Skyrmion Lattice Topological Hall Effect near Room Temperature

Leroux, Maxime; Stolt, Matthew J.; Jin, Song; Pete, Douglas V.; Reichhardt, Charles; Maiorov, Boris

doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33560-2

Title: Skyrmion Lattice Topological Hall Effect near Room Temperature

Abstract

Magnetic skyrmions are stable nanosized spin structures that can be displaced at low electrical current densities. Because of these properties, they have been proposed as building blocks of future electronic devices with unprecedentedly high information density and low energy consumption. The electrical detection of an ordered skyrmion lattice via the Topological Hall Effect (THE) in a bulk crystal, has so far been demonstrated only at cryogenic temperatures in the MnSi family of compounds. Here, we report the observation of a skyrmion lattice Topological Hall Effect near room temperature (276 K) in a mesoscopic lamella carved from a bulk crystal of FeGe. This region coincides with the skyrmion lattice location revealed by neutron scattering. We provide clear evidence of a re-entrant helicoid magnetic phase adjacent to the skyrmion phase, and discuss the large THE amplitude (5 nΩ.cm) in view of the ordinary Hall Effect.

Authors:

^[1]; Stolt, Matthew J. ^[2];

^[2]; Pete, Douglas V. ^[3]; Reichhardt, Charles ^[1];

^[1]

Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Chemistry
Sandia National Lab. (SNL-NM), Albuquerque, NM (United States). Centre for Integrated Nanotechnologies

Publication Date:: 2018-10-19

Research Org.:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); LANL Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; National Science Foundation (NSF)

OSTI Identifier:: 1480015

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-17-29194
Journal ID: ISSN 2045-2322

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396; NA0003525; ECCS-1609585; DGE-1256259

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Scientific Reports

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 8; Journal ID: ISSN 2045-2322

Publisher:: Nature Publishing Group

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Material Science; skyrmion, Hall Effect,

Citation Formats


                    Leroux, Maxime, Stolt, Matthew J., Jin, Song, Pete, Douglas V., Reichhardt, Charles, and Maiorov, Boris. Skyrmion Lattice Topological Hall Effect near Room Temperature.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/s41598-018-33560-2.

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                    Leroux, Maxime, Stolt, Matthew J., Jin, Song, Pete, Douglas V., Reichhardt, Charles, & Maiorov, Boris. Skyrmion Lattice Topological Hall Effect near Room Temperature.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33560-2

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                    Leroux, Maxime, Stolt, Matthew J., Jin, Song, Pete, Douglas V., Reichhardt, Charles, and Maiorov, Boris. Fri .  
"Skyrmion Lattice Topological Hall Effect near Room Temperature".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-33560-2.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1480015.

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@article{osti_1480015,

  title        = {Skyrmion Lattice Topological Hall Effect near Room Temperature},

  author       = {Leroux, Maxime and Stolt, Matthew J. and Jin, Song and Pete, Douglas V. and Reichhardt, Charles and Maiorov, Boris},

  abstractNote = {Magnetic skyrmions are stable nanosized spin structures that can be displaced at low electrical current densities. Because of these properties, they have been proposed as building blocks of future electronic devices with unprecedentedly high information density and low energy consumption. The electrical detection of an ordered skyrmion lattice via the Topological Hall Effect (THE) in a bulk crystal, has so far been demonstrated only at cryogenic temperatures in the MnSi family of compounds. Here, we report the observation of a skyrmion lattice Topological Hall Effect near room temperature (276 K) in a mesoscopic lamella carved from a bulk crystal of FeGe. This region coincides with the skyrmion lattice location revealed by neutron scattering. We provide clear evidence of a re-entrant helicoid magnetic phase adjacent to the skyrmion phase, and discuss the large THE amplitude (5 nΩ.cm) in view of the ordinary Hall Effect.},

  doi          = {10.1038/s41598-018-33560-2},

  journal      = {Scientific Reports},

  number       = ,

  volume       = 8,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2018},

  month        = {10}

}

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Cited by: 18 works

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Figure 1.: Nanofabrication of electrical transport sample by Focused Ion Beam (FIB). (a) Electron microscope picture. False colours: (yellow) lamella sample, (blue) FeGe single crystal, (green) FIB nanoprobe tip. FeGe lamella sample carved from a pyramidal FeGe single crystal, before final cut and lift-out with nanoprobe. The single crystal ismore »

