A Review of Recent Advances in the Understanding of Liquid Metal Embrittlement

Kolman, David

doi:10.5006/2904

Title: A Review of Recent Advances in the Understanding of Liquid Metal Embrittlement

Abstract

Significant advances in the study of liquid metal embrittlement have occurred since 2000 but there have been few reviews of the liquid metal embrittlement literature since that time. This paper discusses recent advances in modelling and testing. Specific solid - liquid systems (including steel exposed to molten lead-bismuth and aluminum - gallium ) are reviewed. Relationships between various studies are considered and the need for careful test protocols is emphasized. The individual effects of wetting, crack initiation and propagation are discussed. Finally, mechanisms of liquid metal embrittlement including interatomic and mass-transport based phenomena are analyzed.

Authors:

Kolman, David ^[1]

Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Publication Date:: Tue Sep 18 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE

OSTI Identifier:: 1479997

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-18-24764
Journal ID: ISSN 0010-9312

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Corrosion

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 75; Journal Issue: 1; Journal ID: ISSN 0010-9312

Publisher:: NACE International

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; liquid metal embrittlement; environmentally assisted cracking

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                    Kolman, David. A Review of Recent Advances in the Understanding of Liquid Metal Embrittlement.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.5006/2904.

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                    Kolman, David. A Review of Recent Advances in the Understanding of Liquid Metal Embrittlement.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.5006/2904

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                    Kolman, David. Tue .  
"A Review of Recent Advances in the Understanding of Liquid Metal Embrittlement".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.5006/2904.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1479997.

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@article{osti_1479997,

  title        = {A Review of Recent Advances in the Understanding of Liquid Metal Embrittlement},

  author       = {Kolman, David},

  abstractNote = {Significant advances in the study of liquid metal embrittlement have occurred since 2000 but there have been few reviews of the liquid metal embrittlement literature since that time. This paper discusses recent advances in modelling and testing. Specific solid - liquid systems (including steel exposed to molten lead-bismuth and aluminum - gallium ) are reviewed. Relationships between various studies are considered and the need for careful test protocols is emphasized. The individual effects of wetting, crack initiation and propagation are discussed. Finally, mechanisms of liquid metal embrittlement including interatomic and mass-transport based phenomena are analyzed.},

  doi          = {10.5006/2904},

  journal      = {Corrosion},

  number       = 1,

  volume       = 75,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Tue Sep 18 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Tue Sep 18 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Figures / Tables:

Table 1: References to recently studied solid metal – liquid metal couples

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Works referenced in this record:

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Modelling of liquid sodium induced crack propagation in T91 martensitic steel: Competition with ductile fracture
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Hemery, Samuel; Berdin, Clotilde; Auger, Thierry
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Comparative study of the behavior of different highly alloyed steels in liquid sodium
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Proriol Serre, Ingrid; Hamdane, Ouadie; Vogt, Jean-Bernard
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Corrosion behavior and microstructural evolution of ASTM A182 Grade 92 steel in liquid sodium at 650°C
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Shin, Sang Hun; Kim, Jun Hwan; Kim, Ji Hyun
Corrosion Science, Vol. 97
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Evaluation of liquid metal embrittlement susceptibility of oxide dispersion strengthened steel MA956
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Baker, B. W.; Brewer, L. N.
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Cavity formation and accelerated plastic strain in T91 steel in contact with liquid lead
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Gamaoun, F.; Dupeux, M.; Ghetta, V.
Scripta Materialia, Vol. 50, Issue 5
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Corrosion of ferritic–martensitic steels in the eutectic Pb–17Li
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Glasbrenner, H.; Konys, J.; Röhrig, H. D.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 283-287
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Behaviour of the steel T91 under uniaxial and multiaxial slow loading in contact with liquid lead
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Hojná, Anna; Di Gabriele, Fosca; Klecka, Jakub
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 466
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Mechanical properties of the steel T91 in contact with lead
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Klecka, Jakub; Di Gabriele, Fosca; Hojna, Anna
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LME induced failure of a combat aircraft gun
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Mansoor, M.; Salam, I.; Tauqir, A.
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Influence of Exposure to Pb-Li on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of 9Cr-ODS and CLAM Steels
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Li, Y. F.; Kondo, M.; Nagasaka, T.
Fusion Science and Technology, Vol. 60, Issue 1
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Influence of lead and Pb−Bi eutectic melts on the mechanical properties of 20Kh13 ferritic–martensitic steel
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Yas’kiv, O. І.; Fedirko, V. M.
Materials Science, Vol. 48, Issue 3
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Effect of Lead and Lead–Bismuth Eutectic Melts on the Fatigue Life of Steels of the Martensitic and Austenitic Classes
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Yas’kiv, O. I.; Fedirko, V. M.; Kukhar, I. S.
Materials Science, Vol. 50, Issue 1
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Influence of Oxygen-Containing Lead Melts on the Fatigue Strength of AISI 409L Steel at Elevated Temperatures
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Yas’kiv, О. І.; Fedirko, V. М.; Kukhar, І. S.
Materials Science, Vol. 50, Issue 5
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Hojna, Anna; Di Gabriele, Fosca; Klecka, Jakub
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Effects of temperature and strain rate on the tensile behaviors of SIMP steel in static lead bismuth eutectic
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Liu, Jian; Yan, Wei; Sha, Wei
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 473
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Auger, T.; Lorang, G.
Scripta Materialia, Vol. 52, Issue 12
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Role of oxidation on LME of T91 steel studied by small punch test
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Auger, T.; Serre, I.; Lorang, G.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 376, Issue 3
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FeCrAlY and TiN coatings on T91 steel after irradiation with 72MeV protons in flowing LBE
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Dai, Y.; Boutellier, V.; Gavillet, D.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 431, Issue 1-3
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Investigating liquid-metal embrittlement of T91 steel by fracture toughness tests
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Ersoy, Feyzan; Gavrilov, Serguei; Verbeken, Kim
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 472
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Effect of liquid metal embrittlement on low cycle fatigue properties and fatigue crack propagation behavior of a modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic–martensitic steel in an oxygen-controlled lead–bismuth eutectic environment at 350 °C
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Gong, Xing; Marmy, Pierre; Qin, Ling
Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 618
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Low cycle fatigue behavior of a modified 9Cr–1Mo ferritic–martensitic steel in lead–bismuth eutectic at 350°C – Effects of oxygen concentration in the liquid metal and strain rate
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Gong, Xing; Marmy, Pierre; Verlinden, Bert
Corrosion Science, Vol. 94
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Multiscale investigation of quasi-brittle fracture characteristics in a 9Cr–1Mo ferritic–martensitic steel embrittled by liquid lead–bismuth under low cycle fatigue
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Gong, Xing; Marmy, Pierre; Volodin, Alexander
Corrosion Science, Vol. 102
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Temperature dependence of liquid metal embrittlement susceptibility of a modified 9Cr–1Mo steel under low cycle fatigue in lead–bismuth eutectic at 160–450 °C
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Gong, Xing; Marmy, Pierre; Qin, Ling
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 468
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Tensile fracture behavior of notched 9Cr-1Mo ferritic-martensitic steel specimens in contact with liquid lead-bismuth eutectic at 350 °C
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Gong, Xing; Stergar, Erich; Marmy, Pierre
Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 692
