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Title: Employing a biochemical protecting group for a sustainable indigo dyeing strategy

Abstract

All rights reserved. Indigo is an ancient dye uniquely capable of producing the signature tones in blue denim; however, the dyeing process requires chemical steps that are environmentally damaging. Here, we describe a sustainable dyeing strategy that not only circumvents the use of toxic reagents for indigo chemical synthesis but also removes the need for a reducing agent for dye solubilization. This strategy utilizes a glucose moiety as a biochemical protecting group to stabilize the reactive indigo precursor indoxyl to form indican, preventing spontaneous oxidation to crystalline indigo during microbial fermentation. Application of a β-glucosidase removes the protecting group from indican, resulting in indigo crystal formation in the cotton fibers. We identified the gene coding for the glucosyltransferase PtUGT1 from the indigo plant Polygonum tinctorium and solved the structure of PtUGT1. Heterologous expression of PtUGT1 in Escherichia coli supported high indican conversion, and biosynthesized indican was used to dye cotton swatches and a garment.

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1];  [2]; ORCiD logo [3];  [4];  [4];  [5]; ORCiD logo [6]
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  1. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Bioengineering, and UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering
  2. Joint BioEnergy Inst. (JBEI), Emeryville, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division; Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark). Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability
  3. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Bioengineering, and UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering; Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark). Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability
  4. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Bioengineering; Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark). Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability
  5. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Bioengineering; Joint BioEnergy Inst. (JBEI), Emeryville, CA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Molecular Biophysics and Integrated Bioimaging Division
  6. Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Bioengineering; Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Biological Systems & Engineering Division
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
OSTI Identifier:
1485082
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-05CH11231
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Nature Chemical Biology
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 14; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 1552-4450
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
59 BASIC BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats

Hsu, Tammy M., Welner, Ditte H., Russ, Zachary N., Cervantes, Bernardo, Prathuri, Ramya L., Adams, Paul D., and Dueber, John E. Employing a biochemical protecting group for a sustainable indigo dyeing strategy. United States: N. p., 2018. Web. doi:10.1038/nchembio.2552.
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Hsu, Tammy M., Welner, Ditte H., Russ, Zachary N., Cervantes, Bernardo, Prathuri, Ramya L., Adams, Paul D., & Dueber, John E. Employing a biochemical protecting group for a sustainable indigo dyeing strategy. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2552
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Hsu, Tammy M., Welner, Ditte H., Russ, Zachary N., Cervantes, Bernardo, Prathuri, Ramya L., Adams, Paul D., and Dueber, John E. Mon . "Employing a biochemical protecting group for a sustainable indigo dyeing strategy". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2552. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1485082.
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@article{osti_1485082,
title = {Employing a biochemical protecting group for a sustainable indigo dyeing strategy},
author = {Hsu, Tammy M. and Welner, Ditte H. and Russ, Zachary N. and Cervantes, Bernardo and Prathuri, Ramya L. and Adams, Paul D. and Dueber, John E.},
abstractNote = {All rights reserved. Indigo is an ancient dye uniquely capable of producing the signature tones in blue denim; however, the dyeing process requires chemical steps that are environmentally damaging. Here, we describe a sustainable dyeing strategy that not only circumvents the use of toxic reagents for indigo chemical synthesis but also removes the need for a reducing agent for dye solubilization. This strategy utilizes a glucose moiety as a biochemical protecting group to stabilize the reactive indigo precursor indoxyl to form indican, preventing spontaneous oxidation to crystalline indigo during microbial fermentation. Application of a β-glucosidase removes the protecting group from indican, resulting in indigo crystal formation in the cotton fibers. We identified the gene coding for the glucosyltransferase PtUGT1 from the indigo plant Polygonum tinctorium and solved the structure of PtUGT1. Heterologous expression of PtUGT1 in Escherichia coli supported high indican conversion, and biosynthesized indican was used to dye cotton swatches and a garment.},
