.; Gao, Ru-Shan; Möhler, Ottmar ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000090740	text	January 2014
Airborne bacteria as cloud condensation nuclei: BACTERIA AS CLOUD CONDENSATION NUCLEI Bauer, Heidi; Giebl, Heinrich; Hitzenberger, Regina Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 108, Issue D21 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003JD003545	journal	November 2003
In situ detection of biological particles in cloud ice-crystals Pratt, Kerri A.; DeMott, Paul J.; French, Jeffrey R. Nature Geoscience, Vol. 2, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo521	journal	May 2009
Intercomparing different devices for the investigation of ice nucleating particles using Snomax as test substance Wex, H.; Augustin-Bauditz, S.; Boose, Y. Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/110104160	text	January 2015
Production of Ice in Tropospheric Clouds: A Review Cantrell, Will; Heymsfield, Andrew Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, Vol. 86, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-86-6-795	journal	June 2005
The AquaVIT-1 intercomparison of atmospheric water vapor measurement techniques Fahey, D. W.; Gao, R. -S.; Möhler, O. Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000046828	text	January 2014
Dust and Biological Aerosols from the Sahara and Asia Influence Precipitation in the Western U.S. Creamean, J. M.; Suski, K. J.; Rosenfeld, D. Science, Vol. 339, Issue 6127 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1227279	journal	February 2013
Heterogeneous ice nucleation ability of crystalline sodium chloride dihydrate particles: NaCl · 2H ₂ O AS A HETEROGENEOUS ICE NUCLEUS Wagner, Robert; Möhler, Ottmar Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 118, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/jgrd.50325	journal	May 2013
The AquaVIT-1 intercomparison of atmospheric water vapor measurement techniques Fahey, D. W.; Gao, R. -S.; Möhler, O. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 7, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-7-3177-2014	journal	January 2014
Stable Isotope Labeling of Entire Bacillus atrophaeus Spores and Vegetative Cells Using Bioaerosol Mass Spectrometry Czerwieniec, Gregg A.; Russell, Scott C.; Tobias, Herbert J. Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 77, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/ac0488098	journal	February 2005
Survival and ice nucleation activity of bacteria as aerosols in a cloud simulation chamber Amato, P.; Joly, M.; Schaupp, C. Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/110104153	text	January 2015
Potential impacts from biological aerosols on ensembles of continental clouds simulated numerically Phillips, V. T. J.; Andronache, C.; Christner, B. Biogeosciences, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-6-987-2009	journal	January 2009
The contribution of fungal spores and bacteria to regional and global aerosol number and ice nucleation immersion freezing rates Spracklen, D. V.; Heald, C. L. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-9051-2014	journal	January 2014
Three separate classes of bacterial ice nucleation structures. Turner, M. A.; Arellano, F.; Kozloff, L. M. Journal of Bacteriology, Vol. 172, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.172.5.2521-2526.1990	journal	January 1990
Localization of Ice Nucleation Activity and the iceC Gene Product in Pseudomonas syringae and Escherichia coli Lindow, S. E. Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions, Vol. 2, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-2-262	journal	January 1989
Improved identification of primary biological aerosol particles using single-particle mass spectrometry Zawadowicz, Maria A.; Froyd, Karl D.; Murphy, Daniel M. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7193-2017	journal	January 2017
How important is biological ice nucleation in clouds on a global scale? Hoose, C.; Kristjánsson, J. E.; Burrows, S. M. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/024009	journal	April 2010
Ice nucleation by particles immersed in supercooled cloud droplets Murray, B. J.; O'Sullivan, D.; Atkinson, J. D. Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 41, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2cs35200a	journal	January 2012
Experimental investigation of homogeneous freezing of sulphuric acid particles in the aerosol chamber AIDA Möhler, O.; Stetzer, O.; Schaefers, S. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-3-211-2003	journal	January 2003
Effects of atmospheric conditions on ice nucleation activity of Pseudomonas Attard, E.; Yang, H.; Delort, A. -M. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-10667-2012	journal	January 2012
