The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817
Abstract
We present a long-standing paradigm in astrophysics is that collisions—or mergers—of two neutron stars form highly relativistic and collimated outflows (jets) that power γ-ray bursts of short (less than two seconds) duration. The observational support for this model, however, is only indirect. A hitherto outstanding prediction is that gravitational-wave events from such mergers should be associated with γ-ray bursts, and that a majority of these bursts should be seen off-axis, that is, they should point away from Earth. Here we report the discovery observations of the X-ray counterpart associated with the gravitational-wave event GW170817. Although the electromagnetic counterpart at optical and infrared frequencies is dominated by the radioactive glow (known as a ‘kilonova’) from freshly synthesized rapid neutron capture (r-process) material in the merger ejecta, observations at X-ray and, later, radio frequencies are consistent with a short γ-ray burst viewed off-axis. Lastly, our detection of X-ray emission at a location coincident with the kilonova transient provides the missing observational link between short γ-ray bursts and gravitational waves from neutron-star mergers, and gives independent confirmation of the collimated nature of the γ-ray-burst emission.
- Authors:
-
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- Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
- INAF, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome (Italy)
- University of Bath, Claverton Down (United Kingdom)
- Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
- Seoul National University (South Korea)
- Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States)
- Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
- Aoyama Gakuin University (Japan)
- INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia (Italy)
- NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (United States)
- Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse (Germany)
- Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico)
- INAF/Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate (Italy)
- Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (Spain); Universidad de La Laguna (Spain)
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (South Korea)
- Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
- CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Epping (Australia)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1479933
- Report Number(s):
- LA-UR-17-29087
Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC52-06NA25396
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Nature (London)
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Nature (London); Journal Volume: 551; Journal Issue: 7678; Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836
- Publisher:
- Nature Publishing Group
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; gravitational waves; kilonova; X-rays; counterpart; r-process
Citation Formats
Troja, E., Piro, L., van Eerten, H., Wollaeger, R. T., Im, M., Fox, O. D., Butler, N. R., Cenko, S. B., Sakamoto, T., Fryer, C. L., Ricci, R., Lien, A., Ryan, R. E., Korobkin, O., Lee, S. -K., Burgess, J. M., Lee, W. H., Watson, A. M., Choi, C., Covino, S., D’Avanzo, P., Fontes, C. J., González, J. Becerra, Khandrika, H. G., Kim, J., Kim, S. -L., Lee, C. -U., Lee, H. M., Kutyrev, A., Lim, G., Sánchez-Ramírez, R., Veilleux, S., Wieringa, M. H., and Yoon, Y.. The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817. United States: N. p., 2017.
Web. doi:10.1038/nature24290.
Troja, E., Piro, L., van Eerten, H., Wollaeger, R. T., Im, M., Fox, O. D., Butler, N. R., Cenko, S. B., Sakamoto, T., Fryer, C. L., Ricci, R., Lien, A., Ryan, R. E., Korobkin, O., Lee, S. -K., Burgess, J. M., Lee, W. H., Watson, A. M., Choi, C., Covino, S., D’Avanzo, P., Fontes, C. J., González, J. Becerra, Khandrika, H. G., Kim, J., Kim, S. -L., Lee, C. -U., Lee, H. M., Kutyrev, A., Lim, G., Sánchez-Ramírez, R., Veilleux, S., Wieringa, M. H., & Yoon, Y.. The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24290
Troja, E., Piro, L., van Eerten, H., Wollaeger, R. T., Im, M., Fox, O. D., Butler, N. R., Cenko, S. B., Sakamoto, T., Fryer, C. L., Ricci, R., Lien, A., Ryan, R. E., Korobkin, O., Lee, S. -K., Burgess, J. M., Lee, W. H., Watson, A. M., Choi, C., Covino, S., D’Avanzo, P., Fontes, C. J., González, J. Becerra, Khandrika, H. G., Kim, J., Kim, S. -L., Lee, C. -U., Lee, H. M., Kutyrev, A., Lim, G., Sánchez-Ramírez, R., Veilleux, S., Wieringa, M. H., and Yoon, Y.. Mon .
"The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24290. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1479933.
@article{osti_1479933,
title = {The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817},
author = {Troja, E. and Piro, L. and van Eerten, H. and Wollaeger, R. T. and Im, M. and Fox, O. D. and Butler, N. R. and Cenko, S. B. and Sakamoto, T. and Fryer, C. L. and Ricci, R. and Lien, A. and Ryan, R. E. and Korobkin, O. and Lee, S. -K. and Burgess, J. M. and Lee, W. H. and Watson, A. M. and Choi, C. and Covino, S. and D’Avanzo, P. and Fontes, C. J. and González, J. Becerra and Khandrika, H. G. and Kim, J. and Kim, S. -L. and Lee, C. -U. and Lee, H. M. and Kutyrev, A. and Lim, G. and Sánchez-Ramírez, R. and Veilleux, S. and Wieringa, M. H. and Yoon, Y.},
abstractNote = {We present a long-standing paradigm in astrophysics is that collisions—or mergers—of two neutron stars form highly relativistic and collimated outflows (jets) that power γ-ray bursts of short (less than two seconds) duration. The observational support for this model, however, is only indirect. A hitherto outstanding prediction is that gravitational-wave events from such mergers should be associated with γ-ray bursts, and that a majority of these bursts should be seen off-axis, that is, they should point away from Earth. Here we report the discovery observations of the X-ray counterpart associated with the gravitational-wave event GW170817. Although the electromagnetic counterpart at optical and infrared frequencies is dominated by the radioactive glow (known as a ‘kilonova’) from freshly synthesized rapid neutron capture (r-process) material in the merger ejecta, observations at X-ray and, later, radio frequencies are consistent with a short γ-ray burst viewed off-axis. Lastly, our detection of X-ray emission at a location coincident with the kilonova transient provides the missing observational link between short γ-ray bursts and gravitational waves from neutron-star mergers, and gives independent confirmation of the collimated nature of the γ-ray-burst emission.},
doi = {10.1038/nature24290},
journal = {Nature (London)},
number = 7678,
volume = 551,
place = {United States},
year = {2017},
month = {10}
}
Web of Science
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Spitzer Space Telescope Infrared Observations of the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817
journal, July 2018
- Villar, V. A.; Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Berger, E.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 862, Issue 1
A Strong Jet Signature in the Late-time Light Curve of GW170817
journal, November 2018
- Mooley, K. P.; Frail, D. A.; Dobie, D.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 868, Issue 1
Follow-up of the Neutron Star Bearing Gravitational-wave Candidate Events S190425z and S190426c with MMT and SOAR
journal, July 2019
- Hosseinzadeh, G.; Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Gomez, S.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1
Binary Black Hole Population Properties Inferred from the First and Second Observing Runs of Advanced LIGO and Advanced Virgo
journal, September 2019
- Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 2
Electromagnetic Emission Post Spinning Black Hole Magnetized Neutron Star Mergers
journal, September 2019
- Zhong, Shu-Qing; Dai, Zi-Gao; Deng, Can-Min
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1
Estimating the contribution of dynamical ejecta in the kilonova associated with GW170817
text, January 2017
- Abbott, B. P.; Al, Et
- IOP Publishing
Forecasting Gamma‐Ray Bursts Using Gravitational Waves
journal, December 2018
- Akcay, Sarp
- Annalen der Physik
The impact of the crust equation of state on the analysis of GW170817
journal, December 2019
- Gamba, R.; Read, J. S.; Wade, L. E.
- Classical and Quantum Gravity, Vol. 37, Issue 2
Global simulations of strongly magnetized remnant massive neutron stars formed in binary neutron star mergers
journal, June 2018
- Kiuchi, Kenta; Kyutoku, Koutarou; Sekiguchi, Yuichiro
- Physical Review D, Vol. 97, Issue 12
GW170817: Measurements of Neutron Star Radii and Equation of State
journal, October 2018
- Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 121, Issue 16
Pre-merger Electromagnetic Counterparts of Binary Compact Stars
journal, November 2018
- Wang, Jie-Shuang; Peng, Fang-Kun; Wu, Kinwah
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 868, Issue 1
Light Curves of a Shock-breakout Material and a Relativistic Off-axis Jet from a Binary Neutron Star System
journal, January 2019
- Fraija, N.; Pedreira, A. C. Caligula do E. S.; Veres, P.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 871, Issue 2
The Lanthanide Fraction Distribution in Metal-poor Stars: A Test of Neutron Star Mergers as the Dominant r -process Site
journal, August 2019
- Ji, Alexander P.; Drout, Maria R.; Hansen, Terese T.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 1
The Combined Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves of the Kilonova Associated with the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Unified Data Set, Analytic Models, and Physical Implications
journal, December 2017
- Villar, V. A.; Guillochon, J.; Berger, E.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 1
The First Hours of the GW170817 Kilonova and the Importance of Early Optical and Ultraviolet Observations for Constraining Emission Models
journal, March 2018
- Arcavi, Iair
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 855, Issue 2
The Binary Neutron Star Event LIGO/Virgo GW170817 160 Days after Merger: Synchrotron Emission across the Electromagnetic Spectrum
journal, March 2018
- Margutti, R.; Alexander, K. D.; Xie, X.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 1
Brightening X-Ray/Optical/Radio Emission of GW170817/SGRB 170817A: Evidence for an Electron–Positron Wind from the Central Engine?
journal, March 2018
- Geng, Jin-Jun; Dai, Zi-Gao; Huang, Yong-Feng
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 2
A Turnover in the Radio Light Curve of GW170817
journal, May 2018
- Dobie, Dougal; Kaplan, David L.; Murphy, Tara
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 858, Issue 2
Viewing Angle Constraints on S190425z and S190426c and the Joint Gravitational-wave/Gamma-Ray Detection Fractions for Binary Neutron Star Mergers
journal, August 2019
- Song, Hao-Ran; Ai, Shun-Ke; Wang, Min-Hao
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 881, Issue 2
Spectral puzzle of the off-axis gamma-ray burst in GW170817
journal, June 2019
- Ioka, Kunihito; Nakamura, Takashi
- Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 4
Optimized Radio Follow-up of Binary Neutron-star Mergers
journal, November 2018
- Carbone, Dario; Corsi, Alessandra
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 2
Gamma-Ray Bursts Induced by Turbulent Reconnection
journal, September 2019
- Lazarian, A.; Zhang, Bing; Xu, Siyao
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 2
The Rapid Reddening and Featureless Optical Spectra of the Optical Counterpart of GW170817, AT 2017gfo, during the First Four Days
journal, October 2017
- McCully, Curtis; Hiramatsu, Daichi; Howell, D. Andrew
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2
Fermi GBM Observations of GRB 150101B: A Second Nearby Event with a Short Hard Spike and a Soft Tail
journal, August 2018
- Burns, E.; Veres, P.; Connaughton, V.
- The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 2
An Empirical Study of Contamination in Deep, Rapid, and Wide-Field Optical Follow-Up of Gravitational Wave Events
text, January 2017
- Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Berger, E.; Rest, A.
- arXiv
Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: detection of a blue kilonova
text, January 2017
- Evans, P. A.; Cenko, S. B.; Kennea, J. A.
- arXiv
The environment of the binary neutron star merger GW170817
text, January 2017
- Levan, A. J.; Lyman, J. D.; Tanvir, N. R.
- arXiv
The discovery of the electromagnetic counterpart of GW170817: kilonova AT 2017gfo/DLT17ck
text, January 2017
- Valenti, Stefano; Sand, David J.; Yang, Sheng
- arXiv
GRB 170817A as a jet counterpart to gravitational wave trigger GW 170817
text, January 2017
- Lamb, Gavin P.; Kobayashi, Shiho
- arXiv
Spectroscopic identification of r-process nucleosynthesis in a double neutron star merger
text, January 2017
- Pian, E.; D'Avanzo, P.; Benetti, S.
- arXiv
Scattered Short Gamma-Ray Bursts as Electromagnetic Counterparts to Gravitational Waves and Implications of GW170817 and GRB 170817A
text, January 2017
- Kisaka, Shota; Ioka, Kunihito; Kashiyama, Kazumi
- arXiv
The X-shooter GRB afterglow legacy sample (XS-GRB)
text, January 2018
- Selsing, J.; Malesani, D.; Goldoni, P.
- arXiv
Continued Brightening of the Afterglow of GW170817/GRB 170817A as due to a Delayed Energy Injection
text, January 2018
- Li, Bing; Li, Long-Biao; Huang, Yong-Feng
- arXiv
First Electromagnetic Pulse Associated with a Gravitational-Wave Event: Profile, Duration, and Delay
text, January 2018
- Lin, Da-Bin; Liu, Tong; Lin, Jie
- arXiv
Investigation of a sample of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars observed with FORS and GMOS
text, January 2018
- Caffau, E.; Gallagher, A. J.; Bonifacio, P.
- arXiv
A Decline in the X-ray through Radio Emission from GW170817 Continues to Support an Off-Axis Structured Jet
text, January 2018
- Alexander, K. D.; Margutti, R.; Blanchard, P. K.
- arXiv
Californium-254 and kilonova light curves
text, January 2018
- Zhu, Y.; Wollaeger, R. T.; Vassh, N.
- arXiv
Neutron Star Mergers Are the Dominant Source of the r-process in the Early Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies
text, January 2018
- Duggan, Gina E.; Kirby, Evan N.; Andrievsky, Serge M.
- arXiv
GW170817: The energy extraction process of the off-axis relativistic outflow and the constraint on the equation of state of neutron stars
text, January 2018
- Wang, Yuan-Zhu; Shao, Dong-Sheng; Jiang, Jin-Liang
- arXiv
2900 square degree search for the optical counterpart of short gamma-ray burst GRB 180523B with the Zwicky Transient Facility
text, January 2019
- Coughlin, Michael W.; Ahumada, Tomas; Cenko, S. Bradley
- arXiv
A multi-wavelength analysis of a collection of short-duration GRBs observed between 2012-2015
text, January 2019
- Pandey, S. B.; Hu, Y.; Castro-Tirado, A. J.
- arXiv
Numerical Simulations of an Initially Top-Hat Jet and the Afterglow of GW170817$\,$/$\,$GRB170817A
text, January 2019
- Gill, Ramandeep; Granot, Jonathan; De Colle, Fabio
- arXiv
An optimised gravitational wave follow-up strategy with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder
text, January 2019
- Dobie, D.; Murphy, T.; Kaplan, D. L.
- arXiv
Impact of Pulsar and Fallback Sources on Multifrequency Kilonova Models
text, January 2019
- Wollaeger, Ryan T.; Fryer, Chris L.; Fontes, Christopher J.
- arXiv
Inspiralling eccentric binary neutron stars: orbital motion and tidal resonance
text, January 2019
- Yang, Huan
- arXiv
Jet Structure in the Afterglow Phase for Gamma-ray Bursts with a Precessing Jet
text, January 2019
- Huang, Bao-Quan; Lin, Da-Bin; Liu, Tong
- arXiv
Gamma-rays from kilonova: a potential probe of r-process nucleosynthesis
text, January 2019
- Korobkin, Oleg; Hungerford, Aimee M.; Fryer, Christopher L.
- arXiv
Full Transport Model of GW170817-Like Disk Produces a Blue Kilonova
text, January 2019
- Miller, Jonah M.; Ryan, Benjamin R.; Dolence, Joshua C.
- arXiv
The host galaxies of double compact objects across cosmic time
text, January 2019
- Toffano, Mattia; Mapelli, Michela; Giacobbo, Nicola
- arXiv
Searches After Gravitational-waves Using ARizona Observatories (SAGUARO): System Overview and First Results from Advanced LIGO/Virgo's Third Observing Run
text, January 2019
- Lundquist, M. J.; Paterson, K.; Fong, W.
- arXiv
Merging Rates of Compact Binaries in Galaxies: Perspectives for Gravitational Wave Detections
text, January 2019
- Boco, L.; Lapi, A.; Goswami, S.
- arXiv
Diversity of kilonova light curves
text, January 2019
- Kawaguchi, Kyohei; Shibata, Masaru; Tanaka, Masaomi
- arXiv
The Optical Afterglow of GW170817: An Off-axis Structured Jet and Deep Constraints on a Globular Cluster Origin
text, January 2019
- Fong, Wen-fai; Blanchard, P. K.; Alexander, K. D.
- arXiv
Role of the symmetry energy and the neutron-matter stiffness on the tidal deformability of a neutron star with unified equations of state
text, January 2019
- Perot, Loic; Chamel, Nicolas; Sourie, Aurélien
- arXiv
Multi-messenger astrophysics
journal, October 2019
- Mészáros, Péter; Fox, Derek B.; Hanna, Chad
- Nature Reviews Physics, Vol. 1, Issue 10
Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA
text, January 2020
- Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D.
- Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
A peculiar low-luminosity short gamma-ray burst from a double neutron star merger progenitor
text, January 2017
- Zhang, B. -B.; Zhang, B.; Sun, H.
- arXiv
Intensive Monitoring Survey of Nearby Galaxies (IMSNG)
text, January 2019
- Im, Myungshin; Choi, Changsu; Hwang, Sungyong
- arXiv
Massive stars in extremely metal-poor galaxies: A window into the past
preprint, January 2019
- Garcia, M.; Evans, C. J.; Bestenlehner, J. M.
- arXiv
Deep learning for gravitational wave forecasting of neutron star mergers
text, January 2020
- Wei, Wei; Huerta, E. A.
- arXiv
Deep Learning with Quantized Neural Networks for Gravitational Wave Forecasting of Eccentric Compact Binary Coalescence
text, January 2020
- Wei, Wei; Huerta, E. A.; Yun, Mengshen
- arXiv