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Influence of liquid lead and lead–bismuth eutectic on tensile, fatigue and creep properties of ferritic/martensitic and austenitic steels for transmutation systems
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Gorse, D.; Auger, T.; Vogt, J. -B.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 415, Issue 3
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Temperature effect in the maximum propagation rate of a liquid metal filled crack: The T91 martensitic steel/Lead–Bismuth Eutectic system
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Hadjem-Hamouche, Z.; Auger, T.; Guillot, I.
Corrosion Science, Vol. 51, Issue 11
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Susceptibility to LME of 316L and T91 steels by LBE: Effect of strain rate
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Hamouche-Hadjem, Zehoua; Auger, Thierry; Guillot, Ivan
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Hojna, A.; Di Gabriele, F.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 413, Issue 1
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Behaviour of pre-stressed T91 and ODS steels exposed to liquid lead-bismuth eutectic
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Hojna, Anna; Hadraba, Hynek; Di Gabriele, Fosca
Corrosion Science, Vol. 131
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Jianu, A.; Müller, G.; Weisenburger, A.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 394, Issue 1
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Comparison of the mechanical properties of T91 steel from the MEGAPIE, and TWIN-ASTIR irradiation programs
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Long, B.; Tong, Z.; Gröschel, F.
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Liquid metal embrittlement of T91 martensitic steel evidenced by small punch test
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Nuclear Engineering and Design, Vol. 237, Issue 7
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Mechanical behavior of coated T91 steel in contact with lead–bismuth liquid alloy at 300°C
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Proriol Serre, I.; Diop, I.; David, N.
Surface and Coatings Technology, Vol. 205, Issue 19
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Influence of LBE long term exposure and simultaneous fast neutron irradiation on the mechanical properties of T91 and 316L
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Stergar, E.; Eremin, S. G.; Gavrilov, S.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 473
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Bosch, J. Van den; Almazouzi, A.
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Fracture toughness assessment of ferritic–martensitic steel in liquid lead–bismuth eutectic
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TWIN ASTIR: First tensile results of T91 and 316L steel after neutron irradiation in contact with liquid lead–bismuth eutectic
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Van den Bosch, J.; Coen, G.; Bosch, R. W.
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Compatibility of ferritic–martensitic steel T91 welds with liquid lead–bismuth eutectic: Comparison between TIG and EB welds
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Van den Bosch, J.; Coen, G.; Van Renterghem, W.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 396, Issue 1
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Van den Bosch, J.; Hosemann, P.; Almazouzi, A.
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Van den Bosch, J.; Coen, G.; Hosemann, P.
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Mechanical behaviour of the T91 martensitic steel under monotonic and cyclic loadings in liquid metals
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Vogt, J. -B.; Verleene, A.; Serre, I.
Journal of Nuclear Materials, Vol. 335, Issue 2
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Ye, Changqing; Vogt, Jean-Bernard; Proriol-Serre, Ingrid
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Liquid metal embrittlement of the T91 steel in lead bismuth eutectic: The role of loading rate and of the oxygen content in the liquid metal
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Ye, Changqing; Vogt, Jean-Bernard; Proriol Serre, Ingrid
Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 608
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Liquid metal embrittlement of tensile specimens of En19 steel by tin
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Engineering Failure Analysis, Vol. 10, Issue 1
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Ashiri, Rouholah; Haque, Md Anwarul; Ji, Chang-Wook
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Liquid metal embrittlement-free welds of Zn-coated twinning induced plasticity steels
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Ashiri, Rouholah; Shamanian, Morteza; Salimijazi, Hamid Reza
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Beal, Coline; Kleber, Xavier; Fabregue, Damien
Philosophical Magazine Letters, Vol. 91, Issue 4
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Liquid zinc embrittlement of twinning-induced plasticity steel
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Beal, Coline; Kleber, Xavier; Fabregue, Damien
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Embrittlement of a zinc coated high manganese TWIP steel
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Beal, Coline; Kleber, Xavier; Fabregue, Damien
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Embrittlement of a High Manganese TWIP Steel in the Presence of Liquid Zinc
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Beal, Coline; Kleber, Xavier; Fabrègue, Damien
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Microstructure of liquid metal embrittlement cracks on Zn-coated 22MnB5 press-hardened steel
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Jung, Geunsu; Woo, In Soo; Suh, Dong Woo
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Zn Penetration in Liquid Metal Embrittled TWIP Steel
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Kim, Doyub; Kang, Jee-Hyun; Kim, Sung-Joon
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Luithle, A.; Pohl, M.
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Mendala, Jacek; Liberski, Piotr
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Seok, Ho-Hyun; Mun, Jae-Chul; Kang, Chung-gil
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Takahashi, Masaru; Nakata, Masahiro; Imai, Kazuhito
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Hot tearing characteristics of Mg–2Ca–xZn alloys
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Song, Jiangfeng; Wang, Zhi; Huang, Yuanding
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Works referencing / citing this record:

Phenomenon of skin effect in metals due to hydrogen absorption
journal, October 2019

Polyanskiy, V. A.; Belyaev, A. K.; Alekseeva, E. L.
Continuum Mechanics and Thermodynamics, Vol. 31, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1007/s00161-019-00839-2

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METALLURGY DIVISION QUARTERLY PROGRESS REPORT FOR PERIOD ENDING OCTOBER 31, 1951

Technical Report Bridges, W.H. ed.

Eleven thorium-carbon alloys in the range 0.02 to 2.0% carbon were prepared by vacuum-arc melting. The hardness varied from 19 R/sub A/ for the 0.02% alloy to 108 R/sub B/ for the 2.0% alloy. The preparation of thorium- chromium alloy was hampered by a reaction with the zirconia molds, which results in porosity in the casting. The failure of aluminum-silicon bonded X-10 slugs after heat treatment for seven days at 400 deg C was traced to the failure to remove tin after the tin dip and the presence of a gas during heat treatment. Tensile tests were made on extrudedmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.2172/4195856

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Methods to combat liquid metal embrittlement in cryogenic aluminum heat exchangers

Book Wilhelm, S M ; McArthur, A ; Kane, R D

Liquid metal embrittlement (LME) is a rare but potentially catastrophic failure mechanism for chemical process equipment. Aluminum heat exchangers that process natural gas liquids are particularly at risk due to mercury contamination in natural gas feedstocks. Mechanisms of liquid metal attack peculiar to the Al/Hg system include amalgamation, amalgam corrosion, LME and intergranular attack that is preferential to weldments. The paper reports the results of a program directed at prevention and remediation of liquid metal attack of cryogenic aluminum heat exchangers. The specific topics discussed are (1) detection of liquid metal embrittlement using acoustic emission techniques (2) a chemical processmore »« less

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Title: A Review of Recent Advances in the Understanding of Liquid Metal Embrittlement

Abstract

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Figures / Tables:

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ga Penetration along Grain Boundaries in Al: a Dislocation Climb Mechanism text, January 2007

Liquid metal embrittlement susceptibility of T91 steel by lead?bismuth journal, June 2005

The Possibility of the LME Phenomenon in Elements Subjected to Metallization in Zn Bath with Bi Addition journal, January 2015

Gallium-induced magnesium enrichment on grain boundary and the gallium effect on degradation of tensile properties of aluminum alloys journal, July 2006

Liquid Metal Embrittlement in Resistance Spot Welding and Hot Tensile Tests of Surface-refined TWIP Steels journal, March 2016

Embrittlement of a martensitic steel by liquid lead journal, November 2000

The risk of liquid metal embrittlement of the Z10CDNbV 9-1 martensitic steel journal, September 2002

Effect of heat treatment on liquid sodium embrittlement of T91 martensitic steel journal, December 2011

Lead induced intergranular fracture in aluminum alloy AA6262 journal, November 2003

Corrosion of metallic materials in flowing liquid lead-bismuth journal, September 2002

Analysis of liquid metal embrittlement from a bond energy viewpoint journal, January 1975

Modelling of liquid sodium induced crack propagation in T91 martensitic steel: Competition with ductile fracture journal, December 2016

LME induced failure of a combat aircraft gun journal, October 2008

Welded Joint Cracking in Martensitic Stainless Steel Precipitation-Sthregthened with Copper / Pękanie Złącz Spawanych Stali Nierdzewnej Martenzytycznej Utwardzanej Wydzieleniowo Miedzią journal, December 2012

The activation of aluminium by mercury ions in non-aggressive media journal, December 2006

Embrittlement of a zinc coated high manganese TWIP steel journal, May 2012

An atomistically informed energy-based theory of environmentally assisted failure journal, September 2015

Embrittlement of Steels by Liquid Zinc: Crack Propagation after Grain Boundary Wetting journal, May 2014

Temperature effect in the maximum propagation rate of a liquid metal filled crack: The T91 martensitic steel/Lead–Bismuth Eutectic system journal, November 2009

Grain boundary penetration of nickel by liquid bismuth as a film of nanometric thickness journal, October 2000

Liquid metal embrittlement of steel with galvanized coatings journal, May 2012

Supercritical area and critical nugget diameter for liquid metal embrittlement of Zn-coated twining induced plasticity steels journal, December 2015

Kinetic, volumetric and structural effects induced by liquid Ga penetration into ultrafine grained Al journal, October 2015

Susceptibility to LME of 316L and T91 steels by LBE: Effect of strain rate journal, June 2008

Liquid metal embrittlement of an austenitic 316L type and a ferritic–martensitic T91 type steel by mercury journal, June 2008

Investigation of Liquid Metal Embrittlement of AISI 316L Steels conference, June 2016

Embrittlement by liquid metals journal, January 1973

Liquid metal embrittlement journal, January 1979

Metal-induced embrittlement of materials journal, April 1992

Liquid metal embrittlement: A state-of-the-art appraisal journal, January 1999

Liquid-metal embrittlement in an Al 6%Zn3%Mg alloy journal, February 1981

A fractographic study of gaseous hydrogen embrittlement and liquid-metal embrittlement in a tempered-martensitic steel journal, January 1984

Metal-induced embrittlement of ductile materials and dislocation emission from crack tips journal, May 1984

