Thinning Can Reduce Losses in Carbon Use Efficiency and Carbon Stocks in Managed Forests Under Warmer Climate

Collalti, Alessio; Trotta, Carlo; Keenan, Trevor F.; Ibrom, Andreas; Bond‐Lamberty, Ben; Grote, Ruediger; Vicca, Sara; Reyer, Christopher P.  O.; Migliavacca, Mirco; Veroustraete, Frank; Anav, Alessandro; Campioli, Matteo; Scoccimarro, Enrico; Šigut, Ladislav; Grieco, Elisa; Cescatti, Alessandro; Matteucci, Giorgio

doi:10.1029/2018MS001275

Title: Thinning Can Reduce Losses in Carbon Use Efficiency and Carbon Stocks in Managed Forests Under Warmer Climate

Journal Article · 19 September 2018 · Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1029/2018MS001275 · OSTI ID:1477796

^[1];

^[2];

^[3];

^[4];

^[5];

^[6]; Vicca, Sara ^[7]; Reyer, Christopher P. O. ^[8]; Migliavacca, Mirco ^[9]; Veroustraete, Frank ^[7]; Anav, Alessandro ^[10]; Campioli, Matteo ^[4];

^[11]; Šigut, Ladislav ^[12]; Grieco, Elisa ^[13];

^[14];

^[15]

Foundation Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Viterbo (Italy); National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rende (Italy)
Univ. of Tuscia, Viterbo (Italy)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Earth Sciences Division; ; Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
Technical Univ. of Denmark, Lyngby (Denmark)
Pacific Northwest National Lab. (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology (KIT) (Germany)
Univ. of Antwerp (Belgium)
Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research, Potsdam (Germany)
Max Plank Inst. for Biogeochemistry, Jena (Germany)
Univ. of Exeter (UK)
Foundation Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Bologna (Italy)
Global Change Research Inst. (CAS), Brno (Czech Republic)
Foundation Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change (CMCC), Viterbo (Italy)
European Commission, Ispra (Italy). Joint Research Centre
National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Rende (Italy)

Climate change is likely to impact the dynamics of forest carbon and water cycles over the coming centuries. Managed forests represent a significant fraction of land cover in many countries that ratified the Paris Agreement, investigating the potential impacts of silvicultural management on carbon sequestration seems both promising and urgently needed. Such an investigation needs to consider the physical impacts implied by harvesting as well as natural acclimation processes occurring in response to a changing environment. Here we examine the projected dynamics of forest carbon use efficiency (CUE) and water use efficiency (WUE), which both need to be considered as highly dynamical – a feature that is often neglected in climate change impact scenarios. Using a complex forest ecosystem model that represents the current understanding of forest ecosystem functioning, forced by five Earth System Models and four Representative Concentration Pathways from the ISIMIP project, we estimate future changes in CUE and WUE as a consequence of projected climate warming, rising atmospheric CO₂ concentrations and management for two intensively studied forest ecosystems. Our results indicate that CUE and WUE tend to decrease in unmanaged forests due to forest ageing and accompanying physiological alterations but increase in response to increasing CO₂ concentrations and as a consequence of forest management. We find that forest management strategies can significantly counterbalance the decrease in CUE and WUE projected for the next decades, while in the long-term (100 years) the benefits of this kind of management decrease substantially. We identify alternative management strategies that provide significant benefits with respect to climate mitigation compared to those currently employed. These results indicate that enhanced mitigation due to forest management is possible over longer periods of time but can prolonged using alternative forest management schemes which should be considered as valuable adaptive options.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), Richland, WA (United States); Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER); European Union (EU); German Federal Ministry of Education & Research (BMBF); Italian National Operational Program for Research and Competitiveness (PON R&C); European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-76RL01830; AC02-05CH11231; 641816; LIFE15-CCM/IT/000141; 01LS1201A1; PON03PE-00024-1; AC02‐05CH11231

OSTI ID:: 1477796

Alternate ID(s):: OSTI ID: 1477799; OSTI ID: 1559161; OSTI ID: 1633045

Report Number(s):: PNNL-SA-124209

Journal Information:: Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 10, Issue 10; ISSN 1942-2466

Publisher:: American Geophysical Union (AGU)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (177)

