Influence of humidity, temperature, and annealing on microstructure and tensile properties of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers
Abstract
This study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of electrospun nanofibers from polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution at different relative humidity (RH) in the range from 14% to 60% and two different temperatures (20 °C and 40 °C). Nanofibers produced at low RH (22% or less at 20 °C) exhibit relatively smooth surface and solid core, whereas at higher RH (30% or higher at 20 °C) rough surface and porous core are observed. The resulting morphology is explained by means of H2O/DMF/PAN ternary phase diagram. At higher RH, the water diffusion into polymer-solution jet brings thermodynamic instability into the system leading to separation of polymer-rich phase and polymer-lean phase, where the later contributes to porosity. Higher process temperature (40 °C) yields larger miscibility area in the ternary phase diagram leading to formation of porous structure at relatively higher RH (40%). Tensile strength of nanofibrous yarns is found to vary from 80 MPa to 130 MPa depending on the processing temperature and RH. The amount of porosity is found to affect the tensile properties of nanofibers most significantly, although diameter and crystallinity play important role. Annealing is found to alleviate surface roughness and porosity and increase crystallinity. Furthermore, tensile strength of nanofibrousmore »
- Authors:
-
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Lemont, IL (United States)
- Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1489820
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC02-06CH11357
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Polymer Engineering and Science
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 58; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 0032-3888
- Publisher:
- Wiley
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; electrospinning; mechanical properties; nanofibers; ternary phase behavior
Citation Formats
Barua, Bipul, and Saha, Mrinal C. Influence of humidity, temperature, and annealing on microstructure and tensile properties of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.1002/pen.24657.
Barua, Bipul, & Saha, Mrinal C. Influence of humidity, temperature, and annealing on microstructure and tensile properties of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.24657
Barua, Bipul, and Saha, Mrinal C. Wed .
"Influence of humidity, temperature, and annealing on microstructure and tensile properties of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/pen.24657. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1489820.
@article{osti_1489820,
title = {Influence of humidity, temperature, and annealing on microstructure and tensile properties of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers},
author = {Barua, Bipul and Saha, Mrinal C.},
abstractNote = {This study investigates the microstructure and mechanical properties of electrospun nanofibers from polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-dimethylformamide (DMF) solution at different relative humidity (RH) in the range from 14% to 60% and two different temperatures (20 °C and 40 °C). Nanofibers produced at low RH (22% or less at 20 °C) exhibit relatively smooth surface and solid core, whereas at higher RH (30% or higher at 20 °C) rough surface and porous core are observed. The resulting morphology is explained by means of H2O/DMF/PAN ternary phase diagram. At higher RH, the water diffusion into polymer-solution jet brings thermodynamic instability into the system leading to separation of polymer-rich phase and polymer-lean phase, where the later contributes to porosity. Higher process temperature (40 °C) yields larger miscibility area in the ternary phase diagram leading to formation of porous structure at relatively higher RH (40%). Tensile strength of nanofibrous yarns is found to vary from 80 MPa to 130 MPa depending on the processing temperature and RH. The amount of porosity is found to affect the tensile properties of nanofibers most significantly, although diameter and crystallinity play important role. Annealing is found to alleviate surface roughness and porosity and increase crystallinity. Furthermore, tensile strength of nanofibrous yarns is found to improve by up to 25% after annealing.},
doi = {10.1002/pen.24657},
journal = {Polymer Engineering and Science},
number = 6,
volume = 58,
place = {United States},
year = {Wed Jun 28 00:00:00 EDT 2017},
month = {Wed Jun 28 00:00:00 EDT 2017}
}
Web of Science
Figures / Tables:
Works referenced in this record:
Electrospinning of chitosan dissolved in concentrated acetic acid solution
journal, September 2005
- Geng, X.; Kwon, O.; Jang, J.
- Biomaterials, Vol. 26, Issue 27
Electrospinning and electrically forced jets. II. Applications
journal, August 2001
- Hohman, Moses M.; Shin, Michael; Rutledge, Gregory
- Physics of Fluids, Vol. 13, Issue 8
Thermodynamic study of non-solvent/dimethyl sulfoxide/polyacrylonitrile ternary systems: effects of the non-solvent species
journal, June 2011
- Zhang, Jian; Zhang, Youwei; Zhao, Jiongxin
- Polymer Bulletin, Vol. 67, Issue 6
Electrospinning process and applications of electrospun fibers
journal, August 1995
- Doshi, Jayesh; Reneker, Darrell H.
- Journal of Electrostatics, Vol. 35, Issue 2-3
Membrane formation by water vapor induced phase inversion
journal, April 1999
- Chae Park, Hyun; Po Kim, Yoon; Yong Kim, Hwa
- Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 156, Issue 2
Nanometre diameter fibres of polymer, produced by electrospinning
journal, September 1996
- Reneker, Darrell H.; Chun, Iksoo
- Nanotechnology, Vol. 7, Issue 3
Three-Dimensionally Ordered Array of Air Bubbles in a Polymer Film
journal, April 2001
- Srinivasarao, M.
