DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: Time resolved surface photovoltage measurements using a big data capture approach to KPFM

Abstract

Optoelectronic behavior in materials such as organic/inorganic hybrid perovskites depend on a complex interplay between fast (electronic) and slower (ionic) processes. These processes are thought to be influenced by structural inhomogeneities (e.g. interfaces and grain boundaries) bringing forward the necessity for development of techniques capable of correlating nanostructure and photo-transport behavior. While Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is ideally suited to map surface potentials on relevant length scales, it lacks sufficient temporal resolution to extract the meaningful system dynamics. Here, we develop a time resolved surface photovoltage (SPV) measurement based on full information capture of the photodetector stream during open loop KPFM operation. G-Mode, or G-KPFM allows quantification of SPV with microsecond temporal and nanoscale spatial resolution. Using this technique, we observe concurrent spatial and fast temporal variations in the SPV generated across a methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) thin film, a possible indicator relating microstructure with heterogenous photo-transport behavior. Here, we further demonstrate the advantage of adopting big data analytics including unsupervised clustering methods to quickly discern spatial variability in the information rich SPV dataset. Beyond G-KPFM, such clustering methods will be useful for interpretation of the multidimensional datasets arising from the growing number of time resolved KPFM approaches nowmore » available.« less

Authors:
ORCiD logo [1];  [2];  [2]; ORCiD logo [2]; ORCiD logo [1];  [2]; ORCiD logo [1]; ORCiD logo [1]
  1. Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
  2. Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
OSTI Identifier:
1483186
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC05-00OR22725
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Nanotechnology
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 29; Journal Issue: 44; Journal ID: ISSN 0957-4484
Publisher:
IOP Publishing
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Kelvin probe force microscopy; organic inorganic hybrid perovskite; surface photovoltage; time resolved; big data

Citation Formats

Collins, Liam, Ahmadi, Mahshid, Qin, Jiajun, Liu, Yongtao, Ovchinnikova, Olga S., Hu, Bin, Jesse, Stephen, and Kalinin, Sergei V. Time resolved surface photovoltage measurements using a big data capture approach to KPFM. United States: N. p., 2018. Web. doi:10.1088/1361-6528/aad873.
Collins, Liam, Ahmadi, Mahshid, Qin, Jiajun, Liu, Yongtao, Ovchinnikova, Olga S., Hu, Bin, Jesse, Stephen, & Kalinin, Sergei V. Time resolved surface photovoltage measurements using a big data capture approach to KPFM. United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aad873
Collins, Liam, Ahmadi, Mahshid, Qin, Jiajun, Liu, Yongtao, Ovchinnikova, Olga S., Hu, Bin, Jesse, Stephen, and Kalinin, Sergei V. Thu . "Time resolved surface photovoltage measurements using a big data capture approach to KPFM". United States. https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/aad873. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1483186.
@article{osti_1483186,
title = {Time resolved surface photovoltage measurements using a big data capture approach to KPFM},
author = {Collins, Liam and Ahmadi, Mahshid and Qin, Jiajun and Liu, Yongtao and Ovchinnikova, Olga S. and Hu, Bin and Jesse, Stephen and Kalinin, Sergei V.},
abstractNote = {Optoelectronic behavior in materials such as organic/inorganic hybrid perovskites depend on a complex interplay between fast (electronic) and slower (ionic) processes. These processes are thought to be influenced by structural inhomogeneities (e.g. interfaces and grain boundaries) bringing forward the necessity for development of techniques capable of correlating nanostructure and photo-transport behavior. While Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) is ideally suited to map surface potentials on relevant length scales, it lacks sufficient temporal resolution to extract the meaningful system dynamics. Here, we develop a time resolved surface photovoltage (SPV) measurement based on full information capture of the photodetector stream during open loop KPFM operation. G-Mode, or G-KPFM allows quantification of SPV with microsecond temporal and nanoscale spatial resolution. Using this technique, we observe concurrent spatial and fast temporal variations in the SPV generated across a methylammonium lead bromide (MAPbBr3) thin film, a possible indicator relating microstructure with heterogenous photo-transport behavior. Here, we further demonstrate the advantage of adopting big data analytics including unsupervised clustering methods to quickly discern spatial variability in the information rich SPV dataset. Beyond G-KPFM, such clustering methods will be useful for interpretation of the multidimensional datasets arising from the growing number of time resolved KPFM approaches now available.},
doi = {10.1088/1361-6528/aad873},
journal = {Nanotechnology},
number = 44,
volume = 29,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Sep 06 00:00:00 EDT 2018},
month = {Thu Sep 06 00:00:00 EDT 2018}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record

Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 27 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

Measuring minority-carrier diffusion length using a Kelvin probe force microscope
journal, April 2000


Fast time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy: Achieving sub-cycle time resolution
journal, May 2016

  • Karatay, Durmus U.; Harrison, Jeffrey S.; Glaz, Micah S.
  • Review of Scientific Instruments, Vol. 87, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.4948396

FM demodulated Kelvin probe force microscopy for surface photovoltage tracking
journal, January 2005


Time-resolved electrostatic force microscopy of polymer solar cells
journal, August 2006

  • Coffey, David C.; Ginger, David S.
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat1712

Big, Deep, and Smart Data in Scanning Probe Microscopy
journal, September 2016


Dual harmonic Kelvin probe force microscopy at the graphene–liquid interface
journal, March 2014

  • Collins, Liam; Kilpatrick, Jason I.; Vlassiouk, Ivan V.
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 104, Issue 13
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.4870074

Nanoimaging of Open-Circuit Voltage in Photovoltaic Devices
journal, September 2015

  • Tennyson, Elizabeth M.; Garrett, Joseph L.; Frantz, Jesse A.
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 23
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201501142

Kelvin probe force microscopy
journal, June 1991

  • Nonnenmacher, M.; O’Boyle, M. P.; Wickramasinghe, H. K.
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 58, Issue 25
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.105227

Microsecond photocapacitance transients observed using a charged microcantilever as a gated mechanical integrator
journal, June 2017

  • Dwyer, Ryan P.; Nathan, Sarah R.; Marohn, John A.
  • Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 6
  • DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1602951

Giant switchable photovoltaic effect in organometal trihalide perovskite devices
journal, December 2014

  • Xiao, Zhengguo; Yuan, Yongbo; Shao, Yuchuan
  • Nature Materials, Vol. 14, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1038/nmat4150

Complete information acquisition in dynamic force microscopy
journal, March 2015

  • Belianinov, Alexei; Kalinin, Sergei V.; Jesse, Stephen
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms7550

Coupled Slow and Fast Charge Dynamics in Cesium Lead Bromide Perovskite
journal, January 2017


Solar cell efficiency tables (Version 45): Solar cell efficiency tables
journal, December 2014

  • Green, Martin A.; Emery, Keith; Hishikawa, Yoshihiro
  • Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 23, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1002/pip.2573

Kelvin probe force microscopy and its application
journal, January 2011


Switchable Ferroelectric Diode and Photovoltaic Effect in BiFeO 3
journal, February 2009


Anomalous Hysteresis in Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, April 2014

  • Snaith, Henry J.; Abate, Antonio; Ball, James M.
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1021/jz500113x

Pinning Down the Anomalous Light Soaking Effect toward High-Performance and Fast-Response Perovskite Solar Cells: The Ion-Migration-Induced Charge Accumulation
journal, October 2017

  • Zhang, Teng; Cheung, Sin Hang; Meng, Xiangyue
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 8, Issue 20
  • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02160

Slow Dynamic Processes in Lead Halide Perovskite Solar Cells. Characteristic Times and Hysteresis
journal, June 2014

  • Sanchez, Rafael S.; Gonzalez-Pedro, Victoria; Lee, Jin-Wook
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 13
  • DOI: 10.1021/jz5011187

Correlating Photoluminescence Heterogeneity with Local Electronic Properties in Methylammonium Lead Tribromide Perovskite Thin Films
journal, June 2017


Light-activated photocurrent degradation and self-healing in perovskite solar cells
journal, May 2016

  • Nie, Wanyi; Blancon, Jean-Christophe; Neukirch, Amanda J.
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms11574

Kelvin probe force microscopy of nanocrystalline TiO 2 photoelectrodes
journal, January 2013

  • Henning, Alex; Günzburger, Gino; Jöhr, Res
  • Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology, Vol. 4
  • DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.4.49

Electronic Characterization of Organic Thin Films by Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
journal, January 2006


Towards nanoscale electrical measurements in liquid by advanced KPFM techniques: a review
journal, July 2018

  • Collins, Liam; Kilpatrick, Jason I.; Kalinin, Sergei V.
  • Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 81, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/aab560

Spatial and temporal imaging of long-range charge transport in perovskite thin films by ultrafast microscopy
journal, June 2015

  • Guo, Zhi; Manser, Joseph S.; Wan, Yan
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8471

Minority carrier lifetime in polycrystalline silicon solar cells studied by photoassisted Kelvin probe force microscopy
journal, July 2008

  • Takihara, Masaki; Takahashi, Takuji; Ujihara, Toru
  • Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 93, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.2957468