Plant respiration in productivity models: conceptualisation, representation and issues for global terrestrial carbon-cycle research Gifford, Roger M. Functional Plant Biology, Vol. 30, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP02083	journal	January 2003
The hot and the cold: unravelling the variable response of plant respiration to temperature Atkin, Owen K.; Bruhn, Dan; Hurry, Vaughan M. Functional Plant Biology, Vol. 32, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1071/FP03176	journal	January 2005
Forest water use and water use efficiency at elevated CO ₂ : a model-data intercomparison at two contrasting temperate forest FACE sites De Kauwe, Martin G.; Medlyn, Belinda E.; Zaehle, Sönke Global Change Biology, Vol. 19, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12164	journal	March 2013
Paired comparisons of carbon exchange between undisturbed and regenerating stands in four managed forests in Europe Kowalski, Andrew S.; Loustau, Denis; Berbigier, Paul Global Change Biology, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00846.x	journal	October 2004
Effect of climate warming on the annual terrestrial net ecosystem CO2 exchange globally in the boreal and temperate regions Zhang, Zhiyuan; Zhang, Renduo; Cescatti, Alessandro Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-03386-5	journal	June 2017
Evaluation of ecosystem dynamics, plant geography and terrestrial carbon cycling in the LPJ dynamic global vegetation model Sitch, S.; Smith, B.; Prentice, I. C. Global Change Biology, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2003.00569.x	journal	February 2003
Sensitivity of natural vegetation to climate change in the Euro-Mediterranean area Anav, A.; Mariotti, A. Climate Research, Vol. 46, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.3354/cr00993	journal	May 2011
Using ecosystem experiments to improve vegetation models Medlyn, Belinda E.; Zaehle, Sönke; De Kauwe, Martin G. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2621	journal	May 2015
Impact of Future Climate on Radial Growth of Four Major Boreal Tree Species in the Eastern Canadian Boreal Forest Huang, Jian-Guo; Bergeron, Yves; Berninger, Frank PLoS ONE, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056758	journal	February 2013
Steeper declines in forest photosynthesis than respiration explain age-driven decreases in forest growth Tang, J.; Luyssaert, S.; Richardson, A. D. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1320761111	journal	June 2014
Temperate forest trees and stands under severe drought: a review of ecophysiological responses, adaptation processes and long-term consequences Bréda, Nathalie; Huc, Roland; Granier, André Annals of Forest Science, Vol. 63, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2006042	journal	September 2006
Photosynthetic temperature responses of Eucalyptus globulus and Eucalyptus nitens Battaglia, M.; Beadle, C.; Loughhead, S. Tree Physiology, Vol. 16, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/16.1-2.81	journal	January 1996
The ratio of NPP to GPP: evidence of change over the course of stand development Makela, A.; Valentine, H. T. Tree Physiology, Vol. 21, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/21.14.1015	journal	September 2001
Forest response to elevated CO2 is conserved across a broad range of productivity Norby, R. J.; DeLucia, E. H.; Gielen, B. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 102, Issue 50 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0509478102	journal	December 2005
Comment on "Drought-Induced Reduction in Global Terrestrial Net Primary Production from 2000 Through 2009" Medlyn, B. E. Science, Vol. 333, Issue 6046 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1199544	journal	August 2011
Effects on Carbon Storage of Conversion of Old-Growth Forests to Young Forests Harmon, M. E.; Ferrell, W. K.; Franklin, J. F. Science, Vol. 247, Issue 4943 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.247.4943.699	journal	February 1990
Environmental and stoichiometric controls on microbial carbon-use efficiency in soils: Research review Manzoni, Stefano; Taylor, Philip; Richter, Andreas New Phytologist, Vol. 196, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04225.x	journal	July 2012
Thermal acclimation and the dynamic response of plant respiration to temperature Atkin, O. Trends in Plant Science, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1360-1385(03)00136-5	journal	July 2003
Water-use efficiency and transpiration across European forests during the Anthropocene Frank, D. C.; Poulter, B.; Saurer, M. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2614	journal	May 2015
The next generation of scenarios for climate change research and assessment Moss, Richard H.; Edmonds, Jae A.; Hibbard, Kathy A. Nature, Vol. 463, Issue 7282 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08823	journal	February 2010
A simple method for estimating gross carbon budgets for vegetation in forest ecosystems Ryan, M. G. Tree Physiology, Vol. 9, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/9.1-2.255	journal	July 1991
Estimation of potential impacts of climate change on growth and yield of temperate tree species Ashraf, M. Irfan; Bourque, Charles P. -A.; MacLean, David A. Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change, Vol. 20, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11027-013-9484-9	journal	July 2013
A vertically discretised canopy description for ORCHIDEE (SVN r2290) and the modifications to the energy, water and carbon fluxes Naudts, K.; Ryder, J.; McGrath, M. J. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 8, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-2035-2015	journal	January 2015
