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Title: The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817

Abstract

We present a long-standing paradigm in astrophysics is that collisions—or mergers—of two neutron stars form highly relativistic and collimated outflows (jets) that power γ-ray bursts of short (less than two seconds) duration. The observational support for this model, however, is only indirect. A hitherto outstanding prediction is that gravitational-wave events from such mergers should be associated with γ-ray bursts, and that a majority of these bursts should be seen off-axis, that is, they should point away from Earth. Here we report the discovery observations of the X-ray counterpart associated with the gravitational-wave event GW170817. Although the electromagnetic counterpart at optical and infrared frequencies is dominated by the radioactive glow (known as a ‘kilonova’) from freshly synthesized rapid neutron capture (r-process) material in the merger ejecta, observations at X-ray and, later, radio frequencies are consistent with a short γ-ray burst viewed off-axis. Lastly, our detection of X-ray emission at a location coincident with the kilonova transient provides the missing observational link between short γ-ray bursts and gravitational waves from neutron-star mergers, and gives independent confirmation of the collimated nature of the γ-ray-burst emission.

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [5];  [6];  [7];  [8];  [9];  [4];  [10];  [11];  [6];  [4];  [5];  [12];  [13];  [13];  [5];  [14] more »;  [14];  [4];  [15];  [6];  [5];  [16];  [16];  [5];  [1];  [5];  [2];  [17];  [18];  [5] « less
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
  2. INAF, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome (Italy)
  3. University of Bath, Claverton Down (United Kingdom)
  4. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
  5. Seoul National University (South Korea)
  6. Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States)
  7. Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
  8. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
  9. Aoyama Gakuin University (Japan)
  10. INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia (Italy)
  11. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (United States)
  12. Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse (Germany)
  13. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico)
  14. INAF/Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate (Italy)
  15. Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (Spain); Universidad de La Laguna (Spain)
  16. Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (South Korea)
  17. Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
  18. CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Epping (Australia)
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program
OSTI Identifier:
1479933
Report Number(s):
LA-UR-17-29087
Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC52-06NA25396
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Nature (London)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Nature (London); Journal Volume: 551; Journal Issue: 7678; Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836
Publisher:
Nature Publishing Group
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; gravitational waves; kilonova; X-rays; counterpart; r-process

Citation Formats

Troja, E., Piro, L., van Eerten, H., Wollaeger, R. T., Im, M., Fox, O. D., Butler, N. R., Cenko, S. B., Sakamoto, T., Fryer, C. L., Ricci, R., Lien, A., Ryan, R. E., Korobkin, O., Lee, S. -K., Burgess, J. M., Lee, W. H., Watson, A. M., Choi, C., Covino, S., D’Avanzo, P., Fontes, C. J., González, J. Becerra, Khandrika, H. G., Kim, J., Kim, S. -L., Lee, C. -U., Lee, H. M., Kutyrev, A., Lim, G., Sánchez-Ramírez, R., Veilleux, S., Wieringa, M. H., and Yoon, Y.. The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817. United States: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.1038/nature24290.
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Troja, E., Piro, L., van Eerten, H., Wollaeger, R. T., Im, M., Fox, O. D., Butler, N. R., Cenko, S. B., Sakamoto, T., Fryer, C. L., Ricci, R., Lien, A., Ryan, R. E., Korobkin, O., Lee, S. -K., Burgess, J. M., Lee, W. H., Watson, A. M., Choi, C., Covino, S., D’Avanzo, P., Fontes, C. J., González, J. Becerra, Khandrika, H. G., Kim, J., Kim, S. -L., Lee, C. -U., Lee, H. M., Kutyrev, A., Lim, G., Sánchez-Ramírez, R., Veilleux, S., Wieringa, M. H., & Yoon, Y.. The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24290
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Troja, E., Piro, L., van Eerten, H., Wollaeger, R. T., Im, M., Fox, O. D., Butler, N. R., Cenko, S. B., Sakamoto, T., Fryer, C. L., Ricci, R., Lien, A., Ryan, R. E., Korobkin, O., Lee, S. -K., Burgess, J. M., Lee, W. H., Watson, A. M., Choi, C., Covino, S., D’Avanzo, P., Fontes, C. J., González, J. Becerra, Khandrika, H. G., Kim, J., Kim, S. -L., Lee, C. -U., Lee, H. M., Kutyrev, A., Lim, G., Sánchez-Ramírez, R., Veilleux, S., Wieringa, M. H., and Yoon, Y.. Mon . "The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24290. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1479933.
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@article{osti_1479933,
title = {The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817},
author = {Troja, E. and Piro, L. and van Eerten, H. and Wollaeger, R. T. and Im, M. and Fox, O. D. and Butler, N. R. and Cenko, S. B. and Sakamoto, T. and Fryer, C. L. and Ricci, R. and Lien, A. and Ryan, R. E. and Korobkin, O. and Lee, S. -K. and Burgess, J. M. and Lee, W. H. and Watson, A. M. and Choi, C. and Covino, S. and D’Avanzo, P. and Fontes, C. J. and González, J. Becerra and Khandrika, H. G. and Kim, J. and Kim, S. -L. and Lee, C. -U. and Lee, H. M. and Kutyrev, A. and Lim, G. and Sánchez-Ramírez, R. and Veilleux, S. and Wieringa, M. H. and Yoon, Y.},
abstractNote = {We present a long-standing paradigm in astrophysics is that collisions—or mergers—of two neutron stars form highly relativistic and collimated outflows (jets) that power γ-ray bursts of short (less than two seconds) duration. The observational support for this model, however, is only indirect. A hitherto outstanding prediction is that gravitational-wave events from such mergers should be associated with γ-ray bursts, and that a majority of these bursts should be seen off-axis, that is, they should point away from Earth. Here we report the discovery observations of the X-ray counterpart associated with the gravitational-wave event GW170817. Although the electromagnetic counterpart at optical and infrared frequencies is dominated by the radioactive glow (known as a ‘kilonova’) from freshly synthesized rapid neutron capture (r-process) material in the merger ejecta, observations at X-ray and, later, radio frequencies are consistent with a short γ-ray burst viewed off-axis. Lastly, our detection of X-ray emission at a location coincident with the kilonova transient provides the missing observational link between short γ-ray bursts and gravitational waves from neutron-star mergers, and gives independent confirmation of the collimated nature of the γ-ray-burst emission.},
doi = {10.1038/nature24290},
journal = {Nature (London)},
number = 7678,
volume = 551,
place = {United States},
year = {2017},
month = {10}
}
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    journal, July 2019

    • Gottlieb, Ore; Nakar, Ehud; Piran, Tsvi
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1906

    The host galaxies of double compact objects across cosmic time
    journal, September 2019

    • Toffano, Mattia; Mapelli, Michela; Giacobbo, Nicola
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2415

    Implications of the search for optical counterparts during the first six months of the Advanced LIGO’s and Advanced Virgo’s third observing run: possible limits on the ejecta mass and binary properties
    journal, December 2019

    • Coughlin, Michael W.; Dietrich, Tim; Antier, Sarah
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz3457

    Joint gravitational wave – gamma-ray burst detection rates in the aftermath of GW170817
    journal, February 2019

    • Howell, E. J.; Ackley, K.; Rowlinson, A.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz455

    A multiwavelength analysis of a collection of short-duration GRBs observed between 2012 and 2015
    journal, February 2019

    • Pandey, S. B.; Hu, Y.; Castro-Tirado, Ao J.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz530

    Imprints of r-process heating on fall-back accretion: distinguishing black hole–neutron star from double neutron star mergers
    journal, March 2019

    • Desai, D.; Metzger, B. D.; Foucart, F.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz644

    A luminosity distribution for kilonovae based on short gamma-ray burst afterglows
    journal, March 2019

    • Ascenzi, Stefano; Coughlin, Michael W.; Dietrich, Tim
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz891

    EM counterparts of structured jets from 3D GRMHD simulations
    journal, January 2019

    • Kathirgamaraju, Adithan; Tchekhovskoy, Alexander; Giannios, Dimitrios
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 484, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/slz012

    First 100 ms of a long-lived magnetized neutron star formed in a binary neutron star merger
    journal, July 2019

    Full transport model of GW170817-like disk produces a blue kilonova
    journal, July 2019

    The properties of neutron star in the framework of relativistic Hartree–Fock model with unitary correlation operator method
    journal, November 2019

    • Zhang, Ying; Liu, Peng; Hu, Jinniu
    • International Journal of Modern Physics E, Vol. 28, Issue 11
    • DOI: 10.1142/s0218301319500940

    LOFAR 144-MHz follow-up observations of GW170817
    text, January 2020

    • Broderick, J. W.; Shimwell, T. W.; Gourdji, K.
    • Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
    • DOI: 10.3204/pubdb-2020-02149

    Astrophysical Sites that Can Produce Enantiomeric Amino Acids
    journal, December 2018

    • Famiano, Michael; Boyd, Richard; Kajino, Toshitaka
    • Symmetry, Vol. 11, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3390/sym11010023

    Subsequent Nonthermal Emission Due to the Kilonova Ejecta in GW170817
    journal, January 2018

    A Pulsar Wind Nebula Model Applied to Short GRB 050724
    journal, March 2018

    Can We Distinguish Low-mass Black Holes in Neutron Star Binaries?
    journal, March 2018

    Short GRBs: Opening Angles, Local Neutron Star Merger Rate, and Off-axis Events for GRB/GW Association
    journal, April 2018

    An Empirical Study of Contamination in Deep, Rapid, and Wide-field Optical Follow-up of Gravitational Wave Events
    journal, April 2018

    Shock Acceleration of Electrons and Synchrotron Emission from the Dynamical Ejecta of Neutron Star Mergers
    journal, May 2018

    • Lee, Shiu-Hang; Maeda, Keiichi; Kawanaka, Norita
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 858, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aabaea

    A Long-lived Remnant Neutron Star after GW170817 Inferred from Its Associated Kilonova
    journal, July 2018

    A Simultaneous Search for Prompt Radio Emission Associated with the Short GRB 170112A Using the All-sky Imaging Capability of the OVRO-LWA
    journal, August 2018

    • Anderson, Marin M.; Hallinan, Gregg; Eastwood, Michael W.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 864, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aad2d7

    Low-frequency View of GW170817/GRB 170817A with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope
    journal, October 2018

    • Resmi, L.; Schulze, S.; Ishwara-Chandra, C. H.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aae1a6

    Constraining the Outflow Structure of the Binary Neutron Star Merger Event GW170817/GRB170817A with a Markov Chain Monte Carlo Analysis
    journal, December 2018

    Binary Neutron Star Mergers: Mass Ejection, Electromagnetic Counterparts, and Nucleosynthesis
    journal, December 2018

    • Radice, David; Perego, Albino; Hotokezaka, Kenta
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaf054

    Optical Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Events during the Second Advanced LIGO/VIRGO Observing Run with the DLT40 Survey
    journal, April 2019

    • Yang, Sheng; Sand, David J.; Valenti, Stefano
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab0e06

    GW170817: The Energy Extraction Process of the Off-axis Relativistic Outflow and the Constraint on the Equation of State of Neutron Stars
    journal, May 2019

    • Wang, Yuan-Zhu; Shao, Dong-Sheng; Jiang, Jin-Liang
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 877, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab1914

    Late-time Afterglow from Double-sided Structured Jets: Application to GRB 170817A
    journal, July 2019

    • Li, Long-Biao; Geng, Jin-Jun; Huang, Yong-Feng
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab275d

    Numerical Simulations of an Initially Top-hat Jet and the Afterglow of GW170817/GRB170817A
    journal, September 2019

    • Gill, Ramandeep; Granot, Jonathan; Colle, Fabio De
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3577

    Search for Gravitational-wave Signals Associated with Gamma-Ray Bursts during the Second Observing Run of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo
    journal, November 2019

    Diversity of Kilonova Light Curves
    journal, February 2020

    • Kawaguchi, Kyohei; Shibata, Masaru; Tanaka, Masaomi
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab61f6

    Gamma Rays from Kilonova: A Potential Probe of r -process Nucleosynthesis
    journal, February 2020

    • Korobkin, Oleg; Hungerford, Aimee M.; Fryer, Christopher L.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab64d8

    Extended Calculations of Energy Levels and Transition Rates of Nd ii-iv Ions for Application to Neutron Star Mergers
    journal, February 2019

    • Gaigalas, Gediminas; Kato, Daiji; Rynkun, Pavel
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 240, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/aaf9b8

    Swift -XRT Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Triggers in the Second Advanced LIGO/Virgo Observing Run
    journal, November 2019

    • Klingler, N. J.; Kennea, J. A.; Evans, P. A.
    • The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, Vol. 245, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4365/ab4ea2

    INTEGRAL Detection of the First Prompt Gamma-Ray Signal Coincident with the Gravitational-wave Event GW170817
    journal, October 2017

    The Environment of the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817
    journal, October 2017

    GW170817: Joint Constraint on the Neutron Star Equation of State from Multimessenger Observations
    journal, January 2018

    • Radice, David; Perego, Albino; Zappa, Francesco
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaa402

    How Special Is GRB 170817A?
    journal, January 2018

    Continued Brightening of the Afterglow of GW170817/GRB 170817A as Being Due to a Delayed Energy Injection
    journal, May 2018

    GW170817 Most Likely Made a Black Hole
    journal, May 2018

    • Pooley, David; Kumar, Pawan; Wheeler, J. Craig
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 859, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aac3d6

    Fading of the X-Ray Afterglow of Neutron Star Merger GW170817/GRB 170817A at 260 Days
    journal, July 2018

    • Nynka, Melania; Ruan, John J.; Haggard, Daryl
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aad32d

    A Decline in the X-Ray through Radio Emission from GW170817 Continues to Support an Off-axis Structured Jet
    journal, August 2018

    • Alexander, K. D.; Margutti, R.; Blanchard, P. K.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aad637

    Radiative Transfer Simulation for the Optical and Near-infrared Electromagnetic Counterparts to GW170817
    journal, September 2018

    • Kawaguchi, Kyohei; Shibata, Masaru; Tanaka, Masaomi
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 865, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aade02

    Magnetically Inspired Explosive Outflows from Neutron-star Mergers
    journal, January 2019

    • Nathanail, Antonios; Porth, Oliver; Rezzolla, Luciano
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaf73a

    Time Delay between Neutrinos and Gamma-Rays in Short Gamma-Ray Bursts
    journal, January 2019

    A First Search for Prompt Radio Emission from a Gravitational-wave Event
    journal, June 2019

    • Callister, Thomas A.; Anderson, Marin M.; Hallinan, Gregg
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 877, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab2248

    GROWTH on S190426c: Real-time Search for a Counterpart to the Probable Neutron Star–Black Hole Merger using an Automated Difference Imaging Pipeline for DECam
    journal, August 2019

    • Goldstein, Daniel A.; Andreoni, Igor; Nugent, Peter E.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab3046

    Charged scalar-tensor solitons and black holes with (approximate) Anti-de Sitter asymptotics
    journal, January 2019

    Solitons and black hole in shift symmetric scalar-tensor gravity with cosmological constant
    journal, June 2018

    • Brihaye, Yves; Hartmann, Betti; Urrestilla, Jon
    • Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2018, Issue 6
    • DOI: 10.1007/jhep06(2018)074

    A mildly relativistic wide-angle outflow in the neutron-star merger event GW170817
    journal, December 2017

    • Mooley, K. P.; Nakar, E.; Hotokezaka, K.
    • Nature, Vol. 554, Issue 7691
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    Interpreting GRB170817A as a giant flare from a jet-less double neutron star merger
    journal, November 2018

    Spectral classification of gravitational-wave emission and equation of state constraints in binary neutron star mergers
    journal, September 2019

    • Bauswein, A.; Stergioulas, N.
    • Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 46, Issue 11
    • DOI: 10.1088/1361-6471/ab2b90

    GW170817: implications for the local kilonova rate and for surveys from ground-based facilities
    journal, September 2018

    • Della Valle, M.; Guetta, D.; Cappellaro, E.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 481, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty2541

    Outflows from black hole hyperaccretion systems: short and long-short gamma-ray bursts and ‘quasi-supernovae’
    journal, March 2018

    • Song, Cui-Ying; Liu, Tong; Li, Ang
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 477, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty783

    The Palomar Transient Factory Sky2Night programme
    journal, January 2019

    • van Roestel, J.; Groot, P. J.; Kupfer, T.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz241

    Optimizing multitelescope observations of gravitational-wave counterparts
    journal, September 2019

    • Coughlin, Michael W.; Antier, Sarah; Corre, David
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2485

    possis: predicting spectra, light curves, and polarization for multidimensional models of supernovae and kilonovae
    journal, September 2019

    • Bulla, M.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz2495

    Non-thermal afterglow of the binary neutron star merger GW170817: a more natural modelling of electron energy distribution leads to a qualitatively different new solution
    journal, February 2019

    • Lin, Haoxiang; Totani, Tomonori; Kiuchi, Kenta
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz453

    The outflow structure of GW170817 from late-time broad-band observations
    journal, April 2018

    • Troja, E.; Piro, L.; Ryan, G.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 478, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnrasl/sly061

    Late Time Afterglow Observations Reveal a Collimated Relativistic Jet in the Ejecta of the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817
    journal, June 2018

    A radio counterpart to a neutron star merger
    journal, October 2017

    Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA
    text, January 2020

    • Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.57867

    Joint gravitational wave - gamma-ray burst detection rates in the aftermath of GW170817
    conference, January 2020

    • Howell, Eric; Ackley, Kendall; Rowlinson, Antonia
    • Proceedings of The New Era of Multi-Messenger Astrophysics — PoS(Asterics2019)
    • DOI: 10.22323/1.357.0035

    Detecting the Hadron-Quark Phase Transition with Gravitational Waves
    journal, June 2019

    The Origin of r -process Elements in the Milky Way
    journal, March 2018

    • Côté, Benoit; Fryer, Chris L.; Belczynski, Krzysztof
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 855, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaad67

    First Electromagnetic Pulse Associated with a Gravitational-wave Event: Profile, Duration, and Delay
    journal, March 2018

    Coincident Detection Significance in Multimessenger Astronomy
    journal, June 2018

    Is the Macronova in GW170817 Powered by the Central Engine?
    journal, July 2018

    • Matsumoto, Tatsuya; Ioka, Kunihito; Kisaka, Shota
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aac4a8

    Neutron Star Mergers are the Dominant Source of the r -process in the Early Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies
    journal, December 2018

    • Duggan, Gina E.; Kirby, Evan N.; Andrievsky, Serge M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaeb8e

    Metal-poor Stars Observed with the Automated Planet Finder Telescope. I. Discovery of Five Carbon-enhanced Metal-poor Stars from LAMOST
    journal, April 2019

    • Mardini, Mohammad K.; Li, Haining; Placco, Vinicius M.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab0fa2

    Census of the Local Universe (CLU) Narrowband Survey. I. Galaxy Catalogs from Preliminary Fields
    journal, July 2019

    • Cook, David O.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Sistine, Angela Van
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2131

    Impact of Pulsar and Fallback Sources on Multifrequency Kilonova Models
    journal, July 2019

    • Wollaeger, Ryan T.; Fryer, Chris L.; Fontes, Christopher J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab25f5

    Merger of Compact Stars in the Two-families Scenario
    journal, August 2019

    • Pietri, Roberto De; Drago, Alessandro; Feo, Alessandra
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab2fd0

    A Pulsar Wind Nebula Embedded in the Kilonova AT 2017gfo Associated with GW170817/GRB 170817A
    journal, October 2019

    The Electromagnetic Counterpart of the Binary Neutron Star Merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. V. Rising X-Ray Emission from an Off-axis Jet
    journal, October 2017

    Estimating the Contribution of Dynamical Ejecta in the Kilonova Associated with GW170817
    journal, December 2017

    Constraining the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars from Multi-messenger Observations of GW170817
    journal, November 2017

    A Precise Distance to the Host Galaxy of the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817 Using Surface Brightness Fluctuations
    journal, February 2018

    • Cantiello, Michele; Jensen, J. B.; Blakeslee, J. P.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 854, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaad64

    An Upper Limit on the Linear Polarization Fraction of the GW170817 Radio Continuum
    journal, July 2018

    • Corsi, Alessandra; Hallinan, Gregg W.; Lazzati, Davide
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aacdfd

    Californium-254 and Kilonova Light Curves
    journal, August 2018

    The Optical Afterglow of GW170817 at One Year Post-merger
    journal, January 2019

    GW170817 Afterglow Reveals that Short Gamma-Ray Bursts are Neutron Star Mergers
    journal, July 2019

    The Optical Afterglow of GW170817: An Off-axis Structured Jet and Deep Constraints on a Globular Cluster Origin
    journal, September 2019

    • Fong, W.; Blanchard, P. K.; Alexander, K. D.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab3d9e

    SN2018kzr: A Rapidly Declining Transient from the Destruction of a White Dwarf
    journal, October 2019

    • McBrien, Owen R.; Smartt, Stephen J.; Chen, Ting-Wan
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 885, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab4dae

    Investigation of a sample of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars observed with FORS and GMOS
    journal, June 2018

    The X-shooter GRB afterglow legacy sample (XS-GRB)
    journal, March 2019

    LOFAR 144-MHz follow-up observations of GW170817
    journal, April 2020

    • Broderick, J. W.; Shimwell, T. W.; Gourdji, K.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 494, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/staa950

    Expected neutrino fluence from short Gamma-Ray Burst 170817A and off-axis angle constraints
    journal, February 2018

    • Biehl, D.; Heinze, J.; Winter, W.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty285

    Constraints on the emitting region of the gamma-rays observed in GW170817
    journal, November 2018

    • Matsumoto, Tatsuya; Nakar, Ehud; Piran, Tsvi
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 483, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty3200

    Compton echoes from nearby gamma-ray bursts
    journal, March 2018

    • Beniamini, Paz; Giannios, Dimitrios; Younes, George
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/sty616

    X-ray guided gravitational-wave search for binary neutron star merger remnants
    journal, August 2018

    Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: Detection of a blue kilonova
    journal, October 2017

    GW170817 --the first observed neutron star merger and its kilonova: Implications for the astrophysical site of the r-process
    journal, November 2019

    Short gamma-ray burst central engines
    journal, October 2018

    The Discovery of the Electromagnetic Counterpart of GW170817: Kilonova AT 2017gfo/DLT17ck
    text, January 2017

    • Sheng, Yang,; Alessandra, Corsi,; Leonardo, Tartaglia,
    • The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
    • DOI: 10.17615/e3fn-5q91

    The Allowed Parameter Space of a Long-lived Neutron Star as the Merger Remnant of GW170817
    journal, June 2018

    Numerical Simulations of the Jet Dynamics and Synchrotron Radiation of Binary Neutron Star Merger Event GW170817/GRB 170817A
    journal, August 2018

    • Xie, Xiaoyi; Zrake, Jonathan; MacFadyen, Andrew
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aacf9c

    Search for GeV Gamma-Ray Counterparts of Gravitational Wave Events by CALET
    journal, August 2018

    From γ to Radio: The Electromagnetic Counterpart of GW170817
    journal, October 2018

    Scattered Short Gamma-Ray Bursts as Electromagnetic Counterparts to Gravitational Waves and Implications of GW170817 and GRB 170817A
    journal, October 2018

    • Kisaka, Shota; Ioka, Kunihito; Kashiyama, Kazumi
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aae30a

    Merging Rates of Compact Binaries in Galaxies: Perspectives for Gravitational Wave Detections
    journal, August 2019

    Improved Constraints on H 0 from a Combined Analysis of Gravitational-wave and Electromagnetic Emission from GW170817
    journal, December 2017

    Brightening X-Ray Emission from GW170817/GRB 170817A: Further Evidence for an Outflow
    journal, January 2018

    • Ruan, John J.; Nynka, Melania; Haggard, Daryl
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aaa4f3

    The Orbit of GW170817 Was Inclined by Less Than 28° to the Line of Sight
    journal, January 2018

    Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Observations of the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817
    journal, July 2018

    • Villar, V. A.; Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Berger, E.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aad281

    A Strong Jet Signature in the Late-time Light Curve of GW170817
    journal, November 2018

    Follow-up of the Neutron Star Bearing Gravitational-wave Candidate Events S190425z and S190426c with MMT and SOAR
    journal, July 2019

    • Hosseinzadeh, G.; Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Gomez, S.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab271c

    Binary Black Hole Population Properties Inferred from the First and Second Observing Runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo
    journal, September 2019

    Electromagnetic Emission Post Spinning Black Hole Magnetized Neutron Star Mergers
    journal, September 2019

    • Zhong, Shu-Qing; Dai, Zi-Gao; Deng, Can-Min
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/ab40c5

    Forecasting Gamma‐Ray Bursts Using Gravitational Waves
    journal, December 2018

    The impact of the crust equation of state on the analysis of GW170817
    journal, December 2019

    Global simulations of strongly magnetized remnant massive neutron stars formed in binary neutron star mergers
    journal, June 2018

    GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State
    journal, October 2018

    Pre-merger Electromagnetic Counterparts of Binary Compact Stars
    journal, November 2018

    • Wang, Jie-Shuang; Peng, Fang-Kun; Wu, Kinwah
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 868, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aae531

    Light Curves of a Shock-breakout Material and a Relativistic Off-axis Jet from a Binary Neutron Star System
    journal, January 2019

    • Fraija, N.; Pedreira, A. C. Caligula do E. S.; Veres, P.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/aaf80e

    The Lanthanide Fraction Distribution in Metal-poor Stars: A Test of Neutron Star Mergers as the Dominant r -process Site
    journal, August 2019

    • Ji, Alexander P.; Drout, Maria R.; Hansen, Terese T.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ab3291

    The Binary Neutron Star Event LIGO/Virgo GW170817 160 Days after Merger: Synchrotron Emission across the Electromagnetic Spectrum
    journal, March 2018

    Brightening X-Ray/Optical/Radio Emission of GW170817/SGRB 170817A: Evidence for an Electron–Positron Wind from the Central Engine?
    journal, March 2018

    • Geng, Jin-Jun; Dai, Zi-Gao; Huang, Yong-Feng
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aab7f9

    A Turnover in the Radio Light Curve of GW170817
    journal, May 2018

    • Dobie, Dougal; Kaplan, David L.; Murphy, Tara
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 858, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aac105

    Viewing Angle Constraints on S190425z and S190426c and the Joint Gravitational-wave/Gamma-Ray Detection Fractions for Binary Neutron Star Mergers
    journal, August 2019

    Spectral puzzle of the off-axis gamma-ray burst in GW170817
    journal, June 2019

    • Ioka, Kunihito; Nakamura, Takashi
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stz1650

    Optimized Radio Follow-up of Binary Neutron-star Mergers
    journal, November 2018

    Gamma-Ray Bursts Induced by Turbulent Reconnection
    journal, September 2019

    The Rapid Reddening and Featureless Optical Spectra of the Optical Counterpart of GW170817, AT 2017gfo, during the First Four Days
    journal, October 2017

    • McCully, Curtis; Hiramatsu, Daichi; Howell, D. Andrew
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.3847/2041-8213/aa9111

    Fermi GBM Observations of GRB 150101B: A Second Nearby Event with a Short Hard Spike and a Soft Tail
    journal, August 2018

    Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: detection of a blue kilonova
    text, January 2017

    The environment of the binary neutron star merger GW170817
    text, January 2017

    The discovery of the electromagnetic counterpart of GW170817: kilonova AT 2017gfo/DLT17ck
    text, January 2017

    GRB 170817A as a jet counterpart to gravitational wave trigger GW 170817
    text, January 2017

    The X-shooter GRB afterglow legacy sample (XS-GRB)
    text, January 2018

    Investigation of a sample of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars observed with FORS and GMOS
    text, January 2018

    Californium-254 and kilonova light curves
    text, January 2018

    Neutron Star Mergers Are the Dominant Source of the r-process in the Early Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies
    text, January 2018

    Numerical Simulations of an Initially Top-Hat Jet and the Afterglow of GW170817$\,$/$\,$GRB170817A
    text, January 2019

    Impact of Pulsar and Fallback Sources on Multifrequency Kilonova Models
    text, January 2019

    Jet Structure in the Afterglow Phase for Gamma-ray Bursts with a Precessing Jet
    text, January 2019

    Gamma-rays from kilonova: a potential probe of r-process nucleosynthesis
    text, January 2019

    Full Transport Model of GW170817-Like Disk Produces a Blue Kilonova
    text, January 2019

    The host galaxies of double compact objects across cosmic time
    text, January 2019

    Diversity of kilonova light curves
    text, January 2019

    Multi-messenger astrophysics
    journal, October 2019

    Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA
    text, January 2020

    • Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.
    • Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
    • DOI: 10.17863/cam.57867

    Intensive Monitoring Survey of Nearby Galaxies (IMSNG)
    text, January 2019

    Massive stars in extremely metal-poor galaxies: A window into the past
    preprint, January 2019

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