doi = {10.1038/nchembio.2552},
journal = {Nature Chemical Biology},
number = 3,
volume = 14,
place = {United States},
year = {2018},
month = {1}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1038/nchembio.2552
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Figures / Tables:

Figure 1 Figure 1: A glucosyl protecting group enables control over the timing and location of indigo dyeing
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margin-top:0px;">Works referencing / citing this record:</p> <div class="list"> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26934" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Decoupling of recombinant protein production from <em>Escherichia coli</em> cell growth enhances functional expression of plant Leloir glycosyltransferases<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-02-05">February 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Lemmerer, Martin; Mairhofer, Juergen; Lepak, Alexander</span> </li> <li> Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 116, Issue 6</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26934" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1002/bit.26934<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201800767" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Cellular Biocatalysts Using Synthetic Genetic Circuits for Prolonged and Durable Enzymatic Activity<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-05-15">May 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Ahan, Recep Erdem; Saltepe, Behide; Apaydin, Onur</span> </li> <li> ChemBioChem</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201800767" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1002/cbic.201800767<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-018-09579-w" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Characterization of a thermostable flavin-containing monooxygenase from Nitrincola lacisaponensis (NiFMO)<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; 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font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-07-24">July 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Lu, Yun; Ma, Bao-Wei; Gao, Jie</span> </li> <li> Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, Vol. 22, Issue 6</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020.2019.1642330" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1080/10286020.2019.1642330<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery305" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">A novel glycosyltransferase catalyses the transfer of glucose to glucosylated anthocyanins in purple sweet potato<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2018-08-17">August 2018</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Wang, Hongxia; Wang, Chengyuan; Fan, Weijuan</span> </li> <li> Journal of Experimental Botany</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery305" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1093/jxb/ery305<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14321" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Crystal structures of rhamnosyltransferase <scp>UGT</scp> 89C1 from <em>Arabidopsis thaliana</em> reveal the molecular basis of sugar donor specificity for <scp>UDP</scp> ‐β‐ <scp>l</scp> ‐rhamnose and rhamnosylation mechanism<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-04-22">April 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Zong, Guangning; Fei, Shuang; Liu, Xiao</span> </li> <li> The Plant Journal</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14321" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1111/tpj.14321<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14514" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Phylogenomic analysis of UDP‐dependent glycosyltransferases provides insights into the evolutionary landscape of glycosylation in plant metabolism<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-10-06">October 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Wilson, Alexander E.; Tian, Li</span> </li> <li> The Plant Journal, Vol. 100, Issue 6</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14514" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1111/tpj.14514<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2019-0109" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Indigoid dyes by group E monooxygenases: mechanism and biocatalysis<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-06-26">June 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Heine, Thomas; Großmann, Carolin; Hofmann, Sarah</span> </li> <li> Biological Chemistry, Vol. 400, Issue 7</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1515/hsz-2019-0109" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1515/hsz-2019-0109<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00278" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Flavin Conjugated Polydopamine Nanoparticles Displaying Light-Driven Monooxygenase Activity<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-04-26">April 