New Directions: Need for defining the numbers and sources of biological aerosols acting as ice nuclei DeMott, Paul J.; Prenni, Anthony J. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 44, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2010.02.032	journal	May 2010
Ice Nucleation Induced by Pseudomonas syringae1 Maki, Leroy R.; Galyan, Elizabeth L.; Chang-Chien, Mei-Mon Applied Microbiology, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.28.3.456-459.1974	journal	January 1974
Competition for water vapour results in suppression of ice formation in mixed-phase clouds Simpson, Emma L.; Connolly, Paul J.; McFiggans, Gordon Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-7237-2018	journal	January 2018
Characterization of airborne ice-nucleation-active bacteria and bacterial fragments Šantl-Temkiv, Tina; Sahyoun, Maher; Finster, Kai Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.060	journal	May 2015
The unstable ice nucleation properties of Snomax® bacterial particles: UNSTABLE FREEZING PROPERTIES OF BACTERIA Polen, Michael; Lawlis, Emily; Sullivan, Ryan C. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 121, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025251	journal	October 2016
Cloud Activation Characteristics of Airborne Erwinia carotovora Cells Franc, Gary D.; DeMott, Paul J. Journal of Applied Meteorology, Vol. 37, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0450(1998)037<1293:cacoae>2.0.co;2	journal	October 1998
Transmission Efficiency of an Aerodynamic Focusing Lens System: Comparison of Model Calculations and Laboratory Measurements for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Liu, Peter S. K.; Deng, Rensheng; Smith, Kenneth A. Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 41, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820701422278	journal	July 2007
Ice nuclei in marine air: biogenic particles or dust? Burrows, S. M.; Hoose, C.; Pöschl, U. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-245-2013	journal	January 2013
The adsorption of fungal ice-nucleating proteins on mineral dusts: a terrestrial reservoir of atmospheric ice-nucleating particles O'Sullivan, Daniel; Murray, Benjamin J.; Ross, James F. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-7879-2016	journal	January 2016
Immersion freezing of birch pollen washing water Augustin, S.; Wex, H.; Niedermeier, D. München : European Geopyhsical Union https://doi.org/10.34657/1023	other	January 2013
Microbiology and atmospheric processes: the role of biological particles in cloud physics Möhler, O.; DeMott, P. J.; Vali, G. Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/110068959	text	January 2007
Characterization of airborne ice-nucleation-active bacteria and bacterial fragments Šantl-Temkiv, Tina; Sahyoun, Maher; Finster, Kai Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 109 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2015.02.060	journal	May 2015
Suspendable macromolecules are responsible for ice nucleation activity of birch and conifer pollen Pummer, B. G.; Bauer, H.; Bernardi, J. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 12, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-12-2541-2012	journal	January 2012
The ice nucleating ability of pollen Diehl, K.; Quick, C.; Matthias-Maser, S. Atmospheric Research, Vol. 58, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(01)00091-6	journal	July 2001
Ice nuclei in marine air: Biogenic particles or dust? Burrows, S. M.; Hoose, C.; Pöschl, U. Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000041600	text	January 2013
Contribution of pollen to atmospheric ice nuclei concentrations Hader, J. D.; Wright, T. P.; Petters, M. D. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-5433-2014	journal	January 2014
Ice-nucleating bacteria control the order and dynamics of interfacial water Pandey, Ravindra; Usui, Kota; Livingstone, Ruth A. Science Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1501630	journal	April 2016
Intercomparing different devices for the investigation of ice nucleating particles using Snomax ^® as test substance Wex, H.; Augustin-Bauditz, S.; Boose, Y. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-1463-2015	journal	January 2015
Development and characterization of an ice-selecting pumped counterflow virtual impactor (IS-PCVI) to study ice crystal residuals Hiranuma, Naruki; Möhler, Ottmar; Kulkarni, Gourihar Atmospheric Measurement Techniques, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/amt-9-3817-2016	journal	January 2016