Mechanisms of stress-corrosion cracking and liquid-metal embrittlement in Al-Zn-Mg bicrystals journal, September 1985

A fractographic study of hydrogen-assisted cracking and liquid-metal embrittlement in nickel journal, February 1986

Mechanisms and Kinetics of Environmentally Assisted Cracking: Current Status, Issues, and Suggestions for Further Work journal, September 2012

Quantification of Sensitization in AA5083-H131 via Imaging Ga-Embrittled Fracture Surfaces journal, October 2012

An atomistically informed energy-based theory of environmentally assisted failure journal, September 2015

Fast penetration of Ga in Al: liquid metal embrittlement near the threshold of grain boundary wetting journal, October 2005

Gallium enhanced microscopy for revealing grain boundaries and dislocation subboundaries in aluminium alloys journal, November 2003

The kinetics of gallium penetration into aluminum grain boundaries—in situ TEM observations and atomistic models journal, May 2000

Preferential penetration path of gallium into grain boundary in practical aluminium alloy journal, October 2006

Penetration of liquid metals into solid metals and liquid metal embrittlement journal, December 2004

Liquid-Metal Embrittlement of 7075 Aluminum and 4340 Steel Compact Tension Specimens by Gallium journal, January 2002

Penetration of liquid gallium into the grain boundaries of aluminium: a synchrotron radiation microtomographic investigation journal, April 2000

In situ investigation of liquid Ga penetration in Al bicrystal grain boundaries: grain boundary wetting or liquid metal embrittlement? journal, January 2005

Localization of electromagnetic field on the “Brouwer-island” and liquid metal embrittlement journal, March 2015

Kinetic, volumetric and structural effects induced by liquid Ga penetration into ultrafine grained Al journal, October 2015

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ga Penetration along Grain Boundaries in Al: A Dislocation Climb Mechanism journal, July 2007

Effect of material properties on liquid metal embrittlement in the Al–Ga system journal, March 2009

Atomistic simulation of the effect of Ga on crack tip opening in Al bicrystals journal, September 2008

Discontinuous penetration of liquid Ga into grain boundaries of Al polycrystals journal, January 2004

Direct Evidence of Nanometric Invasionlike Grain Boundary Penetration in the Al / Ga System journal, November 2005

In situ investigation of Al bicrystal embrittlement by liquid Ga using synchrotron imaging journal, September 2006

Atomic-scale analysis of liquid-gallium embrittlement of aluminum grain boundaries journal, July 2014

Gallium segregation at grain boundaries in aluminium journal, May 2002

Insight into the atomic-scale mechanism of liquid metal embrittlement journal, September 2006

Liquid metal embrittlement of aluminium by segregation of trace element gallium journal, August 2014

Characterization of Gallium-induced Intergranular Fracture Surface and the Auger Electron Spectroscopic Analysis for Mg Grain Boundary Segregation in AA6061 T4 Al-Mg-Si Alloy journal, January 2004

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ga Penetration along Al Grain Boundaries under a Constant Strain Rate Condition journal, January 2014

First-principles study of the effects of segregated Ga on an Al grain boundary journal, May 2006

The activation of aluminium by mercury ions in non-aggressive media journal, December 2006

A fluid flow based model to predict liquid metal induced embrittlement crack propagation rates journal, November 2001

Measurements of the interface between 5083 aluminium and liquid mercury using impedance spectroscopy journal, December 2010

Experimental study of liquid metal embrittlement for the aluminum 7075–mercury couple journal, April 2012

Failures of Structures and Components by Metal-Induced Embrittlement journal, March 2008

Risk analysis for operation of aluminum heat exchangers contaminated by mercury journal, September 2009

Experiment study on mercury migration across wet flue gas desulfurization slurry under oxy-coal combustion atmosphere journal, October 2016

Time dependent embrittlement of poly crystalline Ag by liquid Ga journal, January 2011

Bismuth-induced embrittlement of copper grain boundaries journal, August 2004

The effect of stress on grain boundary interdiffusion in a semi-infinite bicrystal journal, August 2007

Identification of a bilayer grain boundary complexion in Bi-doped Cu journal, January 2013

The Role of a Bilayer Interfacial Phase on Liquid Metal Embrittlement journal, September 2011

A Short Review of High-Temperature Wetting and Complexion Transitions with a Critical Assessment of Their Influence on Liquid Metal Embrittlement and Corrosion journal, July 2016