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Electrical Detection and Magnetic Imaging of Stabilized Magnetic Skyrmions in Fe ₁₋ _x Co _x Ge ( x < 0.1) Microplates
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Bornemann, Marcel; Grytsiuk, Sergii; Baumeister, Paul F.
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Statics and Dynamics of Skyrmions Interacting with Pinning: A Review
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Reichhardt, C.; Reichhardt, C. J. O.; Milosevic, M. V.
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Topological spin dynamics in cubic FeGe near room temperature

Journal Article Turgut, Emrah ; Stolt, Matthew J. ; Jin, Song ; ... - Journal of Applied Physics

Understanding spin-wave dynamics in chiral magnets is a key step for the development of high-speed, spin-wave based spintronic devices that take advantage of chiral and topological spin textures for their operation. Here, we present an experimental and theoretical study of spin-wave dynamics in a cubic B20 FeGe single crystal. Using the combination of waveguide microwave absorption spectroscopy (MAS), micromagnetic simulations, and analytical theory, we identify the resonance dynamics in all magnetic phases (field polarized, conical, helical, and skyrmion phases). Finally, because the resonance frequencies of specific chiral spin textures are unique, a quantitative agreement between our theoretical predictions and experimentalmore »« less
Cited by 16
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4997013

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Geometrically stabilized skyrmionic vortex in FeGe tetrahedral nanoparticles

Journal Article Niitsu, Kodai ; Liu, Yizhou ; Booth, Alexander C. ; ... - Nature Materials

The concept of topology has dramatically expanded the research landscape of magnetism, leading to the discovery of numerous magnetic textures with intriguing topological properties. A magnetic skyrmion is an emergent topological magnetic texture with a string-like structure in three dimensions and a disk-like structure in one and two dimensions. Skyrmions in zero dimensions have remained elusive due to challenges from many competing orders. Here, by combining electron holography and micromagnetic simulations, we uncover the real-space magnetic configurations of a skyrmionic vortex structure confined in a B20-type FeGe tetrahedral nanoparticle. An isolated skyrmionic vortex forms at the ground state and thismore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41563-021-01186-x

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Skyrmions and spirals in MnSi under hydrostatic pressure

Journal Article Bannenberg, L. J. ; Sadykov, R. ; Dalgliesh, R. M. ; ... - Physical Review B

The archetype cubic chiral magnet MnSi is home to some of the most fascinating states in condensed matter, such as skyrmions and a non-Fermi-liquid behavior in conjunction with a topological Hall effect under hydrostatic pressure. Using small angle neutron scattering, we study the evolution of the helimagnetic, conical, and skyrmionic correlations with increasing hydrostatic pressure. We show that the helical propagation vector smoothly reorients from < 111 > to < 100 > at intermediate pressures. At higher pressures, above the critical pressure, the long-range helimagnetic order disappears at zero magnetic field. Nevertheless, skyrmion lattices and conical spirals form under magneticmore »« less
Cited by 7
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.100.054447

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Reorientations, relaxations, metastabilities, and multidomains of skyrmion lattices

Journal Article Bannenberg, L. J. ; Qian, F. ; Dalgliesh, R. M. ; ... - Physical Review B

