Subgrid variations of the cloud water and droplet number concentration over the tropical ocean: satellite observations and implications for warm rain simulations in climate models

Journal Article · 27 January 2019 · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-19-1077-2019 · OSTI ID:1492465

Zhang, Zhibo ; Song, Hua; Ma, Po-Lun ; Larson, Vincent E.; Wang, Minghuai ; Dong, Xiquan; Wang, Jianwu

Abstract. One of the challenges in representing warm rain processes in global climate models (GCMs) is related to the representation of the subgrid variability of cloud properties, such as cloud water and cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC), and the effect thereof on individual precipitation processes such as autoconversion. This effect is conventionally treated by multiplying the resolved-scale warm rain process rates by an enhancement factor (E_q) which is derived from integrating over an assumed subgrid cloud water distribution. The assumed subgrid cloud distribution remains highly uncertain. In this study, we derive the subgrid variations of liquid-phase cloud properties over the tropical ocean using the satellite remote sensing products from Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and investigate the corresponding enhancement factors for the GCM parameterization of autoconversion rate. We find that the conventional approach of using only subgrid variability of cloud water is insufficient and that the subgrid variability of CDNC, as well as the correlation between the two, is also important for correctly simulating the autoconversion process in GCMs. Using the MODIS data which have near-global data coverage, we find that E_q shows a strong dependence on cloud regimes due to the fact that the subgrid variability of cloud water and CDNC is regime dependent. Our analysis shows a significant increase of E_q from the stratocumulus (Sc) to cumulus (Cu) regions. Furthermore, the enhancement factor E_N due to the subgrid variation of CDNC is derived from satellite observation for the first time, and results reveal several regions downwind of biomass burning aerosols (e.g., Gulf of Guinea, east coast of South Africa), air pollution (i.e., East China Sea), and active volcanos (e.g., Kilauea, Hawaii, and Ambae, Vanuatu), where the E_N is comparable to or even larger than E_q, suggesting an important role of aerosol in influencing the E_N. MODIS observations suggest that the subgrid variations of cloud liquid water path (LWP) and CDNC are generally positively correlated. As a result, the combined enhancement factor, including the effect of LWP and CDNC correlation, is significantly smaller than the simple product of E_q∙E_N. Given the importance of warm rain processes in understanding the Earth's system dynamics and water cycle, we conclude that more observational studies are needed to provide a better constraint on the warm rain processes in GCMs.

• Sponsoring Organization: USDOE
• Grant/Contract Number: SC0014641; SC0016287
• OSTI ID: 1492465
• Journal Information: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online), Journal Name: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online) Journal Issue: 2 Vol. 19; ISSN 1680-7324
• Publisher: Copernicus Publications, EGUCopyright Statement
• Country of Publication: Germany
• Language: English