Boreal and temperate trees show strong acclimation of respiration to warming Reich, Peter B.; Sendall, Kerrie M.; Stefanski, Artur Nature, Vol. 531, Issue 7596 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17142	journal	March 2016
Net primary production of forests: a constant fraction of gross primary production? Waring, R. H.; Landsberg, J. J.; Williams, M. Tree Physiology, Vol. 18, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/18.2.129	journal	February 1998
Multiple-use forest management in consideration of climate change and the interests of stakeholder groups Fürstenau, Cornelia; Badeck, Franz W.; Lasch, Petra European Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 126, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10342-006-0114-x	journal	April 2007
Modelling the Components of Plant Respiration: Representation and Realism Thornley, J. Annals of Botany, Vol. 85, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.1999.0997	journal	January 2000
The Importance of Age-Related Decline in Forest npp for Modeling Regional Carbon Balances Zaehle, Sönke; Sitch, Stephen; Prentice, I. Colin Ecological Applications, Vol. 16, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1890/1051-0761(2006)016[1555:TIOADI]2.0.CO;2	journal	August 2006
Direct and indirect effects of elevated CO2 on leaf respiration in a forest ecosystem Hamilton, J. G.; Thomas, R. B.; Delucia, E. H. Plant, Cell and Environment, Vol. 24, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.0016-8025.2001.00730.x	journal	September 2001
Terrestrial plant production and climate change Friend, A. D. Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 61, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq019	journal	March 2010
Using temperature-dependent changes in leaf scaling relationships to quantitatively account for thermal acclimation of respiration in a coupled global climatevegetation model Atkin, Owen K.; Atkinson, Lindsey J.; Fisher, Rosie A. Global Change Biology https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01664.x	journal	August 2008
Projections of regional changes in forest net primary productivity for different tree species in Europe driven by climate change and carbon dioxide Reyer, Christopher; Lasch-Born, Petra; Suckow, Felicitas Annals of Forest Science, Vol. 71, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-013-0306-8	journal	June 2013
Modelling long-term impacts of changes in climate, nitrogen deposition and ozone exposure on carbon sequestration of European forest ecosystems de Vries, Wim; Posch, Maximilian; Simpson, David Science of The Total Environment, Vol. 605-606 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.06.132	journal	December 2017
An Introduction to Environmental Biophysics Campbell, Gaylon S.; Norman, John M. Springer New York, NY https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-1626-1	book	January 1998
A multi-species synthesis of physiological mechanisms in drought-induced tree mortality Adams, Henry D.; Zeppel, Melanie J. B.; Anderegg, William R. L. Nature Ecology & Evolution, Vol. 1, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-017-0248-x	journal	August 2017
Ten years of fluxes and stand growth in a young beech forest at Hesse, North-eastern France Granier, André; Bréda, Nathalie; Longdoz, Bernard Annals of Forest Science, Vol. 65, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2008052	journal	January 2008
Future wood productivity of Pinus radiata in New Zealand under expected climatic changes Kirschbaum, Miko U. F.; Watt, Michael S.; Tait, Andrew Global Change Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02625.x	journal	January 2012
Carbon allocation in forest ecosystems Litton, Creighton M.; Raich, James W.; Ryan, Michael G. Global Change Biology, Vol. 13, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01420.x	journal	October 2007
Scaling from Trees to Forests: Tractable Macroscopic Equations for Forest Dynamics Strigul, Nikolay; Pristinski, Denis; Purves, Drew Ecological Monographs, Vol. 78, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0082.1	journal	November 2008
Contrasting responses of forest ecosystems to rising atmospheric CO ₂ : Implications for the global C cycle : FOREST CARBON BUDGET DeLucia, E. H.; Moore, D. J.; Norby, R. J. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 19, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002346	journal	July 2005
Biomass production efficiency controlled by management in temperate and boreal ecosystems Campioli, M.; Vicca, S.; Luyssaert, S. Nature Geoscience, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2553	journal	October 2015
The likely impact of elevated [CO ₂ ], nitrogen deposition, increased temperature and management on carbon sequestration in temperate and boreal forest ecosystems: a literature review Hyvönen, Riitta; Ågren, Göran I.; Linder, Sune New Phytologist, Vol. 173, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.01967.x	journal	January 2007
Monitoring and forecasting ecosystem dynamics using the Terrestrial Observation and Prediction System (TOPS) Nemani, Ramakrishna; Hashimoto, Hirofumi; Votava, Petr Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 113, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2008.06.017	journal	July 2009
Vegetation demographics in Earth System Models: A review of progress and priorities Fisher, Rosie A.; Koven, Charles D.; Anderegg, William R. L. Global Change Biology, Vol. 24, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13910	journal	October 2017