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Crocker, Leander; Fruk, Ljiljana</span> </li> <li> Frontiers in Chemistry, Vol. 7</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2019.00278" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.3389/fchem.2019.00278<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900400" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Cellular Biocatalysts Using Synthetic Genetic Circuits for Prolonged and Durable Enzymatic Activity<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-07-02">July 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Ahan, Recep Erdem; Saltepe, Behide; Apaydin, Onur</span> </li> <li> ChemBioChem</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/cbic.201900400" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1002/cbic.201900400<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.9033980" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Isolation and characterization of a glycosyltransferase with specific catalytic activity towards flavonoids from <i>Tripterygium wilfordii</i><span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">text</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-01-01">January 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Lu, Yun; Ma, Bao-Wei; Gao, Jie</span> </li> <li> Taylor & Francis</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.9033980" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.6084/m9.figshare.9033980<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.39949" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Flavin Conjugated Polydopamine Nanoparticles Displaying Light-Driven Monooxygenase Activity.<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">text</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-01-01">January 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Crocker, Leander; Fruk, Ljiljana</span> </li> <li> Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.39949" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.17863/cam.39949<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26934" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Decoupling of recombinant protein production from <em>Escherichia coli</em> cell growth enhances functional expression of plant Leloir glycosyltransferases<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-02-05">February 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Lemmerer, Martin; Mairhofer, Juergen; Lepak, Alexander</span> </li> <li> Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Vol. 116, Issue 6</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/bit.26934" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1002/bit.26934<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10292-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">An overview of microbial indigo-forming enzymes<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-12-13">December 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Fabara, Andrea N.; Fraaije, Marco W.</span> </li> <li> Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Vol. 104, Issue 3</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-019-10292-5" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1007/s00253-019-10292-5<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.8b00377" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Designing Spatially Distributed Gene Regulatory Networks To Elicit Contrasting Patterns<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2018-12-12">December 2018</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Tei, Mika; Perkins, Melinda Liu; Hsia, Justin</span> </li> <li> ACS Synthetic Biology, Vol. 8, Issue 1</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/acssynbio.8b00377" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1021/acssynbio.8b00377<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-0240-5" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">A chromosome-scale genome assembly of Isatis indigotica, an important medicinal plant used in traditional Chinese medicine: An Isatis genome<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2020-02-01">February 2020</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Kang, Minghui; Wu, Haolin; Yang, Qiao</span> </li> <li> Horticulture Research, Vol. 7, Issue 1</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41438-020-0240-5" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1038/s41438-020-0240-5<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09848-w" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Synthetic biology strategies for microbial biosynthesis of plant natural products<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2019-05-13">May 2019</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Cravens, Aaron; Payne, James; Smolke, Christina D.