- Science, Vol. 292, Issue 5514
Effect of evaporation and solidification of the charged jet in electrospinning of poly(ethylene oxide) aqueous solution
journal, September 2007
- Tripatanasuwan, Sureeporn; Zhong, Zhenxin; Reneker, Darrell H.
- Polymer, Vol. 48, Issue 19
Investigation on jet stability, fiber diameter, and tensile properties of electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibrous yarns
journal, January 2015
- Barua, Bipul; Saha, Mrinal C.
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 132, Issue 18
Polymer-nanoinclusion interactions in carbon nanotube based polyacrylonitrile extruded and electrospun fibers
journal, November 2007
- Vaisman, Linda; Wachtel, Ellen; Wagner, H. Daniel
- Polymer, Vol. 48, Issue 23
A review on electrospinning design and nanofibre assemblies
journal, June 2006
- Teo, W. E.; Ramakrishna, S.
- Nanotechnology, Vol. 17, Issue 14
Polyacrylonitrile-based nanofibers—A state-of-the-art review
journal, March 2012
- Nataraj, S. K.; Yang, K. S.; Aminabhavi, T. M.
- Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 37, Issue 3
The change of bead morphology formed on electrospun polystyrene fibers
journal, June 2003
- Lee, K. H.; Kim, H. Y.; Bang, H. J.
- Polymer, Vol. 44, Issue 14
Electrospinning: A fascinating fiber fabrication technique
journal, May 2010
- Bhardwaj, Nandana; Kundu, Subhas C.
- Biotechnology Advances, Vol. 28, Issue 3
Maneuvering the Internal Porosity and Surface Morphology of Electrospun Polystyrene Yarns by Controlling the Solvent and Relative Humidity
journal, April 2013
- Lu, Ping; Xia, Younan
- Langmuir, Vol. 29, Issue 23
Morphology of Porous and Wrinkled Fibers of Polystyrene Electrospun from Dimethylformamide
journal, March 2009
- Pai, Chia-Ling; Boyce, Mary C.; Rutledge, Gregory C.
- Macromolecules, Vol. 42, Issue 6
Evidence for spinodal decomposition and nucleation and growth mechanisms during membrane formation
journal, March 1996
- Nunes, Suzana Pereira; Inoue, Takashi
- Journal of Membrane Science, Vol. 111, Issue 1
The effect of relative humidity and evaporation rate on electrospinning: fiber diameter and measurement for control implications
journal, July 2013
- Cai, Yunshen; Gevelber, Michael
- Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 48, Issue 22
Synthetic nano-scale fibrous extracellular matrix
journal, July 1999
- Ma, Peter X.; Zhang, Ruiyun
- Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, Vol. 46, Issue 1
Controlling the Fiber Diameter during Electrospinning
journal, April 2003
- Fridrikh, Sergey V.; Yu, Jian H.; Brenner, Michael P.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 90, Issue 14
Characterization of porosity of polystyrene fibers electrospun at humid atmosphere
journal, November 2012
- Fashandi, H.; Karimi, M.
- Thermochimica Acta, Vol. 547
Experimental and Theoretical Investigations of Porous Structure Formation in Electrospun Fibers
journal, October 2007
- Dayal, Pratyush; Liu, Jing; Kumar, Satish
- Macromolecules, Vol. 40, Issue 21
Parameter study of electrospinning of polyamide-6
journal, October 2008
- Heikkilä, Pirjo; Harlin, Ali
- European Polymer Journal, Vol. 44, Issue 10
The effect of temperature and humidity on electrospinning
journal, March 2009
- De Vrieze, S.; Van Camp, T.; Nelvig, A.
- Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 44, Issue 5
Electrospinning and electrically forced jets. I. Stability theory
journal, August 2001
- Hohman, Moses M.; Shin, Michael; Rutledge, Gregory
- Physics of Fluids, Vol. 13, Issue 8
Electrospinning of linear homopolymers of poly(methyl methacrylate): exploring relationships between fiber formation, viscosity, molecular weight and concentration in a good solvent
journal, June 2005
- Gupta, Pankaj; Elkins, Casey; Long, Timothy E.
- Polymer, Vol. 46, Issue 13
Electrospun nanofibers: solving global issues
journal, March 2006
- Ramakrishna, Seeram; Fujihara, Kazutoshi; Teo, Wee-Eong
- Materials Today, Vol. 9, Issue 3
Analysis of nonsolvent–solvent–polymer phase diagrams and their relevance to membrane formation modeling
journal, March 1986
- Yilmaz, L.; McHugh, A. J.
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 31, Issue 4
Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Multicomponent Polymer Systems. X. Concentration Dependence of the Pair-Interaction Parameter in the System Cyclohexane-Polystyrene
journal, September 1971
- Koningsveld, R.; Kleintjens, L. A.
- Macromolecules, Vol. 4, Issue 5
The stretching of an electrified non-Newtonian jet: A model for electrospinning
journal, November 2002
- Feng, J. J.