Functional responses of plants to elevated atmospheric CO2- do photosynthetic and productivity data from FACE experiments support early predictions? Nowak, Robert S.; Ellsworth, David S.; Smith, Stanley D. New Phytologist, Vol. 162, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01033.x	journal	May 2004
Predicting changes in temperate forest budburst using continental-scale observations and models: WEAKENING SPRING GREEN-WAVE Jeong, Su-Jong; Medvigy, David; Shevliakova, Elena Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2012Gl054431	journal	January 2013
Alternative forest management strategies to account for climate change-induced productivity and species suitability changes in Europe Schelhaas, Mart-Jan; Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Hengeveld, Geerten Regional Environmental Change, Vol. 15, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-015-0788-z	journal	April 2015
Evaluating the convergence between eddy-covariance and biometric methods for assessing carbon budgets of forests Campioli, M.; Malhi, Y.; Vicca, S. Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13717	journal	December 2016
Impacts of an anomalously warm year on soil CO2 efflux in experimentally manipulated tallgrass prairie ecosystems Verburg, Paul S. J.; Larsen, Jessica; Johnson, Dale W. Global Change Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001032.x	journal	October 2005
Above- and belowground biomass and net primary production in a 73-year-old Scots pine forest Xiao, C. -W.; Yuste, J. C.; Janssens, I. A. Tree Physiology, Vol. 23, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/23.8.505	journal	June 2003
Acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration is asynchronous in response to changes in temperature regardless of plant functional group Campbell, Catherine; Atkinson, Lindsey; Zaragoza-Castells, Joana New Phytologist, Vol. 176, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02183.x	journal	October 2007
Stemwood volume increment changes in European forests due to climate change-a simulation study with the EFISCEN model Nabuurs, Gert-Jan; Pussinen, Ari; Karjalainen, Timo Global Change Biology, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1354-1013.2001.00470.x	journal	April 2002
Respiration as a percentage of daily photosynthesis in whole plants is homeostatic at moderate, but not high, growth temperatures Atkin, O. K.; Scheurwater, I.; Pons, T. L. New Phytologist, Vol. 174, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02011.x	journal	April 2007
A global overview of drought and heat-induced tree mortality reveals emerging climate change risks for forests Allen, Craig D.; Macalady, Alison K.; Chenchouni, Haroun Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 259, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2009.09.001	journal	February 2010
Carbon budget for Scots pine trees: effects of size, competition and site fertility on growth allocation and production Vanninen, P.; Makela, A. Tree Physiology, Vol. 25, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.1.17	journal	January 2005
Acclimation of the respiration/photosynthesis ratio to temperature: insights from a model Dewar, Roderick C.; Medlyn, Belinda E.; Mcmurtrie, Ross. E. Global Change Biology, Vol. 5, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00253.x	journal	June 1999
Reconciling leaf physiological traits and canopy flux data: Use of the TRY and FLUXNET databases in the Community Land Model version 4: COMMUNITY LAND MODEL CANOPY SCALING Bonan, Gordon B.; Oleson, Keith W.; Fisher, Rosie A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 117, Issue G2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001913	journal	June 2012
An Experimental test of the Causes of Forest Growth Decline with Stand age Ryan, Michael G.; Binkley, Dan; Fownes, James H. Ecological Monographs, Vol. 74, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1890/03-4037	journal	August 2004
Does physiological acclimation to climate warming stabilize the ratio of canopy respiration to photosynthesis? Drake, John E.; Tjoelker, Mark G.; Aspinwall, Michael J. New Phytologist, Vol. 211, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.13978	journal	April 2016
Impact of tropospheric ozone on the Euro-Mediterranean vegetation: IMPACT OF OZONE ON VEGETATION Anav, A.; Menut, L.; Khvorostyanov, D. Global Change Biology, Vol. 17, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02387.x	journal	February 2011
Carbon sequestration: Managing forests in uncertain times Bellassen, Valentin; Luyssaert, Sebastiaan Nature, Vol. 506, Issue 7487 https://doi.org/10.1038/506153a	journal	February 2014
Recent pause in the growth rate of atmospheric CO2 due to enhanced terrestrial carbon uptake Keenan, Trevor F.; Prentice, I. Colin; Canadell, Josep G. Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13428	journal	November 2016
Synthesis on the carbon budget and cycling in a Danish, temperate deciduous forest Wu, J.; Larsen, K. S.; van der Linden, L. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 181 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2013.07.012	journal	November 2013
Modeling and measuring the effects of disturbance history and climate on carbon and water budgets in evergreen needleleaf forests Thornton, P. E.; Law, B. E.; Gholz, Henry L. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 113, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0168-1923(02)00108-9	journal	December 2002