</span> </li> <li> Nature Communications, Vol. 10, Issue 1</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09848-w" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1038/s41467-019-09848-w<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery305" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">A novel glycosyltransferase catalyses the transfer of glucose to glucosylated anthocyanins in purple sweet potato<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2018-08-17">August 2018</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Wang, Hongxia; Wang, Chengyuan; Fan, Weijuan</span> </li> <li> Journal of Experimental Botany</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ery305" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.1093/jxb/ery305<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> <div> <h2 class="title" style="margin-bottom:0;" data-apporder=""> <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02625" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" class="name">Biodegradation and Biotransformation of Indole: Advances and Perspectives<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase; font-size:0.75rem;"><br/> <span class="type">journal</span>, <span class="date" data-date="2018-11-01">November 2018</span></small> </h2> <ul class="small references-list" style="list-style-type:none; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-left: 0; line-height:1.8em;"> <li> <span style="color:#5C7B2D;"> Ma, Qiao; Zhang, Xuwang; Qu, Yuanyuan</span> </li> <li> Frontiers in Microbiology, Vol. 9</li> <li> <span class="text-muted related-url">DOI: <a href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2018.02625" class="text-muted" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">10.3389/fmicb.2018.02625<span class="fa fa-external-link" aria-hidden="true"></span></a></span> </li> </ul> <hr/> </div> </div> <div class="pagination-container small"> <a class="pure-button prev page" href="#" rel="prev"><span class="sr-only">Previous Page</span><span class="fa fa-angle-left"></span></a> <ul class="pagination d-inline-block" style="padding-left:.2em;"></ul> <a class="pure-button next page" href="#" rel="next"><span class="sr-only">Next Page</span><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 order-sm-3"> <ul class="nav nav-stacked"> <li class="active"><a href="" class="reference-type-filter tab-nav" data-filter="type" data-pattern="*"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> All Cited By</a></li> <li class="small" style="margin-left:.75em; 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border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;"> <a href="#img" class="biblio-image-tile-a ga-click-event" data-imgid="1485082-img87170" data-lityx data-category="Extracted Images" data-label="biblio: image thumbnail" data-value="1485082-img87170"> <div style=" padding: .5em; border: 1px solid #eee; background-color: #fff; "> <small class="name">Figure 1 <small class="pull-right" style="margin-right: .5em;color:#999;top: 3px;position: relative;">(p. 21)</small><span class="d-none type">figure</span></small> <div style=" background-image:url('/biblio/1485082/image/000/125/0001256/3/t0087170.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:contain; background-position-x: center; width: 100%; height: 175px; margin-top:.5em; "> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 float-left biblio-image-tile" data-apporder="p. 22" data-order="2" data-imgid="1485082-img87172" data-imgsrc="/biblio/1485082/image/000/125/0001256/3/0087172.png" data-title="Figure 2" data-desc="The crystal structure of PtUGT1 with bound indoxyl sulfate (a) Overall GT-B fold of PtUGT1 (PDB ID 5NLM). The N-terminal Rossmann domain (blue) consists of a seven-stranded parallel β-sheet surrounded by nine α-helical segments, and the C-terminal Rossmann domain (red) consists of a six-stranded parallel β-sheet and five α-helices. The indoxyl sulfate bound in the active site is shown in stick representation. The structure is annotated with the four amino acids differing between PtUGT1 and PtUGT2 (arrows). (b) Electrostatic surface potential of PtUGT1. Colors show the electrostatic potential, from −5 $kT/e$ (red) to 5 $kT/e$ (blue). The view is rotated ~90° around the x axis with respect to a. Bound indoxyl sulfate is depicted in stick representation (black) together with the donor substrate UDP-glucose superposed from the homologous AtUGT72B1 complex structure (cyan, PDB ID 2VCE). (c) The acceptor binding site with the bound indoxyl sulfate and interacting residues shown in stick representation. The indoxyl sulfate omit map is displayed as a blue grid contoured at 3.0 σ. Interactions are depicted as dashed lines (black, salt bridge/hydrogen bond; gray, hydrophobic interaction; yellow, π-stacking). A black solid line indicates the distance from the catalytic histidine to the glucose-accepting oxygen. (d) In the proposed catalytic mechanism based on homology to other characterized UGTs29,31, H26 deprotonates the indoxyl hydroxyl group, which then performs an SN2 attack on the anomeric carbon of glucose. The conserved D122 is believed to balance the charge on the catalytic histidine29. Consistent with this hypothesis, D122 forms a 2.6 Å hydrogen bond to H26 in the present structure." data-ostiid="1485082" style="padding-bottom: 2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;"> <a href="#img" class="biblio-image-tile-a ga-click-event" data-imgid="1485082-img87172" data-lityx data-category="Extracted Images" data-label="biblio: image thumbnail" data-value="1485082-img87172"> <div style=" padding: .5em; border: 1px solid #eee; background-color: #fff; "> <small class="name">Figure 2 <small class="pull-right" style="margin-right: .5em;color:#999;top: 3px;position: relative;">(p. 22)</small><span class="d-none type">figure</span></small> <div style=" background-image:url('/biblio/1485082/image/000/125/0001256/3/t0087172.