Strengthening mechanisms in directed energy deposited austenitic stainless steel
Abstract
Microstructures and mechanical properties are evaluated in austenitic stainless steel structures fabricated by directed energy deposition (DED) considering the effects of applied loading orientation, build geometry, and distance from the deposition baseplate. Locations within an as-deposited build with different thermomechanical history display different yield strength, while those locations with similar history have approximately the same yield strength, regardless of test specimen orientation. Thermal expansion of deposited material near the baseplate is inhibited by the mechanical constraint imposed by the baseplate, promoting plastic deformation and producing a high density of dislocations. Concurrently, high initial cooling rates decrease away from the baseplate as the build is heated, causing an increased spacing of cellular solidification features. An analysis of strengthening mechanisms quantitatively established for the first time the important strengthening contribution of high dislocation densities in the materials (166–191 MPa) to yield strength that ranged from 438 to 553 MPa in the present DED fabricated structures. A newly adopted mechanistic relationship for microsegregation strengthening from the literature indicated an additional important contribution to strengthening (123–135 MPa) due to the cellular solidification features. These findings are corroborated by the measured evolution of microstructure and hardness caused by annealing the DED material. Finally, these resultsmore »
- Authors:
-
[1];
- Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States); Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)
- Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)
- Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Irvine, CA (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Sandia National Lab. (SNL-CA), Livermore, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1492362
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1636981
- Report Number(s):
- SAND-2018-13858J
Journal ID: ISSN 1359-6454; 670837
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC04-94AL85000; NA-0003525
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Acta Materialia
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 164; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 1359-6454
- Publisher:
- Elsevier
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 42 ENGINEERING; Additive Manufacturing (AM); Mechanical Properties; Microstructure; Strengthening Mechanism; Austenitic Stainless Steels
Citation Formats
Smith, Thale R., Sugar, Joshua D., San Marchi, Chris, and Schoenung, Julie M. Strengthening mechanisms in directed energy deposited austenitic stainless steel. United States: N. p., 2018.
Web. doi:10.1016/j.actamat.2018.11.021.
Smith, Thale R., Sugar, Joshua D., San Marchi, Chris, & Schoenung, Julie M. Strengthening mechanisms in directed energy deposited austenitic stainless steel. United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.11.021
Smith, Thale R., Sugar, Joshua D., San Marchi, Chris, and Schoenung, Julie M. Tue .
"Strengthening mechanisms in directed energy deposited austenitic stainless steel". United States. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2018.11.021. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1492362.
@article{osti_1492362,
title = {Strengthening mechanisms in directed energy deposited austenitic stainless steel},
author = {Smith, Thale R. and Sugar, Joshua D. and San Marchi, Chris and Schoenung, Julie M.},
abstractNote = {Microstructures and mechanical properties are evaluated in austenitic stainless steel structures fabricated by directed energy deposition (DED) considering the effects of applied loading orientation, build geometry, and distance from the deposition baseplate. Locations within an as-deposited build with different thermomechanical history display different yield strength, while those locations with similar history have approximately the same yield strength, regardless of test specimen orientation. Thermal expansion of deposited material near the baseplate is inhibited by the mechanical constraint imposed by the baseplate, promoting plastic deformation and producing a high density of dislocations. Concurrently, high initial cooling rates decrease away from the baseplate as the build is heated, causing an increased spacing of cellular solidification features. An analysis of strengthening mechanisms quantitatively established for the first time the important strengthening contribution of high dislocation densities in the materials (166–191 MPa) to yield strength that ranged from 438 to 553 MPa in the present DED fabricated structures. A newly adopted mechanistic relationship for microsegregation strengthening from the literature indicated an additional important contribution to strengthening (123–135 MPa) due to the cellular solidification features. These findings are corroborated by the measured evolution of microstructure and hardness caused by annealing the DED material. Finally, these results suggest that the mechanical properties of deposited austenitic stainless steels can be influenced by controlling thermomechanical history during the manufacturing process to alter the character of compositional microsegregation and the amount of induced plastic deformation.},
doi = {10.1016/j.actamat.2018.11.021},
journal = {Acta Materialia},
number = C,
volume = 164,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Nov 13 00:00:00 EST 2018},
month = {Tue Nov 13 00:00:00 EST 2018}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 117 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Understanding the Microstructure and Properties of Components Fabricated by Laser Engineered Net Shaping (LENS)
journal, January 2000
- Griffith, M. L.; Ensz, M. T.; Puskar, J. D.