Magnetic skyrmions are nanosized topologically protected spin textures with particlelike properties. They can form lattices perpendicular to the magnetic field, and the orientation of these skyrmion lattices with respect to the crystallographic lattice is governed by spin-orbit coupling. By performing small-angle neutron scattering measurements, we investigate the coupling between the crystallographic and skyrmion lattices in both Cu₂OSeO₃ and the archetype chiral magnet MnSi. The results reveal that the orientation of the skyrmion lattice is primarily determined by the magnetic field direction with respect to the crystallographic lattice. In addition, it is also influenced by the magnetic history of the sample,more »« less
Cited by 27
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.96.184416

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Role of critical fluctuations in the formation of a skyrmion lattice in MnSi

Journal Article Chubova, N. M., E-mail: chubova@lns.pnpi.spb.ru ; Moskvin, E. V. ; Dyad’kin, V. A. ; ... - Journal of Experimental and Theoretical Physics

The region in the H–T phase diagram near the critical temperature (T{sub c}) of the cubic helicoidal MnSi magnet is comprehensively studied by small-angle neutron diffraction. Magnetic field H is applied along the [111] axis. The experimental geometry is chosen to simultaneously observe the following three different magnetic states of the system: (a) critical fluctuations of a spin spiral with randomly orientated wavevector k{sub f}, (b) conical structure with k{sub c} ǁ H, and (c) hexagonal skyrmion lattice with k{sub sk} ⊥ H. Both states (conical structure, and skyrmion lattice) are shown to exist above critical temperature T{sub c} =more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063776117100119

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Title: Skyrmion Lattice Topological Hall Effect near Room Temperature

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Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions journal, December 2013

Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications journal, June 2017

Skyrmions on the track journal, March 2013

Magnetic skyrmions: from fundamental to applications journal, September 2016

Dynamics of magnetic skyrmions journal, January 2015

Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals journal, August 2006

Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet journal, February 2009

Near room-temperature formation of a skyrmion crystal in thin-films of the helimagnet FeGe journal, December 2010

Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures journal, January 2016

Tunable room-temperature magnetic skyrmions in Ir/Fe/Co/Pt multilayers journal, July 2017

Electrical detection of single magnetic skyrmions in metallic multilayers at room temperature journal, January 2018

Anisotropic Superexchange Interaction and Weak Ferromagnetism journal, October 1960

Topological effects in nanomagnetism: from superparamagnetism to chiral quantum solitons journal, February 2012

Spin Transfer Torques in MnSi at Ultralow Current Densities journal, December 2010

Emergent electrodynamics of skyrmions in a chiral magnet journal, February 2012

Collective Transport Properties of Driven Skyrmions with Random Disorder journal, May 2015

Topological Hall Effect in the A Phase of MnSi journal, May 2009

Real-Space and Reciprocal-Space Berry Phases in the Hall Effect of Mn 1 − x Fe x Si journal, May 2014

Current-driven dynamics of skyrmions stabilized in MnSi nanowires revealed by topological Hall effect journal, September 2015

Giant generic topological Hall resistivity of MnSi under pressure journal, April 2013

Robust Zero-Field Skyrmion Formation in FeGe Epitaxial Thin Films journal, January 2017

Discretized topological Hall effect emerging from skyrmions in constricted geometry journal, January 2015

Chiral bobbers and skyrmions in epitaxial FeGe/Si(111) films journal, April 2018

Current-induced skyrmion dynamics in constricted geometries journal, September 2013

Magnetic skyrmion logic gates: conversion, duplication and merging of skyrmions journal, March 2015

Blowing magnetic skyrmion bubbles journal, June 2015

Dynamics and inertia of skyrmionic spin structures journal, February 2015

Observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions and their current-driven dynamics in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets journal, February 2016

Magnetic skyrmions in confined geometries: Effect of the magnetic field and the disorder journal, June 2018

Skyrmion flow near room temperature in an ultralow current density journal, January 2012

A new class of chiral materials hosting magnetic skyrmions beyond room temperature journal, July 2015

Current-Induced Nucleation and Annihilation of Magnetic Skyrmions at Room Temperature in a Chiral Magnet journal, March 2017

Internal structure of hexagonal skyrmion lattices in cubic helimagnets journal, September 2016

Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Cubic FeGe Nanowires That Support Stabilized Magnetic Skyrmions journal, December 2016

Complex Chiral Modulations in FeGe Close to Magnetic Ordering journal, February 2013

Thermodynamic investigations in the precursor region of FeGe journal, February 2013

Topological spin dynamics in cubic FeGe near room temperature journal, November 2017

Room-temperature helimagnetism in FeGe thin films journal, March 2017

Experimental observation of chiral magnetic bobbers in B20-type FeGe journal, April 2018

Hall effect and transmission electron microscopy of epitaxial MnSi thin films journal, December 2014

Comment on “Robust Formation of Skyrmions and Topological Hall Effect Anomaly in Epitaxial Thin Films of MnSi” journal, February 2014

Neutron study of in-plane skyrmions in MnSi thin films journal, August 2017

Scaling study and thermodynamic properties of the cubic helimagnet FeGe journal, October 2016

First-Order Transition from a Kondo Insulator to a Ferromagnetic Metal in Single Crystalline F e S i 1 − x G e x journal, July 2003

Metallic State in Cubic FeGe Beyond Its Quantum Phase Transition journal, January 2007

Real-space Berry phases: Skyrmion soccer (invited) journal, May 2014

A nontrivial crossover in topological Hall effect regimes journal, December 2017

Critical phenomena of emergent magnetic monopoles in a chiral magnet journal, May 2016

The Partial Equilibrium Diagram of the Fe-Ge System in the Range 40-72 at. % Ge, and the Crystallisation of some Iron Germanides by Chemical Transport Reactions. journal, January 1967

Quantum phase transitions in single-crystal Mn 1 − x Fe x Si and Mn 1 − x Co x Si : Crystal growth, magnetization, ac susceptibility, and specific heat journal, August 2010

Magnetic structures of cubic FeGe studied by small-angle neutron scattering journal, September 1989

Internal structure of hexagonal skyrmion lattices in cubic helimagnets dataset, January 2016

Thermodynamic investigations in the precursor region of FeGe journal, February 2013

Magnetic skyrmions in confined geometries: Effect of the magnetic field and the disorder journal, June 2018

Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications journal, June 2017

Skyrmion flow near room temperature in an ultralow current density journal, January 2012

Near room-temperature formation of a skyrmion crystal in thin-films of the helimagnet FeGe journal, December 2010

Observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions and their current-driven dynamics in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets journal, February 2016

Current-induced skyrmion dynamics in constricted geometries journal, September 2013

Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions journal, December 2013

Demagnetizing factors for rectangular ferromagnetic prisms journal, March 1998

Topological effects in nanomagnetism: from superparamagnetism to chiral quantum solitons journal, February 2012

Magnetic skyrmions: from fundamental to applications journal, September 2016

Magnetic structures of cubic FeGe studied by small-angle neutron scattering journal, September 1989

Dynamics of magnetic skyrmions journal, January 2015

Scattering mechanisms in textured FeGe thin films: Magnetoresistance and the anomalous Hall effect journal, July 2014

Precursor Phenomena at the Magnetic Ordering of the Cubic Helimagnet FeGe journal, September 2011

Extended Skyrmion Phase in Epitaxial FeGe ( 111 ) Thin Films journal, June 2012

Directional Spin Wave in Spin-Torque Oscillators Induced by Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction journal, January 2017

Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet journal, February 2009

The Partial Equilibrium Diagram of the Fe-Ge System in the Range 40-72 at. % Ge, and the Crystallisation of some Iron Germanides by Chemical Transport Reactions. journal, January 1967

Topological Hall effect in the A-phase of MnSi text, January 2009

Emergent electrodynamics of skyrmions in a chiral magnet text, January 2012

Real-Space Berry Phases - Skyrmion Soccer text, January 2014

Collective Transport Properties of Driven Skyrmions with Random Disorder text, January 2014

