DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: The Zwicky Transient Facility: System Overview, Performance, and First Results

Journal Article · · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific
ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; more »; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ORCiD logo; ; ORCiD logo; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ORCiD logo; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ; ; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; « less

The Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) is a new optical time-domain survey that uses the Palomar 48 inch Schmidt telescope. A custom-built wide-field camera provides a 47 deg2 field of view and 8 s readout time, yielding more than an order of magnitude improvement in survey speed relative to its predecessor survey, the Palomar Transient Factory. We describe the design and implementation of the camera and observing system. The ZTF data system at the Infrared Processing and Analysis Center provides near-real-time reduction to identify moving and varying objects. We outline the analysis pipelines, data products, and associated archive. As a result, we present on-sky performance analysis and first scientific results from commissioning and the early survey. ZTF's public alert stream will serve as a useful precursor for that of the Large Synoptic Survey Telescope.

Research Organization:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Organization:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
Contributing Organization:
The ZTF Collaboration
Grant/Contract Number:
AC02-05CH11231
OSTI ID:
1494108
Journal Information:
Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Journal Name: Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific Journal Issue: 995 Vol. 131; ISSN 0004-6280
Publisher:
Astronomical Society of the PacificCopyright Statement
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English

References (92)

Solar System Small-Body Demographics with the Palomar Transient Factory Survey text January 2015
The Palomar-Quest digital synoptic sky survey journal March 2008
Lincoln Near-Earth Asteroid Program (LINEAR) journal November 2000
Classical Be stars: Rapidly rotating B stars with viscous Keplerian decretion disks journal October 2013
The Swift Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope journal October 2005
The Science of Sungrazers, Sunskirters, and Other Near-Sun Comets journal December 2017
Photoelectric observations of asteroids 3, 24, 60, 261, and 863 journal January 1989
The IceCube realtime alert system journal June 2017
Photometry and spin rate distribution of small-sized main belt asteroids journal February 2009
The Thousand Asteroid Light Curve Survey☆ journal November 2009
Digitization Programs at STScI journal January 1994
A Wolf–Rayet-like progenitor of SN 2013cu from spectral observations of a stellar wind journal May 2014
PTF12os and iPTF13bvn: Two stripped-envelope supernovae from low-mass progenitors in NGC 5806⋆ journal September 2016
Gaia Data Release 1 : Summary of the astrometric, photometric, and survey properties journal November 2016
The Supernova Legacy Survey: measurement of $\Omega_{\mathsf{M}}$, $\Omega_\mathsf{\Lambda}$ and w from the first year data set journal January 2006
SExtractor: Software for source extraction journal June 1996
The SkyMapper Telescope and The Southern Sky Survey journal January 2007
Comet Bowell 1980b journal April 1984
The 48-inch Schmidt-type Telescope at Palomar Observatory journal October 1952
An Efficient Low Resolution and Moderate Resolution Spectrograph for the Hale Telescope journal June 1982
DAOPHOT - A computer program for crowded-field stellar photometry journal March 1987
The second Palomar Sky Survey journal July 1991
The Sloan Digital Sky Survey: Technical Summary journal September 2000
The Swift Gamma‐Ray Burst Mission journal August 2004
The Large-Grained Dust Coma of 174P/Echeclus
  • Bauer, James M.; Choi, Young-Jun; Weissman, Paul R.
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 120, Issue 866 https://doi.org/10.1086/587552
journal April 2008
The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance, and First Results
  • Law, Nicholas M.; Kulkarni, Shrinivas R.; Dekany, Richard G.
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 121, Issue 886 https://doi.org/10.1086/648598
journal December 2009
What Bandwidth Do I Need for My Image? journal February 2010
Optimal Compression of Floating-Point Astronomical Images Without Significant Loss of Information journal September 2010
The Palomar Transient Factory Photometric Calibration journal January 2012
WISeREP—An Interactive Supernova Data Repository journal July 2012
Evryscope Science: Exploring the Potential of All-Sky Gigapixel-Scale Telescopes
  • Law, Nicholas M.; Fors, Octavi; Ratzloff, Jeffrey
  • Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 127, Issue 949 https://doi.org/10.1086/680521
journal March 2015
Astrometry.Net: Blind Astrometric Calibration of Arbitrary Astronomical Images journal March 2010
Asteroid Light Curves from the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: Rotation Periods and Phase Functions from Sparse Photometry journal August 2015
The dark Energy Camera journal October 2015
First Results from the Catalina Real-Time Transient Survey journal April 2009
On Machine-Learned Classification of Variable Stars with Sparse and Noisy Time-Series data journal April 2011