- MRS Proceedings, Vol. 625
Cracking behavior and mechanical properties of austenitic stainless steel parts produced by laser metal deposition
journal, March 2013
- Yu, J.; Rombouts, M.; Maes, G.
- Materials & Design, Vol. 45
Characterization of stainless steel parts by Laser Metal Deposition Shaping
journal, March 2014
- Zhang, Kai; Wang, Shijie; Liu, Weijun
- Materials & Design, Vol. 55
Effects of process time interval and heat treatment on the mechanical and microstructural properties of direct laser deposited 316L stainless steel
journal, September 2015
- Yadollahi, Aref; Shamsaei, Nima; Thompson, Scott M.
- Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 644
Effect of processing parameters on microstructure and tensile properties of austenitic stainless steel 304L made by directed energy deposition additive manufacturing
journal, May 2016
- Wang, Zhuqing; Palmer, Todd A.; Beese, Allison M.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 110
Additive manufacturing of metallic components – Process, structure and properties
journal, March 2018
- DebRoy, T.; Wei, H. L.; Zuback, J. S.
- Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 92
Control of shape and performance for direct laser fabrication of precision large-scale metal parts with 316L Stainless Steel
journal, February 2013
- Ma, Mingming; Wang, Zemin; Wang, Dengzhi
- Optics & Laser Technology, Vol. 45
Microporosity effects on cyclic plasticity and fatigue of LENS™-processed steel
journal, June 2010
- Xue, Y.; Pascu, A.; Horstemeyer, M. F.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 58, Issue 11
Thermal Behavior and Microstructure Evolution during Laser Deposition with Laser-Engineered Net Shaping: Part II. Experimental Investigation and Discussion
journal, June 2008
- Zheng, B.; Zhou, Y.; Smugeresky, J. E.
- Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 39, Issue 9
Microstructural Development and Technical Challenges in Laser Additive Manufacturing: Case Study with a 316L Industrial Part
journal, February 2015
- Marya, Manuel; Singh, Virendra; Marya, Surendar
- Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B, Vol. 46, Issue 4
Anomalous Annealing Response of Directed Energy Deposited Type 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel
journal, January 2018
- Smith, Thale R.; Sugar, Joshua D.; Schoenung, Julie M.
- JOM, Vol. 70, Issue 3
In Situ Neutron Diffraction Study of the Influence of Microstructure on the Mechanical Response of Additively Manufactured 304L Stainless Steel
journal, October 2017
- Brown, D. W.; Adams, D. P.; Balogh, L.
- Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 48, Issue 12
Microstructures of Laser Deposited 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel
journal, January 2000
- Brooks, John A.; Headley, Thomas J.; Robino, Charles V.
- MRS Proceedings, Vol. 625
The microstructure, mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of 316L stainless steel fabricated using laser engineered net shaping
journal, November 2016
- Ziętala, Michał; Durejko, Tomasz; Polański, Marek
- Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 677
Effects of Low Temperature on Hydrogen-Assisted Crack Growth in Forged 304L Austenitic Stainless Steel
journal, June 2016
- Jackson, Heather; San Marchi, Chris; Balch, Dorian
- Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 47, Issue 8
Grain structure evolution in Inconel 718 during selective electron beam melting
journal, June 2016
- Helmer, H.; Bauereiß, A.; Singer, R. F.
- Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 668
Automated Analysis of SEM X-Ray Spectral Images: A Powerful New Microanalysis Tool
journal, January 2003
- Kotula, Paul G.; Keenan, Michael R.; Michael, Joseph R.
- Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 9, Issue 1
Accounting for Poisson noise in the multivariate analysis of ToF-SIMS spectrum images
journal, March 2004
- Keenan, Michael R.; Kotula, Paul G.
- Surface and Interface Analysis, Vol. 36, Issue 3
Exploiting spatial-domain simplicity in spectral image analysis
journal, February 2009
- Keenan, Michael R.
- Surface and Interface Analysis, Vol. 41, Issue 2
Microstructural formation in longitudinal bicrystal welds
journal, June 1993
- Rappaz, M.; Vitek, J. M.; David, S. A.
- Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 24, Issue 6
Mechanical behavior and strengthening mechanisms in ultrafine grain precipitation-strengthened aluminum alloy
journal, January 2014
- Ma, Kaka; Wen, Haiming; Hu, Tao
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 62
Strengthening mechanisms in a high-strength bulk nanostructured Cu–Zn–Al alloy processed via cryomilling and spark plasma sintering
journal, May 2013
- Wen, Haiming; Topping, Troy D.; Isheim, Dieter
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 61, Issue 8
Thermal Behavior and Microstructural Evolution during Laser Deposition with Laser-Engineered Net Shaping: Part I. Numerical Calculations
journal, June 2008
- Zheng, B.; Zhou, Y.; Smugeresky, J. E.
- Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 39, Issue 9
Grain refinement strengthening of a micro-crystalline high nitrogen austenitic stainless steel
journal, March 2003
- Di Schino, A.; Kenny, J. M.
- Materials Letters, Vol. 57, Issue 12
Effects of alloy composition and strain hardening on tensile fracture of hydrogen-precharged type 316 stainless steels
journal, January 2008
- Sanmarchi, C.
- International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, Vol. 33, Issue 2
Work hardening effects in austenitic stainless steels
journal, May 1997
- Llewellyn, D. T.
- Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 13, Issue 5
Precipitation hardening in metals
journal, January 1999
- Gladman, T.
- Materials Science and Technology, Vol. 15, Issue 1
The dislocation distribution, flow stress, and stored energy in cold-worked polycrystalline silver
journal, May 1960
- Bailey, J. E.; Hirsch, P. B.
- Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 5, Issue 53
The relationship between hardness and yield stress in irradiated austenitic and ferritic steels
journal, February 2005
- Busby, Jeremy T.; Hash, Mark C.; Was, Gary S.
- Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 336, Issue 2-3
Microstructure and flow stress of polycrystals and single crystals
journal, March 1998
- Hansen, N.; Huang, X.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 46, Issue 5
Geometrically necessary dislocations and strain-gradient plasticity: a few critical issues
journal, January 2003
- Kubin, L. P.; Mortensen, A.
- Scripta Materialia, Vol. 48, Issue 2
Mechanism of alloying element vaporization during laser welding
journal, December 1987
- Collur, M. M.; Paul, A.; Debroy, T.
- Metallurgical Transactions B, Vol. 18, Issue 4
Hardening by spinodal decomposition
journal, December 1963
- Gahn, John W.
- Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 11, Issue 12
Hardening by spinodal modulated structure
journal, March 1980
- Kato, Masaharu; Mori, T.; Schwartz, L. H.
- Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 28, Issue 3
Hardening by spinodally modulated structure in b.c.c. alloys
journal, January 1981
- Kato, Masaharu
- Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 29, Issue 1
Microstructural change in austenitic Fe-30.0wt%Mn-7.8wt%Al-1.3wt%C initiated by spinodal decomposition and its influence on mechanical properties
journal, December 1997
- Choo, W. K.; Kim, J. H.; Yoon, J. C.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 45, Issue 12
The constitutive behavior of laser welds in 304L stainless steel determined by digital image correlation
journal, August 2006
- Boyce, B. L.; Reu, P. L.; Robino, C. V.
- Metallurgical and Materials Transactions A, Vol. 37, Issue 8
Works referencing / citing this record:
Three-Dimensional Additively Manufactured Microstructures and Their Mechanical Properties
journal, October 2019
- Rodgers, Theron M.; Lim, Hojun; Brown, Judith A.
- JOM, Vol. 72, Issue 1
A comparison of adiabatic shear bands in wrought and additively manufactured 316L stainless steel using nanoindentation and electron backscatter diffraction
journal, September 2019
- Weaver, Jordan S.; Livescu, Veronica; Mara, Nathan A.
- Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 55, Issue 4
Selective laser melting enabling the hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure and excellent mechanical properties in an interstitial solute strengthened high entropy alloy
journal, August 2019
- Zhu, Z. G.; An, X. H.; Lu, W. J.
- Materials Research Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 11
Selective laser melting enabling the hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure and excellent mechanical properties in an interstitial solute strengthened high entropy alloy
text, January 2019
- Zhu, Z. G.; An, X. H.; Lu, W. J.
- Taylor & Francis
Selective laser melting enabling the hierarchically heterogeneous microstructure and excellent mechanical properties in an interstitial solute strengthened high entropy alloy
text, January 2019
- Zhu, Z. G.; An, X. H.; Lu, W. J.
- Taylor & Francis