Current-Driven Dynamics of Skyrmions Stabilized in MnSi Nanowires Revealed by Topological Hall Effect text, January 2015

Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions
journal, December 2013

Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications
journal, June 2017

Skyrmions on the track
journal, March 2013

Magnetic skyrmions: from fundamental to applications
journal, September 2016

Dynamics of magnetic skyrmions
journal, January 2015

Spontaneous skyrmion ground states in magnetic metals
journal, August 2006

Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet
journal, February 2009

Near room-temperature formation of a skyrmion crystal in thin-films of the helimagnet FeGe
journal, December 2010

Room-temperature chiral magnetic skyrmions in ultrathin magnetic nanostructures
journal, January 2016

Tunable room-temperature magnetic skyrmions in Ir/Fe/Co/Pt multilayers
journal, July 2017

Electrical detection of single magnetic skyrmions in metallic multilayers at room temperature
journal, January 2018

Anisotropic Superexchange Interaction and Weak Ferromagnetism
journal, October 1960

Topological effects in nanomagnetism: from superparamagnetism to chiral quantum solitons
journal, February 2012

Spin Transfer Torques in MnSi at Ultralow Current Densities
journal, December 2010

Emergent electrodynamics of skyrmions in a chiral magnet
journal, February 2012

Collective Transport Properties of Driven Skyrmions with Random Disorder
journal, May 2015

Topological Hall Effect in the $A$ Phase of MnSi
journal, May 2009

Real-Space and Reciprocal-Space Berry Phases in the Hall Effect of ${Mn}_{1 - x} {Fe}_{x} Si$
journal, May 2014

Current-driven dynamics of skyrmions stabilized in MnSi nanowires revealed by topological Hall effect
journal, September 2015

Giant generic topological Hall resistivity of MnSi under pressure
journal, April 2013

Robust Zero-Field Skyrmion Formation in FeGe Epitaxial Thin Films
journal, January 2017

Discretized topological Hall effect emerging from skyrmions in constricted geometry
journal, January 2015

Chiral bobbers and skyrmions in epitaxial FeGe/Si(111) films
journal, April 2018

Current-induced skyrmion dynamics in constricted geometries
journal, September 2013

Magnetic skyrmion logic gates: conversion, duplication and merging of skyrmions
journal, March 2015

Blowing magnetic skyrmion bubbles
journal, June 2015

Dynamics and inertia of skyrmionic spin structures
journal, February 2015

Observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions and their current-driven dynamics in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets
journal, February 2016

Magnetic skyrmions in confined geometries: Effect of the magnetic field and the disorder
journal, June 2018

Skyrmion flow near room temperature in an ultralow current density
journal, January 2012

A new class of chiral materials hosting magnetic skyrmions beyond room temperature
journal, July 2015

Current-Induced Nucleation and Annihilation of Magnetic Skyrmions at Room Temperature in a Chiral Magnet
journal, March 2017

Internal structure of hexagonal skyrmion lattices in cubic helimagnets
journal, September 2016

Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition Growth of Cubic FeGe Nanowires That Support Stabilized Magnetic Skyrmions
journal, December 2016

Complex Chiral Modulations in FeGe Close to Magnetic Ordering
journal, February 2013

Thermodynamic investigations in the precursor region of FeGe
journal, February 2013

Topological spin dynamics in cubic FeGe near room temperature
journal, November 2017

Room-temperature helimagnetism in FeGe thin films
journal, March 2017

Experimental observation of chiral magnetic bobbers in B20-type FeGe
journal, April 2018

Hall effect and transmission electron microscopy of epitaxial MnSi thin films
journal, December 2014

Comment on “Robust Formation of Skyrmions and Topological Hall Effect Anomaly in Epitaxial Thin Films of MnSi”
journal, February 2014

Neutron study of in-plane skyrmions in MnSi thin films
journal, August 2017

Scaling study and thermodynamic properties of the cubic helimagnet FeGe
journal, October 2016