Bismuth embrittlement of copper is an atomic size effect journal, December 2004

Rapid penetration of bismuth from solid Bi2Te3 along grain boundaries in Cu and Cu-based alloys journal, January 2011

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ga Penetration along Grain Boundaries in Al: a Dislocation Climb Mechanism
text, January 2007

Liquid metal embrittlement susceptibility of T91 steel by lead?bismuth
journal, June 2005

The Possibility of the LME Phenomenon in Elements Subjected to Metallization in Zn Bath with Bi Addition
journal, January 2015

Gallium-induced magnesium enrichment on grain boundary and the gallium effect on degradation of tensile properties of aluminum alloys
journal, July 2006

Liquid Metal Embrittlement in Resistance Spot Welding and Hot Tensile Tests of Surface-refined TWIP Steels
journal, March 2016

Embrittlement of a martensitic steel by liquid lead
journal, November 2000

The risk of liquid metal embrittlement of the Z10CDNbV 9-1 martensitic steel
journal, September 2002

Effect of heat treatment on liquid sodium embrittlement of T91 martensitic steel
journal, December 2011

Lead induced intergranular fracture in aluminum alloy AA6262
journal, November 2003

Corrosion of metallic materials in flowing liquid lead-bismuth
journal, September 2002

Analysis of liquid metal embrittlement from a bond energy viewpoint
journal, January 1975

Modelling of liquid sodium induced crack propagation in T91 martensitic steel: Competition with ductile fracture
journal, December 2016

LME induced failure of a combat aircraft gun
journal, October 2008

Welded Joint Cracking in Martensitic Stainless Steel Precipitation-Sthregthened with Copper / Pękanie Złącz Spawanych Stali Nierdzewnej Martenzytycznej Utwardzanej Wydzieleniowo Miedzią
journal, December 2012

The activation of aluminium by mercury ions in non-aggressive media
journal, December 2006

Embrittlement of a zinc coated high manganese TWIP steel
journal, May 2012

An atomistically informed energy-based theory of environmentally assisted failure
journal, September 2015

Embrittlement of Steels by Liquid Zinc: Crack Propagation after Grain Boundary Wetting
journal, May 2014

Temperature effect in the maximum propagation rate of a liquid metal filled crack: The T91 martensitic steel/Lead–Bismuth Eutectic system
journal, November 2009

Grain boundary penetration of nickel by liquid bismuth as a film of nanometric thickness
journal, October 2000

Liquid metal embrittlement of steel with galvanized coatings
journal, May 2012

Supercritical area and critical nugget diameter for liquid metal embrittlement of Zn-coated twining induced plasticity steels
journal, December 2015

Kinetic, volumetric and structural effects induced by liquid Ga penetration into ultrafine grained Al
journal, October 2015

Susceptibility to LME of 316L and T91 steels by LBE: Effect of strain rate
journal, June 2008

Liquid metal embrittlement of an austenitic 316L type and a ferritic–martensitic T91 type steel by mercury
journal, June 2008

Investigation of Liquid Metal Embrittlement of AISI 316L Steels
conference, June 2016

Embrittlement by liquid metals
journal, January 1973

Liquid metal embrittlement
journal, January 1979

Metal-induced embrittlement of materials
journal, April 1992

Liquid metal embrittlement: A state-of-the-art appraisal
journal, January 1999

Liquid-metal embrittlement in an Al 6%Zn3%Mg alloy
journal, February 1981

A fractographic study of gaseous hydrogen embrittlement and liquid-metal embrittlement in a tempered-martensitic steel
journal, January 1984

Metal-induced embrittlement of ductile materials and dislocation emission from crack tips
journal, May 1984

Mechanisms of stress-corrosion cracking and liquid-metal embrittlement in Al-Zn-Mg bicrystals
journal, September 1985

A fractographic study of hydrogen-assisted cracking and liquid-metal embrittlement in nickel
journal, February 1986

Mechanisms and Kinetics of Environmentally Assisted Cracking: Current Status, Issues, and Suggestions for Further Work
journal, September 2012

Quantification of Sensitization in AA5083-H131 via Imaging Ga-Embrittled Fracture Surfaces
journal, October 2012

An atomistically informed energy-based theory of environmentally assisted failure
journal, September 2015

Fast penetration of Ga in Al: liquid metal embrittlement near the threshold of grain boundary wetting
journal, October 2005