Acclimation of respiration to temperature and CO ₂ in seedlings of boreal tree species in relation to plant size and relative growth rate Tjoelker, MarK. G.; Oleksyn, Jacek; Reich, Peter B. Global Change Biology, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00257.x	journal	August 1999
Elevated Atmospheric CO2 Affects Ectomycorrhizal Species Abundance and Increases Sporocarp Production under Field Conditions Godbold, Douglas; Vašutová, Martina; Wilkinson, Anna Forests, Vol. 6, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/f6041256	journal	April 2015
Hot spot maps of forest presence in the Mediterranean basin Noce, S.; Collalti, A.; Valentini, R. iForest - Biogeosciences and Forestry, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.3832/ifor1802-009	journal	January 2016
Effect of species composition, stand density and site index on the basal area increment of oak trees ( *Quercus* sp.) in mixed stands with beech ( *Fagus sylvatica* L.) in northern France Hein, Sebastian; Dhôte, Jean-François Annals of Forest Science, Vol. 63, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1051/forest:2006026	journal	July 2006
A modeling analysis of the interaction between forest age and forest responsiveness to increasing CO2 concentration Kirschbaum, M. U. F. Tree Physiology, Vol. 25, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.7.953	journal	July 2005
Taking off the training wheels: the properties of a dynamic vegetation model without climate envelopes, CLM4.5(ED) Fisher, R. A.; Muszala, S.; Verteinstein, M. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 8, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-8-3593-2015	journal	January 2015
Elevated CO2 affects photosynthetic responses in canopy pine and subcanopy deciduous trees over 10 years: a synthesis from Duke FACE Ellsworth, David S.; Thomas, Richard; Crous, Kristine Y. Global Change Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2011.02505.x	journal	August 2011
The representative concentration pathways: an overview van Vuuren, Detlef P.; Edmonds, Jae; Kainuma, Mikiko Climatic Change, Vol. 109, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-011-0148-z	journal	August 2011
Nonstructural Carbon in Woody Plants Dietze, Michael C.; Sala, Anna; Carbone, Mariah S. Annual Review of Plant Biology, Vol. 65, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-040054	journal	April 2014
Effects of forest management on productivity and carbon sequestration: A review and hypothesis Noormets, A.; Epron, D.; Domec, J. C. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 355 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2015.05.019	journal	November 2015
Greening of the Earth and its drivers Zhu, Zaichun; Piao, Shilong; Myneni, Ranga B. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 6, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate3004	journal	April 2016
Changes in European ecosystem productivity and carbon balance driven by regional climate model output Morales, Pablo; Hickler, Thomas; Rowell, David P. Global Change Biology, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01289.x	journal	January 2007
Forest management scenarios in a changing climate: trade-offs between carbon, timber, and old forest Creutzburg, Megan K.; Scheller, Robert M.; Lucash, Melissa S. Ecological Applications, Vol. 27, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1460	journal	February 2017
A parameterization of leaf phenology for the terrestrial ecosystem component of climate models Arora, Vivek K.; Boer, George J. Global Change Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2004.00890.x	journal	January 2005
The Strategy of Ecosystem Development Odum, E. P. Science, Vol. 164, Issue 3877 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.164.3877.262	journal	April 1969
Climate extremes and the carbon cycle Reichstein, Markus; Bahn, Michael; Ciais, Philippe Nature, Vol. 500, Issue 7462 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12350	journal	August 2013
Recovery of ponderosa pine ecosystem carbon and water fluxes from thinning and stand-replacing fire Dore, Sabina; Montes-Helu, Mario; Hart, Stephen C. Global Change Biology, Vol. 18, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02775.x	journal	July 2012
On the use of a simple deciduous forest model for the interpretation of climate change effects at the level of carbon dynamics Veroustraete, F. Ecological Modelling, Vol. 75-76 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3800(94)90021-3	journal	September 1994
Modeling the effects of varied forest management regimes on carbon dynamics in jack pine stands under climate change Wang, Weifeng; Peng, Changhui; Kneeshaw, Daniel D. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 43, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2012-0320	journal	May 2013
Toward an allocation scheme for global terrestrial carbon models Friedlingstein, P.; Joel, G.; Field, C. B. Global Change Biology, Vol. 5, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.1999.00269.x	journal	October 1999
Forest growth and species distribution in a changing climate Kirschbaum, M. U. F. Tree Physiology, Vol. 20, Issue 5-6 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/20.5-6.309	journal	March 2000
Simulation, calibration and validation protocols for the model 3D-CMCC-CNR-FEM: a case study in the Bonis’ watershed (Calabria, Italy) [Protocollo di simulazione, calibrazione e validazione del modello 3D-CMCC-CNR-FEM: il caso studio del bacino altamente strumentato del Bonis in Calabria] Collalti, A.; Biondo, C.; Buttafuoco, G. Forest@ - Rivista di Selvicoltura ed Ecologia Forestale, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3832/efor2368-014	journal	January 2017