First-Order Transition from a Kondo Insulator to a Ferromagnetic Metal in Single Crystalline ${F e S i}_{1 - x} {G e}_{x}$
journal, July 2003

Metallic State in Cubic FeGe Beyond Its Quantum Phase Transition
journal, January 2007

Real-space Berry phases: Skyrmion soccer (invited)
journal, May 2014

A nontrivial crossover in topological Hall effect regimes
journal, December 2017

Critical phenomena of emergent magnetic monopoles in a chiral magnet
journal, May 2016

The Partial Equilibrium Diagram of the Fe-Ge System in the Range 40-72 at. % Ge, and the Crystallisation of some Iron Germanides by Chemical Transport Reactions.
journal, January 1967

Quantum phase transitions in single-crystal ${Mn}_{1 - x} {Fe}_{x} Si$ and ${Mn}_{1 - x} {Co}_{x} Si$ : Crystal growth, magnetization, ac susceptibility, and specific heat
journal, August 2010

Magnetic structures of cubic FeGe studied by small-angle neutron scattering
journal, September 1989

Internal structure of hexagonal skyrmion lattices in cubic helimagnets
dataset, January 2016

Thermodynamic investigations in the precursor region of FeGe
journal, February 2013

Magnetic skyrmions in confined geometries: Effect of the magnetic field and the disorder
journal, June 2018

Magnetic skyrmions: advances in physics and potential applications
journal, June 2017

Skyrmion flow near room temperature in an ultralow current density
journal, January 2012

Near room-temperature formation of a skyrmion crystal in thin-films of the helimagnet FeGe
journal, December 2010

Observation of room-temperature magnetic skyrmions and their current-driven dynamics in ultrathin metallic ferromagnets
journal, February 2016

Current-induced skyrmion dynamics in constricted geometries
journal, September 2013

Topological properties and dynamics of magnetic skyrmions
journal, December 2013

Demagnetizing factors for rectangular ferromagnetic prisms
journal, March 1998

Topological effects in nanomagnetism: from superparamagnetism to chiral quantum solitons
journal, February 2012

Magnetic skyrmions: from fundamental to applications
journal, September 2016

Magnetic structures of cubic FeGe studied by small-angle neutron scattering
journal, September 1989

Dynamics of magnetic skyrmions
journal, January 2015

Scattering mechanisms in textured FeGe thin films: Magnetoresistance and the anomalous Hall effect
journal, July 2014

Precursor Phenomena at the Magnetic Ordering of the Cubic Helimagnet FeGe
journal, September 2011

Extended Skyrmion Phase in Epitaxial $FeGe (111)$ Thin Films
journal, June 2012

Directional Spin Wave in Spin-Torque Oscillators Induced by Interfacial Dzyaloshinskii–Moriya Interaction
journal, January 2017

Skyrmion Lattice in a Chiral Magnet
journal, February 2009

The Partial Equilibrium Diagram of the Fe-Ge System in the Range 40-72 at. % Ge, and the Crystallisation of some Iron Germanides by Chemical Transport Reactions.
journal, January 1967

Topological Hall effect in the A-phase of MnSi
text, January 2009

Emergent electrodynamics of skyrmions in a chiral magnet
text, January 2012

Real-Space Berry Phases - Skyrmion Soccer
text, January 2014

Collective Transport Properties of Driven Skyrmions with Random Disorder
text, January 2014

Current-Driven Dynamics of Skyrmions Stabilized in MnSi Nanowires Revealed by Topological Hall Effect
text, January 2015

A new class of chiral materials hosting magnetic skyrmions beyond room temperature
text, January 2015

Internal structure of hexagonal skyrmion lattices in cubic helimagnets
text, January 2016

Tunable Room Temperature Magnetic Skyrmions in Ir/Fe/Co/Pt Multilayers
text, January 2016

Experimental observation of magnetic bobbers for a new concept of magnetic solid-state memory
text, January 2017