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:contain; background-position-x: center; width: 100%; height: 175px; margin-top:.5em; "> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 float-left biblio-image-tile" data-apporder="p. 23" data-order="3" data-imgid="1485082-img87173" data-imgsrc="/biblio/1485082/image/000/125/0001256/3/0087173.png" data-title="Figure 3" data-desc="Heterologous expression of PtUGT1 stabilizes indoxyl before it dimerizes, producing indican (a) Tryptophan is converted to indole by the native E. coli enzyme TnaA, oxygenated to indoxyl by FMO, and glucosylated by PtUGT1. A β-glucosidase hydrolyzes indican into indoxyl, which spontaneously oxidizes to indigo. (b) Expression of PtUGT1 reduces indigo formation in an FMO-expressing ΔbglA strain, but indigo precipitate forms upon addition of β-glucosidase. (c) Indican can be produced in a ΔbglA strain by heterologous expression of both FMO and PtUGT1, and titers improve with exogenous feeding of more tryptophan than the 20 mg/L present in EZ Rich media. Bars represent the mean of four biological replicates, and each replicate is represented by a circle." data-ostiid="1485082" style="padding-bottom: 2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;"> <a href="#img" class="biblio-image-tile-a ga-click-event" data-imgid="1485082-img87173" data-lityx data-category="Extracted Images" data-label="biblio: image thumbnail" data-value="1485082-img87173"> <div style=" padding: .5em; border: 1px solid #eee; background-color: #fff; "> <small class="name">Figure 3 <small class="pull-right" style="margin-right: .5em;color:#999;top: 3px;position: relative;">(p. 23)</small><span class="d-none type">figure</span></small> <div style=" background-image:url('/biblio/1485082/image/000/125/0001256/3/t0087173.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:contain; background-position-x: center; width: 100%; height: 175px; margin-top:.5em; "> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 float-left biblio-image-tile" data-apporder="p. 24" data-order="4" data-imgid="1485082-img87175" data-imgsrc="/biblio/1485082/image/000/125/0001256/3/0087175.png" data-title="Figure 4" data-desc="Production and growth curves for indican and indigo production (a–d) Titers of indican (a), indigo (b), and tryptophan (c), and cell count (d; measured as colony-forming units (CFU), see “Determination of cell count” in Online Methods) over a 37 h growth period. Cells expressing FMO and PtUGT1 are represented by orange; cells expressing only FMO are represented by blue; cells expressing neither gene are represented by gray. Error bars represent the mean ± s.d. of six (FMO + UGT) or four (FMO) independently grown colonies; circles represent individual independently grown colonies." data-ostiid="1485082" style="padding-bottom: 2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;"> <a href="#img" class="biblio-image-tile-a ga-click-event" data-imgid="1485082-img87175" data-lityx data-category="Extracted Images" data-label="biblio: image thumbnail" data-value="1485082-img87175"> <div style=" padding: .5em; border: 1px solid #eee; background-color: #fff; "> <small class="name">Figure 4 <small class="pull-right" style="margin-right: .5em;color:#999;top: 3px;position: relative;">(p. 24)</small><span class="d-none type">figure</span></small> <div style=" background-image:url('/biblio/1485082/image/000/125/0001256/3/t0087175.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:contain; background-position-x: center; width: 100%; height: 175px; margin-top:.5em; "> </div> </div> </a> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 float-left biblio-image-tile" data-apporder="p. 25" data-order="5" data-imgid="1485082-img87176" data-imgsrc="/biblio/1485082/image/000/125/0001256/3/0087176.png" data-title="Figure 5" data-desc="Bio-indican can be used as an effective, reductant-free cotton textile dye (a) Top row, Pure indican with no β-glucosidase (BGL); pure indican with β-glucosidase; bio-indican with β-glucosidase. Bottom row, Indigo, nonreduced; indigo, reduced with sodium dithionite. All swatches are dyed on white cotton denim. Scale bar, 1 cm. (b) Scarf (100% white cotton gauze fabric) dyed with indican. All samples were photographed after numerous, vigorous water washes. Scale bar, 5 cm." data-ostiid="1485082" style="padding-bottom: 2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;"> <a href="#img" class="biblio-image-tile-a ga-click-event" data-imgid="1485082-img87176" data-lityx data-category="Extracted Images" data-label="biblio: image thumbnail" data-value="1485082-img87176"> <div style=" padding: .5em; border: 1px solid #eee; background-color: #fff; "> <small class="name">Figure 5 <small class="pull-right" style="margin-right: .5em;color:#999;top: 3px;position: relative;">(p. 25)</small><span class="d-none type">figure</span></small> <div