Perovskites for Photovoltaics in the Spotlight: Photoinduced Physical Changes and Their Implications
journal, January 2016


Real-Time Nanoscale Open-Circuit Voltage Dynamics of Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, March 2017


Nanoscale Surface Photovoltage Mapping of 2D Materials and Heterostructures by Illuminated Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy
journal, December 2017

  • Shearer, Melinda J.; Li, Ming-Yang; Li, Lain-Jong
  • The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 122, Issue 25
  • DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b12579

Submicrosecond Time Resolution Atomic Force Microscopy for Probing Nanoscale Dynamics
journal, January 2012

  • Giridharagopal, Rajiv; Rayermann, Glennis E.; Shao, Guozheng
  • Nano Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1021/nl203956q

Breaking the Time Barrier in Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Fast Free Force Reconstruction Using the G-Mode Platform
journal, August 2017


Impact of microstructure on local carrier lifetime in perovskite solar cells
journal, April 2015


Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy on Bulk Heterojunction Polymer Blends
journal, May 2009

  • Maturová, Klára; Kemerink, Martijn; Wienk, Martijn M.
  • Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 19, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1002/adfm.200801283

Revealing Underlying Processes Involved in Light Soaking Effects and Hysteresis Phenomena in Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, May 2015

  • Zhao, Chen; Chen, Bingbing; Qiao, Xianfeng
  • Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.1002/aenm.201500279

Real-space observation of unbalanced charge distribution inside a perovskite-sensitized solar cell
journal, September 2014

  • Bergmann, Victor W.; Weber, Stefan A. L.; Javier Ramos, F.
  • Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6001

Imaging the surface potential of active purple membrane
journal, January 2002

  • Knapp, Helmut F.; Mesquida, Patrick; Stemmer, Andreas
  • Surface and Interface Analysis, Vol. 33, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1002/sia.1172

Multifrequency spectrum analysis using fully digital G Mode-Kelvin probe force microscopy
journal, February 2016


Measurement of Surface Photovoltage by Atomic Force Microscopy under Pulsed Illumination
journal, April 2016


Electrical Modes in Scanning Probe Microscopy
journal, July 2009

  • Berger, Rüdiger; Butt, Hans-Jürgen; Retschke, Maria B.
  • Macromolecular Rapid Communications, Vol. 30, Issue 14
  • DOI: 10.1002/marc.200900220

Anomalous photovoltaic effect in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells
journal, March 2017


Spectroscopic Characterization of Charged Defects in Polycrystalline Pentacene by Time- and Wavelength-Resolved Electric Force Microscopy
journal, December 2010

  • Luria, Justin L.; Schwarz, Kathleen A.; Jaquith, Michael J.
  • Advanced Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003073

Full data acquisition in Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy: Mapping dynamic electric phenomena in real space
journal, August 2016

  • Collins, Liam; Belianinov, Alex; Somnath, Suhas
  • Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1038/srep30557

Intensity-Modulated Scanning Kelvin Probe Microscopy for Probing Recombination in Organic Photovoltaics
journal, September 2014

  • Shao, Guozheng; Glaz, Micah S.; Ma, Fei
  • ACS Nano, Vol. 8, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1021/nn5045867

How the formation of interfacial charge causes hysteresis in perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2018

  • Weber, Stefan A. L.; Hermes, Ilka M.; Turren-Cruz, Silver-Hamill
  • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1039/C8EE01447G

Surface photovoltage phenomena: theory, experiment, and applications
journal, December 1999


Ultrafast Photovoltaic Response in Ferroelectric Nanolayers
journal, February 2012


Anomalous photovoltaic effect in organic-inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells
text, January 2017

  • Q., Wang,; Y., Yuan,; A., Gruverman,
  • The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
  • DOI: 10.17615/rmk0-ym05

Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy of Nanocrystalline TiO2 Photoelectrodes
text, January 2013


Works referencing / citing this record:

Twin domains modulate light-matter interactions in metal halide perovskites
journal, January 2020

  • Liu, Yongtao; Li, Mingxing; Wang, Miaosheng
  • APL Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1063/1.5127866

Imaging Metal Halide Perovskites Material and Properties at the Nanoscale
journal, December 2019


Nanoscale Polarization‐Resolved Surface Photovoltage of a Pleochroic Squaraine Thin Film
journal, September 2019

  • Balzer, Frank; Abdullaeva, Oliya S.; Maderitsch, Angelika
  • physica status solidi (b), Vol. 257, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1002/pssb.201900570

Nanoscale Polarization-Resolved Surface Photovoltage of a Pleochroic Squaraine Thin Film
text, January 2020