Size of bacterial ice-nucleation sites measured in situ by radiation inactivation analysis Govindarajan, A. G.; Lindow, S. E. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 85, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.85.5.1334	journal	March 1988
Biogenic Ice Nuclei. Part II: Bacterial Sources Vali, G.; Christensen, M.; Fresh, R. W. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 33, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0469(1976)033<1565:binpib>2.0.co;2	journal	August 1976
The AquaVIT-1 intercomparison of atmospheric water vapor measurement techniques Fahey, D. W.; Gao, R. -S.; Möhler, O. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques Discussions, Vol. 7, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/amtd-7-3159-2014	journal	January 2014
Transmission Efficiency of an Aerodynamic Focusing Lens System: Comparison of Model Calculations and Laboratory Measurements for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer Liu, Peter S. K.; Deng, Rensheng; Smith, Kenneth A. Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 41, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786820701422278	journal	July 2007
Immersion freezing of ice nucleation active protein complexes Hartmann, S.; Augustin, S.; Clauss, T. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-5751-2013	journal	January 2013
Immersion freezing of birch pollen washing water Augustin, S.; Wex, H.; Niedermeier, D. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 13, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-13-10989-2013	journal	January 2013
Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation Zettlemoyer, A. C. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-8686(79)80009-3	journal	July 1979
Ice nucleation activity in the widespread soil fungus Mortierella alpina Fröhlich-Nowoisky, J.; Hill, T. C. J.; Pummer, B. G. Biogeosciences, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-1057-2015	journal	January 2015
Improved identification of primary biological aerosol particles using single-particle mass spectrometry Zawadowicz, Maria A.; Froyd, Karl D.; Murphy, Daniel M. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 17, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-17-7193-2017	journal	January 2017
ClusterSculptor: Software for expert-steered classification of single particle mass spectra Zelenyuk, Alla; Imre, Dan; Nam, Eun Ju International Journal of Mass Spectrometry, Vol. 275, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2008.04.033	journal	August 2008
How important is biological ice nucleation in clouds on a global scale? Hoose, C.; Kristjánsson, J. E.; Burrows, S. M. Environmental Research Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/5/2/024009	journal	April 2010
Clues that decaying leaves enrich Arctic air with ice nucleating particles Conen, Franz; Stopelli, Emiliano; Zimmermann, Lukas Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 129 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2016.01.027	journal	March 2016
Microphysics of Clouds and Precipitation Pruppacher, H. R.; Klett, J. D. Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences Library https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-306-48100-0	book	June 2010
Identification and purification of a bacterial ice-nucleation protein. Wolber, P. K.; Deininger, C. A.; Southworth, M. W. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 83, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.83.19.7256	journal	October 1986
Summary for Policymakers Climate Change 2013 – The Physical Science Basis https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107415324.004	book	March 2014

Cited By (4)

Enhanced ice nucleation activity of coal fly ash aerosol particles initiated by ice-filled pores Umo, Nsikanabasi Silas; Wagner, Robert; Ullrich, Romy Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-8783-2019	journal	January 2019
Real-time sensing of bioaerosols: Review and current perspectives Huffman, J. Alex; Perring, Anne E.; Savage, Nicole J. Aerosol Science and Technology, Vol. 54, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1080/02786826.2019.1664724	journal	September 2019
Enhanced ice nucleation activity of coal fly ash aerosol particles initiated by ice-filled pores Umo, Nsikanabasi Silas; Wagner, Robert; Ullrich, Romy Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000096897	text	January 2019
Enhanced ice nucleation activity of coal fly ash aerosol particles initiated by ice-filled pores Umo, Nsikanabasi Silas; Wagner, Robert; Ullrich, Romy Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000096897	text	January 2019