Forest carbon use efficiency: is respiration a constant fraction of gross primary production? DeLUCIA, Evan H.; Drake, John E.; Thomas, Richard B. Global Change Biology, Vol. 13, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01365.x	journal	June 2007
Assessing the resilience of Norway spruce forests through a model-based reanalysis of thinning trials Seidl, Rupert; Vigl, Friedrich; Rössler, Günter Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 388 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2016.11.030	journal	March 2017
Climate warming will reduce growth and survival of Scots pine except in the far north: Scots pine growth and survival following climate transfer Reich, P. B.; Oleksyn, J. Ecology Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01172.x	journal	March 2008
The Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Intercomparison Project (ISI–MIP): Project framework Warszawski, Lila; Frieler, Katja; Huber, Veronika Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 111, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1312330110	journal	December 2013
Quantifying photosynthetic capacity and its relationship to leaf nitrogen content for global-scale terrestrial biosphere models Kattge, Jens; Knorr, Wolfgang; Raddatz, Thomas Global Change Biology, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2008.01744.x	journal	April 2009
Europes forest management did not mitigate climate warming Naudts, K.; Chen, Y.; McGrath, M. J. Science, Vol. 351, Issue 6273 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aad7270	journal	February 2016
Modelling five years of weather-driven variation of GPP in a boreal forest Mäkelä, Annikki; Kolari, Pasi; Karimäki, Janne Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 139, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.08.017	journal	October 2006
How representative is the spread of climate projections from the 5 CMIP5 GCMs used in ISI-MIP? McSweeney, Carol F.; Jones, Richard G. Climate Services, Vol. 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cliser.2016.02.001	journal	March 2016
Model-based analysis of management alternatives at stand and regional level in Brandenburg (Germany) Lasch, Petra; Badeck, Franz-W.; Suckow, Felicitas Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 207, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2004.10.034	journal	March 2005
Reproducing reproduction: How to simulate mast seeding in forest models Vacchiano, Giorgio; Ascoli, Davide; Berzaghi, Fabio Ecological Modelling, Vol. 376 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2018.03.004	journal	May 2018
Climate-driven global changes in carbon use efficiency: Global carbon use efficiency dynamics Zhang, Yangjian; Yu, Guirui; Yang, Jian Global Ecology and Biogeography, Vol. 23, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/geb.12086	journal	June 2013
A trend-preserving bias correction – the ISI-MIP approach Hempel, S.; Frieler, K.; Warszawski, L. Earth System Dynamics, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/esd-4-219-2013	journal	January 2013
Influence of carbon-nitrogen cycle coupling on land model response to CO ₂ fertilization and climate variability : INFLUENCE OF CARBON-NITROGEN COUPLING Thornton, Peter E.; Lamarque, Jean-François; Rosenbloom, Nan A. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 21, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GB002868	journal	December 2007
Estimation of carbon mass fluxes over Europe using the C-Fix model and Euroflux data Veroustraete, F.; Sabbe, H.; Eerens, H. Remote Sensing of Environment, Vol. 83, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0034-4257(02)00043-3	journal	December 2002
Representative estimates of soil and ecosystem respiration in an old beech forest Knohl, Alexander; Søe, Astrid R. B.; Kutsch, Werner L. Plant and Soil, Vol. 302, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11104-007-9467-2	journal	November 2007
Effects of rising temperatures and [CO ₂ ] on the physiology of tropical forest trees Lloyd, Jon; Farquhar, Graham D. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 363, Issue 1498 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2007.0032	journal	February 2008
A new seasonal-deciduous spring phenology submodel in the Community Land Model 4.5: impacts on carbon and water cycling under future climate scenarios Chen, Min; Melaas, Eli K.; Gray, Josh M. Global Change Biology, Vol. 22, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.13326	journal	May 2016
Climate change impacts on vegetation and water cycle in the Euro-Mediterranean region, studied by a likelihood approach Santini, M.; Collalti, A.; Valentini, R. Regional Environmental Change, Vol. 14, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10113-013-0582-8	journal	January 2014
Patterns of NPP, GPP, respiration, and NEP during boreal forest succession: CARBON DYNAMICS DURING BOREAL SUCCESSION Goulden, M. L.; Mcmillan, A. M. S.; Winston, G. C. Global Change Biology, Vol. 17, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2010.02274.x	journal	January 2011
Increasing net CO2 uptake by a Danish beech forest during the period from 1996 to 2009 Pilegaard, Kim; Ibrom, Andreas; Courtney, Michael S. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 151, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2011.02.013	journal	July 2011
Performance of the forest productivity model 3-PG applied to a wide range of forest types Landsberg, J. J.; Waring, R. H.; Coops, N. C. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 172, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(01)00804-0	journal	January 2003
