Title: Life cycle assessment and tempo-spatial optimization of deploying dynamic wireless charging technology for electric cars

Abstract

Dynamic wireless power transfer (DWPT), or dynamic wireless charging technology, enables charging-while-driving and offers opportunities for eliminating range anxiety, stimulating market penetration of electric vehicles (EVs), and enhancing the sustainability performance of electrified transportation. However, the deployment of wireless charging lanes on highways and urban road networks can be costly and resource-intensive. A life cycle assessment (LCA) is conducted here to compare the sustainability performance of DWPT applied in a network of highways and urban roads for charging electric passenger cars. The assessment compares DWPT to stationary wireless charging and to conventional plug-in charging using a case study of Washtenaw County in Michigan, USA over 20 years. The LCA is based on three key sustainability metrics: costs, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and energy burdens, encompassing not only the use-phase burdens from electricity and fuel, but also the upfront deployment burdens of DWPT infrastructure. A genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the rollout of DWPT infrastructure both spatially and temporally in order to minimize life cycle costs, GHG, and energy burdens: (1) spatial optimization selects road segments to deploy DWPT considering traffic volume, speed, and pavement remaining service life (RSL); (2) temporal optimization determines in which year to deploy DWPT onmore » a particular road segment considering EV market share growth as a function of DWPT coverage rate, future DWPT cost reduction, and charging efficiency improvement. Results indicate that optimal deployment of DWPT electrifying up to about 3% of total roadway lane-miles reduces life cycle GHG emissions and energy by up to 9.0% and 6.8%, respectively, and enables downsizing of the EV battery capacity by up to 48%, compared to the non-DWPT scenarios. Roadside solar panels and storage batteries are essential to significantly reduce life cycle energy and GHG burdens but bring additional costs. Breakeven analysis indicates a breakeven year for solar charging benefits to pay back the DWPT infrastructure burdens can be less than 20 years for GHG and energy burdens but longer than 20 years for costs. A monetization of carbon emissions of at least $250 per metric tonne of CO₂ is required to shift the optimal “pro-cost” deployment to the optimal “pro-GHG” deployment. A roadway segment with volume greater than about 26,000 vehicle counts per day, speed slower than 55 miles per hour (1 mile ≈ 1.609 km), and pavement RSL shorter than 3 years should be given a high priority for early-stage DWPT deployment.« less

Authors:

Bi, Zicheng  ^[1];

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Keoleian, Gregory A. ^[1]; Lin, Zhenhong ^[2]; Moore, Michael R. ^[1]; Chen, Kainan ^[3]; Song, Lingjun ^[4]; Zhao, Zhengming ^[3]

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+ Show Author Affiliations

1. Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States). School for Environment and Sustainability
2. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). National Transportation Research Center
3. Tsinghua Univ., Beijing (China). State Key Lab. of Control and Simulation of Power System and Generation Equipments. Dept. of Electrical Engineering
4. Beihang Univ., Beijing (China). School of Transportation Science and Engineering

Publication Date:

Sat Jan 19 00:00:00 EST 2019

Research Org.:

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI (United States); Tsinghua Univ., Beijing (China)

Sponsoring Org.:

USDOE; International Science & Technology Cooperation Program of China

OSTI Identifier:

1494872

Alternate Identifier(s):

OSTI ID: 1547852

Grant/Contract Number:  

AC05-00OR22725; AC02-06CH11357; 2016YFE0102200; 7F-30052

Resource Type:

Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:

Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies

Additional Journal Information:

Journal Volume: 100; Journal ID: ISSN 0968-090X

Publisher:

Elsevier

Country of Publication:

United States

Language:

English

Subject:

33 ADVANCED PROPULSION SYSTEMS; wireless charging; dynamic wireless power transfer; optimization; deployment plan; life cycle assessment; electric vehicle