Gallium enhanced microscopy for revealing grain boundaries and dislocation subboundaries in aluminium alloys
journal, November 2003

The kinetics of gallium penetration into aluminum grain boundaries—in situ TEM observations and atomistic models
journal, May 2000

Preferential penetration path of gallium into grain boundary in practical aluminium alloy
journal, October 2006

Penetration of liquid metals into solid metals and liquid metal embrittlement
journal, December 2004

Liquid-Metal Embrittlement of 7075 Aluminum and 4340 Steel Compact Tension Specimens by Gallium
journal, January 2002

Penetration of liquid gallium into the grain boundaries of aluminium: a synchrotron radiation microtomographic investigation
journal, April 2000

In situ investigation of liquid Ga penetration in Al bicrystal grain boundaries: grain boundary wetting or liquid metal embrittlement?
journal, January 2005

Localization of electromagnetic field on the “Brouwer-island” and liquid metal embrittlement
journal, March 2015

Kinetic, volumetric and structural effects induced by liquid Ga penetration into ultrafine grained Al
journal, October 2015

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ga Penetration along Grain Boundaries in Al: A Dislocation Climb Mechanism
journal, July 2007

Effect of material properties on liquid metal embrittlement in the Al–Ga system
journal, March 2009

Atomistic simulation of the effect of Ga on crack tip opening in Al bicrystals
journal, September 2008

Discontinuous penetration of liquid Ga into grain boundaries of Al polycrystals
journal, January 2004

Direct Evidence of Nanometric Invasionlike Grain Boundary Penetration in the $Al / Ga$ System
journal, November 2005

In situ investigation of Al bicrystal embrittlement by liquid Ga using synchrotron imaging
journal, September 2006

Atomic-scale analysis of liquid-gallium embrittlement of aluminum grain boundaries
journal, July 2014

Gallium segregation at grain boundaries in aluminium
journal, May 2002

Insight into the atomic-scale mechanism of liquid metal embrittlement
journal, September 2006

Liquid metal embrittlement of aluminium by segregation of trace element gallium
journal, August 2014

Characterization of Gallium-induced Intergranular Fracture Surface and the Auger Electron Spectroscopic Analysis for Mg Grain Boundary Segregation in AA6061 T4 Al-Mg-Si Alloy
journal, January 2004

Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Ga Penetration along Al Grain Boundaries under a Constant Strain Rate Condition
journal, January 2014

First-principles study of the effects of segregated Ga on an Al grain boundary
journal, May 2006

The activation of aluminium by mercury ions in non-aggressive media
journal, December 2006

A fluid flow based model to predict liquid metal induced embrittlement crack propagation rates
journal, November 2001

Measurements of the interface between 5083 aluminium and liquid mercury using impedance spectroscopy
journal, December 2010

Experimental study of liquid metal embrittlement for the aluminum 7075–mercury couple
journal, April 2012

Failures of Structures and Components by Metal-Induced Embrittlement
journal, March 2008

Risk analysis for operation of aluminum heat exchangers contaminated by mercury
journal, September 2009

Experiment study on mercury migration across wet flue gas desulfurization slurry under oxy-coal combustion atmosphere
journal, October 2016

Time dependent embrittlement of poly crystalline Ag by liquid Ga
journal, January 2011

Bismuth-induced embrittlement of copper grain boundaries
journal, August 2004

The effect of stress on grain boundary interdiffusion in a semi-infinite bicrystal
journal, August 2007

Identification of a bilayer grain boundary complexion in Bi-doped Cu
journal, January 2013

The Role of a Bilayer Interfacial Phase on Liquid Metal Embrittlement
journal, September 2011

A Short Review of High-Temperature Wetting and Complexion Transitions with a Critical Assessment of Their Influence on Liquid Metal Embrittlement and Corrosion
journal, July 2016

Bismuth embrittlement of copper is an atomic size effect
journal, December 2004

Rapid penetration of bismuth from solid Bi2Te3 along grain boundaries in Cu and Cu-based alloys
journal, January 2011

The effect of precipitation hardening on the Hg-induced embrittlement of a Cu–Be alloy
journal, October 2002

The effect of tin on the susceptibility of a Cu–Al alloy to cracking in mercury
journal, March 2003

Effect of test temperature on tensile properties ofα/βbrass containing lead
journal, March 2006

On the mechanism of liquid copper penetration into iron grain boundaries
journal, February 2001