style=" background-image:url('/biblio/1485082/image/000/125/0001256/3/t0087176.png'); background-repeat:no-repeat; background-size:contain; background-position-x: center; width: 100%; height: 175px; margin-top:.5em; "> </div> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="pagination-container small"> <a class="pure-button prev page" href="#" rel="prev"><span class="fa fa-angle-left"></span></a><ul class="pagination d-inline-block" style="padding-left:.2em;"></ul><a class="pure-button next page" href="#" rel="next"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span></a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 order-sm-3"> <ul class="nav nav-stacked"> <li class="active"><a href="" class="reference-type-filter tab-nav" data-tab="biblio-images" data-filter="type" data-pattern="*"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> All Images</a></li> <li class="small" style="margin-left:.75em; text-transform:capitalize;"><a href="" class="reference-type-filter tab-nav ga-click-event" data-tab="biblio-images" data-filter="type" data-pattern="figure" data-category="Extracted Images" data-label="biblio: image filter - figure"><span class="fa fa-angle-right"></span> figures<small class="text-muted"> (5)</small></a></li> </ul> <div style="margin-top:2em;"> <form class="pure-form small text-muted image-search"> <label for="image-search-text" class="sr-only">Search</label> <input class="search form-control pure-input-1" id="image-search-text" placeholder="Search" style="margin-bottom:10px;" /> <fieldset> <div style="margin-left:1em; font-weight:normal; line-height: 1.6em;"><input type="radio" class="sort ga-click-event" name="images-sort" data-sort="name" style="position:relative;top:2px;" id="image-search-sort-name" data-category="Extracted Images" data-label="biblio: image sort - name"><label for="image-search-sort-name" style="margin-left: .3em;">Sort by figure / table title</label></div> <div style="margin-left:1em; font-weight:normal; line-height: 1.6em;"><input type="radio" class="sort ga-click-event" name="images-sort" data-sort="order" style="position:relative;top:2px;" id="image-search-sort-date" data-category="Extracted Images" data-label="biblio: image sort - order"><label for="image-search-sort-date" style="margin-left: .3em;">Sort by page order</label></div> </fieldset> <div class="text-left" style="margin-top:1.5em;margin-left:1em;"> <a href="" class="filter-clear clearfix" title="Clear filter / sort" style="font-weight:normal; float:none;">[ × clear filter / sort ]</a> </div> </form> </div> <div class="text-muted small" style="margin-top:2em; padding:1em;"> <em>Figures/Tables have been extracted from DOE-funded journal article accepted manuscripts.</em> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section id="biblio-related" class="tab-content tab-content-sec " data-tab="biblio"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-sm-9 order-sm-9"> <section id="biblio-similar" class="tab-content tab-content-sec active" data-tab="related"> <div class="padding"> <p class="lead text-muted" style="font-size: 18px; margin-top:0px;">Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:</p> <aside> <ul class="item-list" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ItemList" style="padding-left:0; list-style-type: none;"> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="3" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/22788359-fastness-properties-color-analysis-natural-indigo-dye-compatibility-study-different-natural-reducing-agents" itemprop="url">Fastness Properties and Color Analysis of Natural Indigo Dye and Compatibility Study of Different Natural Reducing Agents</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Hossain, Md. Delwar, E-mail: delwar@duet.ac.bd</span> ; <span class="author">Khan, Md. Mashiur Rahman</span> ; <span class="author">Uddin, Md. Zulhash</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Journal of Polymers and the Environment</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">Conventional reduction process of indigo dyes with sodium dithionite produced lots of harmful byproducts and caused environmental pollution. A new reduction method should be introduced to textile dyer so that reduction can be less hazardous with low impact on the environment and energy resources. This study investigates an alternative reducing agent obtained from natural resources. Three different types of reducing agent are used, extracted from the Date palm, Banana and Apple by boiling method. To compare their effect on the reduction of the natural indigo dyestuff, different color fastness properties, pH and the color yield (K/S) were measured according to<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> the concentration of reducing agent and hydrated lime concentration. Outcomes show that K/S value varies with the amount of reducing agent. Average higher value shows from date palm among the three reducing agents at 25 °C & pH range 10.8–11. By using natural reducing agents, it can be possible to get satisfactory colorfastness and depth of shed compared to a synthetic reducing agent.