A VERY LARGE ARRAY SEARCH FOR 5 GHz RADIO TRANSIENTS AND VARIABLES AT LOW GALACTIC LATITUDES journal September 2011
313 new Asteroid Rotation Periods from Palomar Transient Factory Observations journal May 2014
The man Behind the Curtain: X-Rays Drive the uv Through nir Variability in the 2013 Active Galactic Nucleus Outburst in ngc 2617 journal May 2014
The Eleventh and Twelfth data Releases of the Sloan Digital sky Survey: Final data from Sdss-Iii journal July 2015
Asteroid Spin-Rate Study Using the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory journal August 2015
Volumetric Survey Speed: A Figure of Merit for Transient Surveys journal June 2016
The IPAC Image Subtraction and Discovery Pipeline for the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory journal December 2016
Small Near-Earth Asteroids in the Palomar Transient Factory Survey: A Real-Time Streak-detection System journal February 2017
The SED Machine: A Robotic Spectrograph for Fast Transient Classification journal February 2018
ATLAS: A High-cadence All-sky Survey System journal May 2018
A Morphological Classification Model to Identify Unresolved PanSTARRS1 Sources: Application in the ZTF Real-time Pipeline journal November 2018
The Zwicky Transient Facility: Data Processing, Products, and Archive journal December 2018
The Zwicky Transient Facility Alert Distribution System journal November 2018
PTF11iqb: cool supergiant mass-loss that bridges the gap between Type IIn and normal supernovae journal March 2015
The Dark Energy Survey: more than dark energy – an overview journal March 2016
Subaru Lightcurve Observations of Sub-km-Sized Main-Belt Asteroids journal March 2011
Hyper Suprime-Cam: System design and verification of image quality journal September 2017
The Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP Survey: Overview and survey design journal September 2017
Asteroid rotation periods from the Palomar Transient Factory survey: Asteroid rotation periods from PTF journal February 2012
CCD speed-noise optimization at 1 MHz conference August 2018
The Pan-STARRS wide-field optical/NIR imaging survey conference July 2010
The Robo-AO software: fully autonomous operation of a laser guide star adaptive optics and science system conference September 2012
The Iraf Data Reduction And Analysis System conference October 1986
The IceCube realtime alert system text January 2017
FLASH SPECTROSCOPY: EMISSION LINES FROM THE IONIZED CIRCUMSTELLAR MATERIAL AROUND <10-DAY-OLD TYPE II SUPERNOVAE journal February 2016
Proper Image Subtraction—Optimal Transient Detection, Photometry, and Hypothesis Testing journal October 2016
Large Super-Fast Rotator Hunting Using the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory journal December 2016
Photometric Variability of the Be Star Population journal May 2017
Searching for Be Stars in the Open Clusters with PTF/iPTF. I. Cluster Sample and Be Star Candidates journal January 2018
Period–Color and Amplitude–Color Relations at Maximum and Minimum Light for rr Lyrae Stars in the sdss Stripe 82 Region journal January 2017
Color Me Intrigued: The Discovery of iPTF 16fnm, an SN 2002cx–like Object journal October 2017
The Outer Halo of the Milky Way as Probed by RR Lyr Variables from the Palomar Transient Facility journal November 2017
Machine-learning-based Brokers for Real-time Classification of the LSST Alert Stream journal May 2018
Confirmation of Large Super-fast Rotator (144977) 2005 EC 127 journal May 2017
Strong CO + and ${{\rm{N}}}_{2}^{+}$ Emission in Comet C/2016 R2 (Pan-STARRS) journal February 2018
First Results from the Catalina Real-time Transient Survey text January 2008
The Thousand Asteroid Light Curve Survey text January 2009
The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance and First Results text January 2009
What bandwidth do I need for my image? text January 2009
On Machine-Learned Classification of Variable Stars with Sparse and Noisy Time-Series Data text January 2011
The Palomar Transient Factory photometric calibration text January 2011
Classical Be Stars: Rapidly Rotating B Stars with Viscous Keplerian Decretion Disks text January 2013
313 new asteroid rotation periods from Palomar Transient Factory observations text January 2014
Asteroid lightcurves from the Palomar Transient Factory survey: Rotation periods and phase functions from sparse photometry text January 2015
Flash Spectroscopy: Emission Lines from the Ionized Circumstellar Material around $<10$-Day-Old Type II Supernovae text January 2015
The Dark Energy Survey: more than dark energy - an overview text January 2016
Proper image subtraction - optimal transient detection, photometry and hypothesis testing text January 2016
Volumetric Survey Speed: A Figure of Merit for Transient Surveys text January 2016
PTF12os and iPTF13bvn. Two stripped-envelope supernovae from low-mass progenitors in NGC 5806 text January 2016
The IceCube Realtime Alert System text January 2016
The Outer Halo of the Milky Way as Probed by RR Lyr Variables from the Palomar Transient Facility text January 2017
Machine Learning-based Brokers for Real-time Classification of the LSST Alert Stream text January 2018
The Zwicky Transient Facility: Data Processing, Products, and Archive text January 2019
The Zwicky Transient Facility Alert Distribution System text January 2019
The Swift Ultra-Violet/Optical Telescope text January 2005
Kmtnet: a Network of 1.6 m Wide-Field Optical Telescopes Installed at Three Southern Observatories journal February 2016

