Micrometeorological impacts of offshore wind farms as seen in observations and simulations

Siedersleben, S. K.; Lundquist, Julie K.; Platis, A.; Bange, J.; Bärfuss, K.; Lampert, A.; Cañadillas, B.; Neumann, T.; Emeis, S.

doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aaea0b

Title: Micrometeorological impacts of offshore wind farms as seen in observations and simulations

Journal Article · 28 November 2018 · Environmental Research Letters

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/aaea0b · OSTI ID:1492504

^[1];

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^[3]; Bange, J. ^[3]; Bärfuss, K. ^[4]; Lampert, A. ^[4]; Cañadillas, B. ^[5]; Neumann, T. ^[5];

^[1]

Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (Germany)
Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States); National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)
Univ. of Tubingen (Germany)
Technische Univ. Braunschweig (Germany)
UL International GmbH (Germany)

In Europe, offshore wind farms have a capacity of 16 GW, with 71% installed at the North Sea. These wind farms represent an additional source of turbulence and may influence the stratification of the marine boundary layer. We present aircraft measurements and simulations showing an impact on temperature and humidity at hub height in the order of 0.5 K and 0.5 g kg^-1 even 60 km downwind of a wind farm cluster. We extend these simulations to explore a realistic future scenario, suggesting wakes in potential temperature and water vapor propagating more than 100 km downwind. Furthermore, such impacts of wind farms are only observed in case of a strong stable stratification at rotor height, allowing wind farms to mix warmer air downward.

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Research Organization:: National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC36-08GO28308

OSTI ID:: 1492504

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA--5000-73183

Journal Information:: Environmental Research Letters, Journal Name: Environmental Research Letters Journal Issue: 12 Vol. 13; ISSN 1748-9326

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170817_flight38 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903081	dataset	January 2019
Wind-Turbine and Wind-Farm Flows: A Review Porté-Agel, Fernando; Bastankhah, Majid; Shamsoddin, Sina Boundary-Layer Meteorology, Vol. 174, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10546-019-00473-0	journal	September 2019
Offshore wind farm wake recovery: Airborne measurements and its representation in engineering models Cañadillas, Beatriz; Foreman, Richard; Barth, Volker Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000118765	text	January 2020
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20160906_flight01 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902843	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20160906_flight01 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902843	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170413_flight17 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902996	dataset	January 2019
U.S. East Coast Lidar Measurements Show Offshore Wind Turbines Will Encounter Very Low Atmospheric Turbulence Bodini, Nicola; Lundquist, Julie K.; Kirincich, Anthony Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 46, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2019gl082636	journal	May 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20171014_flight39 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903088	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20160907_flight02 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902877	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170523_flight21 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903052	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170815_flight37 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903096	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20160908_flight04 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902906	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20160910_flight07 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902914	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170602_flight29 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903078	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170524_flight23 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903061	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170531_flight27 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903072	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170406_flight12 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902930	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170409_flight14 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902989	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20171015_flight41 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902834	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170808_flight30 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903330	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20160907_flight02 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902877	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170517_flight19 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903010	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20171015_flight40 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902713	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20160909_flight06 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902910	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20160909_flight05 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902909	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170331_flight10 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902924	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170523_flight21 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903052	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170517_flight18 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903002	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170411_flight16 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.902990	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170814_flight35 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903079	dataset	January 2019
In-situ airborne measurements of atmospheric and sea surface parameters related to offshore wind parks in the German Bight, Flight 20170814_flight36 Bärfuss, Konrad; Hankers, Rudolf; Bitter, Mark PANGAEA - Data Publisher for Earth & Environmental Science https://doi.org/10.1594/pangaea.903082	dataset	January 2019

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