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1007/S10924-016-0900-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="22788359" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AC" >https://doi.org/10.1007/S10924-016-0900-6</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="4" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/115334-biosynthesis-indigo-using-recombinant-coli-development-biological-system-cost-effective-production-large-volume-chemical" itemprop="url">Biosynthesis of indigo using recombinant E. coli: Development of a biological system for the cost-effective production of a large volume chemical</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Conference</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Berry, A</span> ; <span class="author">Battist, S</span> ; <span class="author">Chotani, G</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"></span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">Cost-effective production of any large-volume chemical by fermentation requires extensive manipulation of both the production organism and the fermentation and recovery processes. We have developed a recombinant E. coli system for the production of tryptophan and several other products derived from the aromatic amino acid pathway. By linking our technology for low-cost production of tryptophan from glucose with the enzyme naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO), we have achieved an overall process for the production of indigo dye from glucose. To successfully join these two technologies, both the tryptophan pathway and NDO were extensively modified via genetic engineering. In addition, systems were developed<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> to remove deleterious by-products generated during the chemical oxidations leading to indigo formation. Low-cost fermentation processes were developed that utilized minimal-salts media containing glucose as the sole carbon source. Finally, economical recovery processes were used that preserved the environmental friendliness of the biosynthetic route to indigo.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="5" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/4181766-clothing-decontamination-evaluation-laundry-methods" itemprop="url">CLOTHING DECONTAMINATION AND EVALUATION OF LAUNDRY METHODS</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Technical Report</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Hughes, D C</span> ; <span class="author">Parthum, Jr, A H</span> ; <span class="author">James, H</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"></span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">The over-all objectives of this project encompassed testing the suitability of standard and special laundering methods and standard equipment for field decontamination of clothing; evaluating the contaminability and decontaminability of selected fabrics, and testing of experimental clothing monitoring instruments. Garments and fabrics contaminated by controlled methods were used during the operation for testing the equipment and evaluating fabrics and formulae. 8tandard Army laundering methods and equipment, including wooden washers, were effective for decontaminating clothing in the field. A decontaminating laundry formula employing citric acid and tartaric acid followed by either an organic or inorganic chelating agent results in a higher<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> degree of decontamination than other formulae tested. The standard Quartermaster Corps mobile field laundry formula resulted in satisfactory decontamination with the type of soil and activity encountered and the cost of supplies is approximately one-tenth as much as the special formulae. Woolen garments and fabric swatches were decontanninated by laundering as readily as cotton or synthetic fabrics. Clothing monitoring instruments under development appear suitable for monitoring clothing under field conditions to determine the degree of contamination both before and after precessing. (auth)</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.2172/4181766" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="4181766" data-product-type="Technical Report" data-product-subtype="" >https://doi.org/10.2172/4181766</a></span></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc fulltext-link " href="/servlets/purl/4181766" title="Link to document media" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-ostiid="4181766" data-product-type="Technical Report" data-product-subtype="" >Full Text Available</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="6" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/biblio/10125611-community-geothermal-technology-program-cloth-dyeing-geothermal-steam-experiment-technology-transfer-from-japan-hawaii-final-report" itemprop="url">Community Geothermal Technology Program: Cloth dyeing by geothermal steam. An experiment in technology transfer from Japan to Hawaii, Final report</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Technical Report</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Furumoto, A S</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"></span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">This was an experiment to test whether cloth dyeing using geothermal steam (already proven in Japan) would be feasible in Hawaii. Results: Using a fabricated steam vat, cotton, silk, and synthetic can be dyed; the resulting material received high grades for steadfastness and permanency under dye testing. Techniques that were successful in Matsukawa, were replicated in Puna. However, attempts to embed leaf patterns on cloth using natural leaves and to extract natural dyes from Hawaiian plants were unsuccessful; the color of natural dyes deteriorated in hours. But chemical dyes gave brilliant hues or shades, in contrast to those in Japan<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> where the steam there gave subdued tones. It is concluded that geothermal dyeing can be a viable cottage industry in Puna, Hawaii.