- Physics of Fluids, Vol. 14, Issue 11
Effects of annealing on the structural and mechanical properties of electrospun polymeric nanofibres
journal, May 2006
- Tan, Eunice P. S.; Lim, C. T.
- Nanotechnology, Vol. 17, Issue 10
Thermodynamic study of a water-dimethylformamide-polyacrylonitrile ternary system
journal, December 2008
- Tan, Lianjiang; Pan, Ding; Pan, Ning
- Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 110, Issue 6
Beaded nanofibers formed during electrospinning
journal, July 1999
- Fong, H.; Chun, I.; Reneker, D. H.
- Polymer, Vol. 40, Issue 16
Electrospinning: Applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering
journal, May 2008
- Sill, Travis J.; von Recum, Horst A.
- Biomaterials, Vol. 29, Issue 13, p. 1989-2006
The impact of relative humidity during electrospinning on the morphology and mechanical properties of nanofibers
journal, November 2013
- Pelipenko, Jan; Kristl, Julijana; Janković, Biljana
- International Journal of Pharmaceutics, Vol. 456, Issue 1
Calculation of liquid-liquid phase separation in a ternary system of a polymer in a mixture of a solvent and a nonsolvent
journal, November 1982
- Altena, Frank W.; Smolders, C. A.
- Macromolecules, Vol. 15, Issue 6
Experimental characterization of electrospinning: the electrically forced jet and instabilities
journal, December 2001
- Shin, Y. M.; Hohman, M. M.; Brenner, M. P.
- Polymer, Vol. 42, Issue 25
Self-Assembly at All Scales
journal, March 2002
- Whitesides, George M.; Grzybowski, Bartosz
- Science, Vol. 295, Issue 5564, p. 2418-2421
Electro-spinning optimization for precursor carbon nanofibers
journal, October 2006
- Ali, Ashraf A.; El-Hamid, M. A.
- Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 37, Issue 10
Controlling electrospun nanofiber morphology and mechanical properties using humidity
journal, October 2011
- Huang, Liwei; Bui, Nhu-Ngoc; Manickam, Seetha S.
- Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 49, Issue 24
A review on polymer nanofibers by electrospinning and their applications in nanocomposites
journal, November 2003
- Huang, Zheng-Ming; Zhang, Y.-Z.; Kotaki, M.
- Composites Science and Technology, Vol. 63, Issue 15, p. 2223-2253
A fundamental study of chitosan/PEO electrospinning
journal, September 2011
- Pakravan, Mehdi; Heuzey, Marie-Claude; Ajji, Abdellah
- Polymer, Vol. 52, Issue 21
Preparation of porous polyacrylonitrile fibers by electrospinning a ternary system of PAN/DMF/H2O
journal, November 2010
- Yu, Xiaolan; Xiang, Haifan; Long, Yuhua
- Materials Letters, Vol. 64, Issue 22
Determination of solvent/polymer interaction parameters of moderately concentrated polymer solutions by vapor pressure osmometry
journal, May 2008
- Karimi, M.; Albrecht, W.; Heuchel, M.
- Polymer, Vol. 49, Issue 10
Pore formation in polystyrene fiber by superimposing temperature and relative humidity of electrospinning atmosphere
journal, November 2012
- Fashandi, H.; Karimi, M.
- Polymer, Vol. 53, Issue 25
Diameter control of electrospun polyacrylonitrile/iron acetylacetonate ultrafine nanofibers
journal, August 2008
- Du, Jinmei; Shintay, Samantha; Zhang, Xiangwu
- Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 46, Issue 15
Comparative Studies on the Solvent Quality and Atmosphere Humidity for Electrospinning of Nanoporous Polyetherimide Fibers
journal, December 2013
- Fashandi, Hossein; Karimi, Mohammad
- Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, Vol. 53, Issue 1
Study on morphology of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) mats
journal, March 2005
- Zhang, Chunxue; Yuan, Xiaoyan; Wu, Lili
- European Polymer Journal, Vol. 41, Issue 3
Works referencing / citing this record:
Preparation and performance of three-layered structure composite membrane for heavy metal ions and hazardous dyes rejection
journal, October 2018
- Zhao, Xiaoyan; Liu, Yuan; Shuai, Zhang
- Polymer Engineering & Science, Vol. 59, Issue S1
A Review on the Secondary Surface Morphology of Electrospun Nanofibers: Formation Mechanisms, Characterizations, and Applications
journal, January 2020
- Zaarour, Bilal; Zhu, Lei; Jin, Xiangyu
- ChemistrySelect, Vol. 5, Issue 4
On the Nanoscale Mapping of the Mechanical and Piezoelectric Properties of Poly (L-Lactic Acid) Electrospun Nanofibers
journal, January 2020
- Cuong, Nguyen Thai; Barrau, Sophie; Dufay, Malo
- Applied Sciences, Vol. 10, Issue 2
Figures / Tables found in this record: