The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817

Troja, E.; Piro, L.; van Eerten, H.; Wollaeger, R. T.; Im, M.; Fox, O. D.; Butler, N. R.; Cenko, S. B.; Sakamoto, T.; Fryer, C. L.; Ricci, R.; Lien, A.; Ryan, R. E.; Korobkin, O.; Lee, S. -K.; Burgess, J. M.; Lee, W. H.; Watson, A. M.; Choi, C.; Covino, S.; D’Avanzo, P.; Fontes, C. J.; González, J. Becerra; Khandrika, H. G.; Kim, J.; Kim, S. -L.; Lee, C. -U.; Lee, H. M.; Kutyrev, A.; Lim, G.; Sánchez-Ramírez, R.; Veilleux, S.; Wieringa, M. H.; Yoon, Y.

doi:10.1038/nature24290

Title: The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817

Journal Article · 15 October 2017 · Nature (London)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24290 · OSTI ID:1479933

Troja, E. ^[1]; Piro, L. ^[2]; van Eerten, H. ^[3]; Wollaeger, R. T. ^[4]; Im, M. ^[5]; Fox, O. D. ^[6]; Butler, N. R. ^[7]; Cenko, S. B. ^[8]; Sakamoto, T. ^[9]; Fryer, C. L. ^[4]; Ricci, R. ^[10]; Lien, A. ^[11]; Ryan, R. E. ^[6]; Korobkin, O. ^[4]; Lee, S. -K. ^[5]; Burgess, J. M. ^[12]; Lee, W. H. ^[13]; Watson, A. M. ^[13]; Choi, C. ^[5]; Covino, S. ^[14] more »

Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
INAF, Istituto di Astrofisica e Planetologia Spaziali, Rome (Italy)
University of Bath, Claverton Down (United Kingdom)
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)
Seoul National University (South Korea)
Space Telescope Science Institute, Baltimore, MD (United States)
Arizona State Univ., Tempe, AZ (United States)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Aoyama Gakuin University (Japan)
INAF-Istituto di Radioastronomia (Italy)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, Baltimore, MD (United States)
Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik, Giessenbachstrasse (Germany)
Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (Mexico)
INAF/Brera Astronomical Observatory, Merate (Italy)
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias (Spain); Universidad de La Laguna (Spain)
Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (South Korea)
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
CSIRO Astronomy and Space Science, Epping (Australia)

We present a long-standing paradigm in astrophysics is that collisions—or mergers—of two neutron stars form highly relativistic and collimated outflows (jets) that power γ-ray bursts of short (less than two seconds) duration. The observational support for this model, however, is only indirect. A hitherto outstanding prediction is that gravitational-wave events from such mergers should be associated with γ-ray bursts, and that a majority of these bursts should be seen off-axis, that is, they should point away from Earth. Here we report the discovery observations of the X-ray counterpart associated with the gravitational-wave event GW170817. Although the electromagnetic counterpart at optical and infrared frequencies is dominated by the radioactive glow (known as a ‘kilonova’) from freshly synthesized rapid neutron capture (r-process) material in the merger ejecta, observations at X-ray and, later, radio frequencies are consistent with a short γ-ray burst viewed off-axis. Lastly, our detection of X-ray emission at a location coincident with the kilonova transient provides the missing observational link between short γ-ray bursts and gravitational waves from neutron-star mergers, and gives independent confirmation of the collimated nature of the γ-ray-burst emission.

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Research Organization:: Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA); Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396

OSTI ID:: 1479933

Report Number(s):: LA-UR--17-29087

Journal Information:: Nature (London), Journal Name: Nature (London) Journal Issue: 7678 Vol. 551; ISSN 0028-0836

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Pre-merger Electromagnetic Counterparts of Binary Compact Stars Wang, Jie-Shuang; Peng, Fang-Kun; Wu, Kinwah The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 868, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae531	journal	November 2018
The optical afterglow of the short gamma-ray burst associated with GW170817 Lyman, J. D.; Lamb, G. P.; Levan, A. J. Nature Astronomy, Vol. 2, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0511-3	journal	July 2018
Optimized Radio Follow-up of Binary Neutron-star Mergers Carbone, Dario; Corsi, Alessandra The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae583	journal	November 2018
The Optical Afterglow of GW170817 at One Year Post-merger Lamb, G. P.; Lyman, J. D.; Levan, A. J. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaf96b	journal	January 2019
Spectral puzzle of the off-axis gamma-ray burst in GW170817 Ioka, Kunihito; Nakamura, Takashi Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1650	journal	June 2019
Gamma-rays from kilonova: a potential probe of r-process nucleosynthesis Korobkin, Oleg; Hungerford, Aimee M.; Fryer, Christopher L. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.05089	text	January 2019
Continued Brightening of the Afterglow of GW170817/GRB 170817A as due to a Delayed Energy Injection Li, Bing; Li, Long-Biao; Huang, Yong-Feng arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1802.10397	text	January 2018
Electromagnetic Emission Post Spinning Black Hole Magnetized Neutron Star Mergers Zhong, Shu-Qing; Dai, Zi-Gao; Deng, Can-Min The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab40c5	journal	September 2019
GW170817 --the first observed neutron star merger and its kilonova: Implications for the astrophysical site of the r-process Siegel, Daniel M. The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 55, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1140/epja/i2019-12888-9	journal	November 2019
Joint gravitational wave – gamma-ray burst detection rates in the aftermath of GW170817 Howell, E. J.; Ackley, K.; Rowlinson, A. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz455	journal	February 2019
Implications of the radio and X-ray emission that followed GW170817 Nakar, Ehud; Piran, Tsvi Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 478, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty952	journal	April 2018
A peculiar low-luminosity short gamma-ray burst from a double neutron star merger progenitor Zhang, B. -B.; Zhang, B.; Sun, H. Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-02847-3	journal	January 2018
The Orbit of GW170817 Was Inclined by Less Than 28° to the Line of Sight Mandel, Ilya The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 853, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa6c1	journal	January 2018
An optimised gravitational wave follow-up strategy with the Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder Dobie, D.; Murphy, T.; Kaplan, D. L. Publications of the Astronomical Society of Australia, Vol. 36 https://doi.org/10.1017/pasa.2019.9	journal	January 2019
A luminosity distribution for kilonovae based on short gamma-ray burst afterglows Ascenzi, Stefano; Coughlin, Michael W.; Dietrich, Tim Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 486, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz891	journal	March 2019
Kilonovae Metzger, Brian D. Living Reviews in Relativity, Vol. 23, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41114-019-0024-0	journal	December 2019
The Combined Ultraviolet, Optical, and Near-infrared Light Curves of the Kilonova Associated with the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Unified Data Set, Analytic Models, and Physical Implications Villar, V. A.; Guillochon, J.; Berger, E. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 851, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9c84	journal	December 2017
The origin of polarization in kilonovae and the case of the gravitational-wave counterpart AT 2017gfo Bulla, M.; Covino, S.; Kyutoku, K. Nature Astronomy, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0593-y	journal	November 2018
2900 Square Degree Search for the Optical Counterpart of Short Gamma-Ray Burst GRB 180523B with the Zwicky Transient Facility Coughlin, Michael W.; Ahumada, Tomás; Cenko, S. Bradley Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, Vol. 131, Issue 998 https://doi.org/10.1088/1538-3873/aaff99	journal	February 2019
The properties of neutron star in the framework of relativistic Hartree–Fock model with unitary correlation operator method Zhang, Ying; Liu, Peng; Hu, Jinniu International Journal of Modern Physics E, Vol. 28, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1142/s0218301319500940	journal	November 2019
Expected neutrino fluence from short Gamma-Ray Burst 170817A and off-axis angle constraints Biehl, D.; Heinze, J.; Winter, W. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty285	journal	February 2018
An Upper Limit on the Linear Polarization Fraction of the GW170817 Radio Continuum Corsi, Alessandra; Hallinan, Gregg W.; Lazzati, Davide The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 861, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aacdfd	journal	July 2018
Constraining the Maximum Mass of Neutron Stars from Multi-messenger Observations of GW170817 Margalit, Ben; Metzger, Brian D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 850, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa991c	journal	November 2017
Optical Follow-up of Gravitational-wave Events during the Second Advanced LIGO/VIRGO Observing Run with the DLT40 Survey Yang, Sheng; Sand, David J.; Valenti, Stefano The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab0e06	journal	April 2019
Deep learning for gravitational wave forecasting of neutron star mergers Wei, Wei; Huerta, E. A. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.2010.09751	text	January 2020
GW170817 Most Likely Made a Black Hole Pooley, David; Kumar, Pawan; Wheeler, J. Craig The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 859, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aac3d6	journal	May 2018
Non-thermal afterglow of the binary neutron star merger GW170817: a more natural modelling of electron energy distribution leads to a qualitatively different new solution Lin, Haoxiang; Totani, Tomonori; Kiuchi, Kenta Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 485, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz453	journal	February 2019
Numerical Simulations of the Jet Dynamics and Synchrotron Radiation of Binary Neutron Star Merger Event GW170817/GRB 170817A Xie, Xiaoyi; Zrake, Jonathan; MacFadyen, Andrew The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aacf9c	journal	August 2018
Low-frequency View of GW170817/GRB 170817A with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope Resmi, L.; Schulze, S.; Ishwara-Chandra, C. H. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae1a6	journal	October 2018
The Palomar Transient Factory Sky2Night programme van Roestel, J.; Groot, P. J.; Kupfer, T. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 484, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz241	journal	January 2019
Full Transport Model of GW170817-Like Disk Produces a Blue Kilonova Miller, Jonah M.; Ryan, Benjamin R.; Dolence, Joshua C. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1905.07477	text	January 2019
A Precise Distance to the Host Galaxy of the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817 Using Surface Brightness Fluctuations Cantiello, Michele; Jensen, J. B.; Blakeslee, J. P. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 854, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaad64	journal	February 2018
Census of the Local Universe (CLU) Narrowband Survey. I. Galaxy Catalogs from Preliminary Fields Cook, David O.; Kasliwal, Mansi M.; Sistine, Angela Van The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2131	journal	July 2019
A Decline in the X-Ray through Radio Emission from GW170817 Continues to Support an Off-axis Structured Jet Alexander, K. D.; Margutti, R.; Blanchard, P. K. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad637	journal	August 2018
Massive stars in extremely metal-poor galaxies: A window into the past Garcia, M.; Evans, C. J.; Bestenlehner, J. M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.04687	preprint	January 2019
An Empirical Study of Contamination in Deep, Rapid, and Wide-field Optical Follow-up of Gravitational Wave Events Cowperthwaite, P. S.; Berger, E.; Rest, A. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 858, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aabad9	journal	April 2018
Short GRBs: Opening Angles, Local Neutron Star Merger Rate, and Off-axis Events for GRB/GW Association Jin, Zhi-Ping; Li, Xiang; Wang, Hao The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 857, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab76d	journal	April 2018
The outflow structure of GW170817 from late-time broad-band observations Troja, E.; Piro, L.; Ryan, G. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters, Vol. 478, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnrasl/sly061	journal	April 2018
Investigation of a sample of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars observed with FORS and GMOS Caffau, E.; Gallagher, A. J.; Bonifacio, P. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 614 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732475	journal	June 2018
Charged scalar-tensor solitons and black holes with (approximate) Anti-de Sitter asymptotics Brihaye, Yves; Hartmann, Betti Journal of High Energy Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/jhep01(2019)142	journal	January 2019
Spectral classification of gravitational-wave emission and equation of state constraints in binary neutron star mergers Bauswein, A.; Stergioulas, N. Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 46, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/ab2b90	journal	September 2019
The Optical Afterglow of GW170817: An Off-axis Structured Jet and Deep Constraints on a Globular Cluster Origin Fong, W.; Blanchard, P. K.; Alexander, K. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 883, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab3d9e	journal	September 2019
Can We Distinguish Low-mass Black Holes in Neutron Star Binaries? Yang, Huan; East, William E.; Lehner, Luis The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab2b0	journal	March 2018
A long-lived neutron star merger remnant in GW170817: constraints and clues from X-ray observations Piro, L.; Troja, E.; Zhang, B. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 483, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3047	journal	November 2018
A multi-wavelength analysis of a collection of short-duration GRBs observed between 2012-2015 Pandey, S. B.; Hu, Y.; Castro-Tirado, A. J. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1902.07900	text	January 2019
Prospects for observing and localizing gravitational-wave transients with Advanced LIGO, Advanced Virgo and KAGRA Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.57867	text	January 2020
Searches After Gravitational-waves Using ARizona Observatories (SAGUARO): System Overview and First Results from Advanced LIGO/Virgo's Third Observing Run Lundquist, M. J.; Paterson, K.; Fong, W. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1906.06345	text	January 2019
The environment of the binary neutron star merger GW170817 Levan, A. J.; Lyman, J. D.; Tanvir, N. R. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1710.05444	text	January 2017
possis: predicting spectra, light curves, and polarization for multidimensional models of supernovae and kilonovae Bulla, M. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2495	journal	September 2019
A Pulsar Wind Nebula Embedded in the Kilonova AT 2017gfo Associated with GW170817/GRB 170817A Ren, Jia; Lin, Da-Bin; Zhang, Lu-Lu The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 885, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab4188	journal	October 2019
Diversity of Kilonova Light Curves Kawaguchi, Kyohei; Shibata, Masaru; Tanaka, Masaomi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 889, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab61f6	journal	February 2020
The Binary Neutron Star Event LIGO/Virgo GW170817 160 Days after Merger: Synchrotron Emission across the Electromagnetic Spectrum Margutti, R.; Alexander, K. D.; Xie, X. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aab2ad	journal	March 2018
Diversity of kilonova light curves Kawaguchi, Kyohei; Shibata, Masaru; Tanaka, Masaomi arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.05815	text	January 2019
Implications of the search for optical counterparts during the first six months of the Advanced LIGO’s and Advanced Virgo’s third observing run: possible limits on the ejecta mass and binary properties Coughlin, Michael W.; Dietrich, Tim; Antier, Sarah Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 492, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3457	journal	December 2019
Neutron Star Mergers Are the Dominant Source of the r-process in the Early Evolution of Dwarf Galaxies Duggan, Gina E.; Kirby, Evan N.; Andrievsky, Serge M. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1809.04597	text	January 2018
A radio counterpart to a neutron star merger Hallinan, G.; Corsi, A.; Mooley, K. P. Science, Vol. 358, Issue 6370 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9855	journal	October 2017
Metal-poor Stars Observed with the Automated Planet Finder Telescope. I. Discovery of Five Carbon-enhanced Metal-poor Stars from LAMOST Mardini, Mohammad K.; Li, Haining; Placco, Vinicius M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 875, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab0fa2	journal	April 2019
From γ to Radio: The Electromagnetic Counterpart of GW170817 Nakar, Ehud; Gottlieb, Ore; Piran, Tsvi The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 867, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aae205	journal	October 2018
Coincident Detection Significance in Multimessenger Astronomy Ashton, G.; Burns, E.; Canton, T. Dal The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 860, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aabfd2	journal	June 2018
Late-time Afterglow from Double-sided Structured Jets: Application to GRB 170817A Li, Long-Biao; Geng, Jin-Jun; Huang, Yong-Feng The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 880, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab275d	journal	July 2019
Spectroscopic identification of r-process nucleosynthesis in a double neutron star merger Pian, E.; D'Avanzo, P.; Benetti, S. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1710.05858	text	January 2017
Magnetically Inspired Explosive Outflows from Neutron-star Mergers Nathanail, Antonios; Porth, Oliver; Rezzolla, Luciano The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 870, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaf73a	journal	January 2019
Subsequent Nonthermal Emission Due to the Kilonova Ejecta in GW170817 Asano, Katsuaki; To, Sho The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 852, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaa3f5	journal	January 2018
X-ray guided gravitational-wave search for binary neutron star merger remnants Sarin, Nikhil; Lasky, Paul D.; Sammut, Letizia Physical Review D, Vol. 98, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.98.043011	journal	August 2018
The origin of the first neutron star – neutron star merger Belczynski, K.; Askar, A.; Arca-Sedda, M. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 615 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732428	journal	July 2018
Fermi GBM Observations of GRB 150101B: A Second Nearby Event with a Short Hard Spike and a Soft Tail Burns, E.; Veres, P.; Connaughton, V. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 863, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aad813	journal	August 2018
Compton echoes from nearby gamma-ray bursts Beniamini, Paz; Giannios, Dimitrios; Younes, George Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 476, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty616	journal	March 2018
Multi-messenger astrophysics Mészáros, Péter; Fox, Derek B.; Hanna, Chad Nature Reviews Physics, Vol. 1, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/s42254-019-0101-z	journal	October 2019
Detectability of neutron star merger afterglows Gottlieb, Ore; Nakar, Ehud; Piran, Tsvi Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 488, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1906	journal	July 2019
Gamma-Ray Bursts Induced by Turbulent Reconnection Lazarian, A.; Zhang, Bing; Xu, Siyao The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 882, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2b38	journal	September 2019
Interpreting GRB170817A as a giant flare from a jet-less double neutron star merger Salafia, O. S.; Ghisellini, G.; Ghirlanda, G. Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 619 https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732259	journal	November 2018
GW170817: The Energy Extraction Process of the Off-axis Relativistic Outflow and the Constraint on the Equation of State of Neutron Stars Wang, Yuan-Zhu; Shao, Dong-Sheng; Jiang, Jin-Liang The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 877, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab1914	journal	May 2019
SN2018kzr: A Rapidly Declining Transient from the Destruction of a White Dwarf McBrien, Owen R.; Smartt, Stephen J.; Chen, Ting-Wan The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 885, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab4dae	journal	October 2019
Brightening X-Ray/Optical/Radio Emission of GW170817/SGRB 170817A: Evidence for an Electron–Positron Wind from the Central Engine? Geng, Jin-Jun; Dai, Zi-Gao; Huang, Yong-Feng The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 856, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aab7f9	journal	March 2018
Optimizing multitelescope observations of gravitational-wave counterparts Coughlin, Michael W.; Antier, Sarah; Corre, David Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 489, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2485	journal	September 2019
Jet structure in the afterglow phase for gamma-ray bursts with a precessing jet Huang, Bao-Quan; Lin, Da-Bin; Liu, Tong Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 487, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1426	journal	June 2019
Inspiralling eccentric binary neutron stars: orbital motion and tidal resonance Yang, Huan arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1904.11089	text	January 2019
The Optical Afterglow of GW170817: An Off-axis Structured Jet and Deep Constraints on a Globular Cluster Origin Fong, Wen-fai; Blanchard, P. K.; Alexander, K. D. arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1908.08046	text	January 2019
Two Years of Nonthermal Emission from the Binary Neutron Star Merger GW170817: Rapid Fading of the Jet Afterglow and First Constraints on the Kilonova Fastest Ejecta Hajela, A.; Margutti, R.; Alexander, K. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 886, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab5226	journal	November 2019
The Rapid Reddening and Featureless Optical Spectra of the Optical Counterpart of GW170817, AT 2017gfo, during the First Four Days McCully, Curtis; Hiramatsu, Daichi; Howell, D. Andrew The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 848, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9111	journal	October 2017
Binary Neutron Star Mergers: Mass Ejection, Electromagnetic Counterparts, and Nucleosynthesis Radice, David; Perego, Albino; Hotokezaka, Kenta The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 869, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf054	journal	December 2018
Outflows from black hole hyperaccretion systems: short and long-short gamma-ray bursts and ‘quasi-supernovae’ Song, Cui-Ying; Liu, Tong; Li, Ang Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 477, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty783	journal	March 2018
First Electromagnetic Pulse Associated with a Gravitational-Wave Event: Profile, Duration, and Delay Lin, Da-Bin; Liu, Tong; Lin, Jie arXiv https://doi.org/10.48550/arxiv.1803.01565	text	January 2018
Estimating the Contribution of Dynamical Ejecta in the Kilonova Associated with GW170817 Abbott, B. P.; Abbott, R.; Abbott, T. D. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 850, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9478	journal	December 2017

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Title: The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817

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