Cited By (86)

Surveying the reach and maturity of machine learning and artificial intelligence in astronomy journal September 2019
New regimes in the observation of core-collapse supernovae journal August 2019
Observational properties of thermonuclear supernovae journal August 2019
The plunging pirouette of two low-mass stars journal August 2019
General relativistic orbital decay in a seven-minute-orbital-period eclipsing binary system journal July 2019
Fully automated integral field spectrograph pipeline for the SEDMachine: pysedm journal July 2019
Transient processing and analysis using AMPEL: alert management, photometry, and evaluation of light curves journal November 2019
The Hubble Catalog of Variables (HCV) journal September 2019
MAXIMASK and MAXITRACK: Two new tools for identifying contaminants in astronomical images using convolutional neural networks journal February 2020
Web application for galaxy-targeted follow-up of electromagnetic counterparts to gravitational wave sources journal January 2020
simsurvey : estimating transient discovery rates for the Zwicky transient facility journal October 2019
The Zwicky Transient Facility: Data Processing, Products, and Archive journal December 2018
Machine Learning for the Zwicky Transient Facility journal January 2019
The GROWTH Marshal: A Dynamic Science Portal for Time-domain Astronomy journal February 2019
2900 Square Degree Search for the Optical Counterpart of Short Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 180523B with the Zwicky Transient Facility journal February 2019
Toward Efficient Detection of Small Near-Earth Asteroids Using the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) journal May 2019
ROME/REA: A Gravitational Microlensing Search for Exoplanets Beyond the Snow Line on a Global Network of Robotic Telescopes journal October 2019
Palomar Gattini-IR: Survey Overview, Data Processing System, On-sky Performance and First Results journal January 2020
On the formation of neutron stars via accretion-induced collapse in binaries journal January 2019
DeepStreaks: identifying fast-moving objects in the Zwicky Transient Facility data with deep learning journal April 2019
Magnified or multiply imaged? – Search strategies for gravitationally lensed supernovae in wide-field surveys journal June 2019
Optimizing multitelescope observations of gravitational-wave counterparts journal September 2019
Predicting the LISA white dwarf binary population in the Milky Way with cosmological simulations journal October 2019
Detecting gravitational self-lensing from stellar-mass binaries composed of black holes or neutron stars journal November 2019
The radial distribution of supernovae compared to star formation tracers journal November 2019
Probing the extragalactic fast transient sky at minute time-scales with DECam journal December 2019
Implications of the search for optical counterparts during the first six months of the Advanced LIGO’s and Advanced Virgo’s third observing run: possible limits on the ejecta mass and binary properties journal December 2019
Luminous Red Novae: population models and future prospects journal January 2020
LSQ13ddu: a rapidly evolving stripped-envelope supernova with early circumstellar interaction signatures journal January 2020
The Kitt Peak Electron Multiplying CCD demonstrator journal February 2019
A black hole X-ray binary at ∼100 Hz: multiwavelength timing of MAXI J1820+070 with HiPERCAM and NICER journal October 2019
The Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP transient survey in COSMOS: Overview journal May 2019
Photometric supernovae redshift systematics requirements journal August 2019
Complementarity of peculiar velocity surveys and redshift space distortions for testing gravity journal January 2020
Transient processing and analysis using AMPEL: alert management, photometry, and evaluation of light curves text January 2019
GROWTH on S190425z: Searching Thousands of Square Degrees to Identify an Optical or Infrared Counterpart to a Binary Neutron Star Merger with the Zwicky Transient Facility and Palomar Gattini-IR text January 2019
ASASSN-13db 2014–2017 Eruption as an Intermediate Luminosity Optical Transient journal December 2019
Identification of Stellar Flares Using Differential Evolution Template Optimization journal August 2019
Automated Transient Detection with Shapelet Analysis in Image-subtracted Data journal October 2019
ZTF18abhjrcf: The First R Coronae Borealis Star from the Zwicky Transient Facility Public Survey journal January 2020
A Twilight Search for Atiras, Vatiras, and Co-orbital Asteroids: Preliminary Results journal January 2020
Rapid “Turn-on” of Type-1 AGN in a Quiescent Early-type Galaxy SDSS1115+0544 journal March 2019
A Systematic Study of Superluminous Supernova Light-curve Models Using Clustering journal March 2019
The Fate of Binaries in the Galactic Center: The Mundane and the Exotic journal June 2019