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.2172/10125611" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="10125611" data-product-type="Technical Report" data-product-subtype="" >https://doi.org/10.2172/10125611</a></span></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc fulltext-link " href="/servlets/purl/10125611" title="Link to document media" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-ostiid="10125611" data-product-type="Technical Report" data-product-subtype="" >Full Text Available</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> <li> <div class="article item document" itemprop="itemListElement" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/WebPage"><meta itemprop="position" content="7" /><div class="item-info"> <h2 class="title" itemprop="name headline"><a href="/pages/biblio/1543407-new-hints-maya-blue-formation-process-pca-assisted-situ-xrpd-pdf-optical-spectroscopy" itemprop="url">New hints on Maya Blue formation process by PCA-assisted in situ XRPD/PDF and optical spectroscopy</a></h2> <div class="metadata"> <small class="text-muted" style="text-transform:uppercase;display:block;line-height:2.5em;">Journal Article</small><span class="authors"> <span class="author">Caliandro, Rocco</span> ; <span class="author">Toson, Valentina</span> ; <span class="author">Palin, Luca</span> ; <span class="author">...</span> <span class="text-muted pubdata"> - Chemistry - A European Journal</span> </span> </div> <div class="abstract">The exact recipe to prepare the ancient Maya Blue (MB), an incredibly resistant and brilliant pigment prepared from indigo (dye) and Paligorskite (clay), is lost to the ages. To unravel the key features of the MB formation process, several inorganic-dye couples were heated to 200°C and cooled to RT, to investigate their reactivity and the diffusion and degree of sequestration of the dye into the inorganic host. In situ XRPD/PDF and fiber optic reflectance spectroscopy (FORS) data, sided by TGA, provided a comprehensive overview on MB formation mechanism. XRPD/PDF gave information on long/short range behaviors of water desorption/adsorption and indigo<a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().next().show().next().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;'>more »</a><span style='display:none;'> sequestration, while TGA and in situ FORS gave information on mass and optical changes within temperature. Ex situ dye removal was used to understand the sample stability after the thermal treatments. A statistical approach based on Principal Component Analysis was exploited to efficiently and jointly analyze the ~3000 collected patterns. MB formation starts below 110°C with disordered distribution of indigo within the channels, reaching maximum reaction speed and higher ordering at 150°C. Above 175°C, color changes and a stronger sequestration of indigo into framework channels are observed, while the affinity for water is dramatically reduced. The origin of different colors, hues and stability in historical MB samples can then explained in term of different thermal history of the starting mechanical indigo-palygorskite mixture.</span><a href='#' onclick='$(this).hide().prev().hide().prev().show();return false;' style='margin-left:10px;display:none;'>« less</a></div><div class="metadata-links small clearfix text-muted" style="margin-top:15px;"> <span class="fa fa-book text-muted" aria-hidden="true"></span> Cited by 14<div class="pure-menu pure-menu-horizontal pull-right" style="width:unset;"> <ul class="pure-menu-list"> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc doi-link " href="https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201901932" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="Link to document DOI" data-ostiid="1543407" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AM" >https://doi.org/10.1002/chem.201901932</a></span></li> <li class="pure-menu-item"><span class="item-info-ftlink"><a class="misc fulltext-link " href="/pages/servlets/purl/1543407" title="Link to document media" target="_blank" rel="noopener" data-ostiid="1543407" data-product-type="Journal Article" data-product-subtype="AM" >Full Text Available</a></span></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div class="clearfix"></div> </div> </li> </ul> </aside> </div> </section> </div> <div class="col-sm-3 order-sm-3"> <ul class="nav nav-stacked"> <li class="active"><a class="tab-nav disabled" data-tab="related" style="color: #636c72 !important; 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