The Analogous Structure of Accretion Flows in Supermassive and Stellar Mass Black Holes: New Insights from Faded Changing-look Quasars journal September 2019
Supermassive Black Hole Binary Candidates from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey journal October 2019
An Unusual Mid-infrared Flare in a Type 2 AGN: An Obscured Turning-on AGN or Tidal Disruption Event? journal November 2019
ZTF 18aaqeasu (SN2018byg): A Massive Helium-shell Double Detonation on a Sub-Chandrasekhar-mass White Dwarf journal March 2019
Multiple Outbursts of Asteroid (6478) Gault journal March 2019
ZTF18aalrxas: A Type IIb Supernova from a Very Extended Low-mass Progenitor journal June 2019
Follow-up of the Neutron Star Bearing Gravitational-wave Candidate Events S190425z and S190426c with MMT and SOAR journal July 2019
Active Asteroid (6478) Gault: A Blue Q-type Surface below the Dust? journal August 2019
GROWTH on S190510g: DECam Observation Planning and Follow-up of a Distant Binary Neutron Star Merger Candidate journal August 2019
Prospects for Gravitational Wave Measurement of ZTF J1539+5027 journal August 2019
SN 2018hna: 1987A-like Supernova with a Signature of Shock Breakout journal September 2019
Inferring the Presence of Tides in Detached White Dwarf Binaries journal October 2019
GROWTH on S190425z: Searching Thousands of Square Degrees to Identify an Optical or Infrared Counterpart to a Binary Neutron Star Merger with the Zwicky Transient Facility and Palomar Gattini-IR journal October 2019
Comet 240P/NEAT Is Stirring journal November 2019
The Most Rapidly Declining Type I Supernova 2019bkc/ATLAS19dqr journal January 2020
Lasair: The Transient Alert Broker for LSST:UK journal January 2019
Gravitational Microlensing Events from the First Year of the Northern Galactic Plane Survey by the Zwicky Transient Facility journal January 2020
ZTF 18aaqeasu (SN 2018byg): A Massive Helium-shell Double Detonation on a Sub-Chandrasekhar Mass White Dwarf text January 2019
The Kitt Peak Electron Multiplying CCD demonstrator text January 2019
2900 square degree search for the optical counterpart of short gamma-ray burst GRB 180523B with the Zwicky Transient Facility text January 2019
The Zwicky Transient Facility: Data Processing, Products, and Archive text January 2019
The GROWTH Marshal: A Dynamic Science Portal for Time-Domain Astronomy text January 2019
A Systematic Study Of Superluminous Supernova Lightcurve Models Using Clustering text January 2019
The Fate of Binaries in the Galactic Center: The Mundane and the Exotic text January 2019
The Analogous Structure of Accretion Flows in Supermassive and Stellar Mass Black Holes: New Insights from Faded Changing-Look Quasars text January 2019
Identification of Stellar Flares Using Differential Evolution Template Optimization text January 2019
Multiple Outbursts of Asteroid (6478) Gault text January 2019
ZTF18aalrxas: A Type IIb Supernova from a very extended low-mass progenitor text January 2019
Transient processing and analysis using $\texttt{AMPEL}$: Alert Management, Photometry and Evaluation of Lightcurves text January 2019
The Hyper Suprime-Cam SSP Transient Survey in COSMOS: Overview text January 2019
Active asteroid (6478) Gault: a blue Q-type surface below the dust? text January 2019
General relativistic orbital decay in a seven-minute-orbital-period eclipsing binary system text January 2019
The Hubble Catalog of Variables (HCV) text January 2019
A Black Hole X-ray Binary at $\sim$100 Hz: Multiwavelength Timing of MAXI J1820+070 with HiPERCAM and NICER text January 2019
Automated Transient Detection with Shapelet Analysis in Image-subtracted Data text January 2019
Palomar Gattini-IR: Survey overview, data processing system, on-sky performance and first results text January 2019
Comet 240P/NEAT is Stirring text January 2019
Complementarity of Peculiar Velocity Surveys and Redshift Space Distortions for Testing Gravity text January 2019
The radial distribution of supernovae compared to star formation tracers text January 2019
LSQ13ddu: A rapidly-evolving stripped-envelope supernova with early circumstellar interaction signatures text January 2019
A Twilight Search for Atiras, Vatiras and Co-orbital Asteroids: Preliminary Results text January 2019
Gravitational microlensing events from the first year of the northern Galactic plane survey by the Zwicky Transient Facility text January 2020


Similar Records

The Zwicky Transient Facility: Science Objectives
Journal Article · 2019 · Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific · OSTI ID:1567168

60 Microlensing Events from the Three Years of Zwicky Transient Facility Phase One
Journal Article · 2023 · The Astrophysical Journal · OSTI ID:1970074

Candidate strongly lensed type Ia supernovae in the Zwicky Transient Facility archive
Journal Article · 2025 · Astronomy and Astrophysics · OSTI ID:2530563