Modeling climate change effects on the potential production of French plains forests at the sub-regional level Loustau, D.; Bosc, A.; Colin, A. Tree Physiology, Vol. 25, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/25.7.813	journal	July 2005
A dynamic global vegetation model for studies of the coupled atmosphere-biosphere system: DVGM FOR COUPLED CLIMATE STUDIES Krinner, G.; Viovy, Nicolas; de Noblet-Ducoudré, Nathalie Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GB002199	journal	February 2005
Concurrent and lagged impacts of an anomalously warm year on autotrophic and heterotrophic components of soil respiration: a deconvolution analysis Zhou, Xuhui; Luo, Yiqi; Gao, Chao New Phytologist, Vol. 187, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03256.x	journal	April 2010
Europe-wide reduction in primary productivity caused by the heat and drought in 2003 Ciais, Ph.; Reichstein, M.; Viovy, N. Nature, Vol. 437, Issue 7058 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature03972	journal	September 2005
Age-Related Decline in Forest Productivity: Pattern and Process Ryan, M. G.; Binkley, D.; Fownes, J. H. Advances in Ecological Research Volume 27 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2504(08)60009-4	book	January 1997
Net aboveground biomass declines of four major forest types with forest ageing and climate change in western Canada's boreal forests Chen, Han Y. H.; Luo, Yong Global Change Biology, Vol. 21, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.12994	journal	July 2015
Boreal forest health and global change Gauthier, S.; Bernier, P.; Kuuluvainen, T. Science, Vol. 349, Issue 6250 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa9092	journal	August 2015
The Role of Respiration in Estimation of Net Carbon Cycle: Coupling Soil Carbon Dynamics and Canopy Turnover in a Novel Version of 3D-CMCC Forest Ecosystem Model Marconi, Sergio; Chiti, Tommaso; Nolè, Angelo Forests, Vol. 8, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/f8060220	journal	June 2017
Managing forests for wood yield and carbon storage: a theoretical study Thornley, J. H. M.; Cannell, M. G. R. Tree Physiology, Vol. 20, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/20.7.477	journal	April 2000
Validation of 3D-CMCC Forest Ecosystem Model (v.5.1) against eddy covariance data for 10 European forest sites Collalti, A.; Marconi, S.; Ibrom, A. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-479-2016	journal	January 2016
Physiological Plant Ecology Larcher, Walter Springer Berlin, Heidelberg https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-05214-3	book	January 2003
A process-based model to simulate growth in forests with complex structure: Evaluation and use of 3D-CMCC Forest Ecosystem Model in a deciduous forest in Central Italy Collalti, Alessio; Perugini, Lucia; Santini, Monia Ecological Modelling, Vol. 272 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2013.09.016	journal	January 2014
Effects of management thinning on CO ₂ exchange by a plantation oak woodland in south-eastern England Wilkinson, Matthew; Crow, Peter; Eaton, Edward L. Biogeosciences, Vol. 13, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-2367-2016	journal	January 2016
Net carbon uptake has increased through warming-induced changes in temperate forest phenology Keenan, Trevor F.; Gray, Josh; Friedl, Mark A. Nature Climate Change, Vol. 4, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2253	journal	June 2014
Mycorrhizal association as a primary control of the CO ₂ fertilization effect Terrer, César; Vicca, Sara; Hungate, Bruce A. Science, Vol. 353, Issue 6294 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf4610	journal	June 2016
Nitrogen Availability Reduces CMIP5 Projections of Twenty-First-Century Land Carbon Uptake Zaehle, Sönke; Jones, Chris D.; Houlton, Benjamin Journal of Climate, Vol. 28, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-13-00776.1	journal	March 2015
Sensitivity of plants to changing atmospheric CO ₂ concentration: from the geological past to the next century Franks, Peter J.; Adams, Mark A.; Amthor, Jeffrey S. New Phytologist, Vol. 197, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12104	journal	January 2013
Temperature acclimation of photosynthesis and respiration: A key uncertainty in the carbon cycle-climate feedback: PHYSIOLOGICAL TEMPERATURE ACCLIMATION Lombardozzi, Danica L.; Bonan, Gordon B.; Smith, Nicholas G. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 42, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL065934	journal	October 2015
Forest stand growth dynamics in Central Europe have accelerated since 1870 Pretzsch, Hans; Biber, Peter; Schütze, Gerhard Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5967	journal	September 2014
Plant respiration and photosynthesis in global-scale models: incorporating acclimation to temperature and CO ₂ Smith, Nicholas G.; Dukes, Jeffrey S. Global Change Biology, Vol. 19, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2012.02797.x	journal	September 2012
Climate change and European forests: What do we know, what are the uncertainties, and what are the implications for forest management? Lindner, Marcus; Fitzgerald, Joanne B.; Zimmermann, Niklaus E. Journal of Environmental Management, Vol. 146 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.07.030	journal	December 2014
Increase in forest water-use efficiency as atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations rise Keenan, Trevor F.; Hollinger, David Y.; Bohrer, Gil Nature, Vol. 499, Issue 7458 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12291	journal	July 2013
Global Warming and Flowering Times in Thoreau'S Concord: a Community Perspective Miller-Rushing, Abraham J.; Primack, Richard B. Ecology, Vol. 89, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1890/07-0068.1	journal	February 2008
Leaf/sapwood area ratios in Scots pine show acclimation across Europe Mencuccini, Maurizio; Bonosi, Lorenzo Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1139/x00-173	journal	March 2001
Elevated growth temperatures reduce the carbon gain of black spruce [Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.] Way, Danielle A.; Sage, Rowan F. Global Change Biology, Vol. 14, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01513.x	journal	March 2008
Forest Productivity Under Environmental Change—a Review of Stand-Scale Modeling Studies Reyer, Christopher Current Forestry Reports, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40725-015-0009-5	journal	April 2015
Assessing temporal variation of primary and ecosystem production in two Mediterranean forests using a modified 3-PG model Nolè, Angelo; Collalti, Alessio; Magnani, Federico Annals of Forest Science, Vol. 70, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-013-0315-7	journal	August 2013
Seasonal and inter-annual dynamics of growth, non-structural carbohydrates and C stable isotopes in a Mediterranean beech forest Scartazza, A.; Moscatello, S.; Matteucci, G. Tree Physiology, Vol. 33, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpt045	journal	July 2013
Modelling respiration of vegetation: evidence for a general temperature-dependent Q10 Tjoelker, Mark G.; Oleksyn, Jacek; Reich, Peter B. Global Change Biology, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2486.2001.00397.x	journal	February 2001
Physiological and environmental regulation of stomatal conductance, photosynthesis and transpiration: a model that includes a laminar boundary layer Collatz, G. James; Ball, J. Timothy; Grivet, Cyril Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 54, Issue 2-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0168-1923(91)90002-8	journal	April 1991
Use of a physiological process model with forestry yield tables to set limits on annual carbon balances Waring, R. H.; McDowell, N. Tree Physiology, Vol. 22, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/22.2-3.179	journal	February 2002
Carbon respired by terrestrial ecosystems - recent progress and challenges Trumbore, Susan Global Change Biology, Vol. 12, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01067.x	journal	February 2006
Where does the carbon go? A model-data intercomparison of vegetation carbon allocation and turnover processes at two temperate forest free-air CO ₂ enrichment sites De Kauwe, Martin G.; Medlyn, Belinda E.; Zaehle, Sönke New Phytologist, Vol. 203, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12847	journal	May 2014
Effect of thinning on surface fluxes in a boreal forest: THINNING AND SURFACE FLUXES IN BOREAL FOREST Vesala, T.; Suni, T.; Rannik, Ü. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 19, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002316	journal	April 2005
CO ₂ balance of boreal, temperate, and tropical forests derived from a global database Luyssaert, S.; Inglima, I.; Jung, M. Global Change Biology, Vol. 13, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01439.x	journal	December 2007
Carbon use efficiency and storage in terrestrial ecosystems Bradford, Mark A.; Crowther, Thomas W. New Phytologist, Vol. 199, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12334	journal	May 2013
Evaluation of 11 terrestrial carbon-nitrogen cycle models against observations from two temperate Free-Air CO ₂ Enrichment studies Zaehle, Sönke; Medlyn, Belinda E.; De Kauwe, Martin G. New Phytologist, Vol. 202, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.12697	journal	January 2014
Towards a standardized processing of Net Ecosystem Exchange measured with eddy covariance technique: algorithms and uncertainty estimation Papale, D.; Reichstein, M.; Aubinet, M. Biogeosciences, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-3-571-2006	journal	January 2006
The Interpretation of the Variations in Leaf Water Potential and Stomatal Conductance Found in Canopies in the Field Jarvis, P. G. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, Vol. 273, Issue 927 https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.1976.0035	journal	February 1976
Fertile forests produce biomass more efficiently: Forests’ biomass production efficiency Vicca, S.; Luyssaert, S.; Peñuelas, J. Ecology Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1461-0248.2012.01775.x	journal	April 2012
CenW, a forest growth model with linked carbon, energy, nutrient and water cycles Kirschbaum, Miko U. F. Ecological Modelling, Vol. 118, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00020-4	journal	June 1999
On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm Reichstein, Markus; Falge, Eva; Baldocchi, Dennis Global Change Biology, Vol. 11, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x	journal	September 2005
Mechanisms Linking Drought, Hydraulics, Carbon Metabolism, and Vegetation Mortality McDowell, Nathan G. Plant Physiology, Vol. 155, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.170704	journal	January 2011
Terrestrial ecosystem process model Biome-BGCMuSo v4.0: summary of improvements and new modeling possibilities Hidy, Dóra; Barcza, Zoltán; Marjanović, Hrvoje Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 9, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-9-4405-2016	journal	January 2016
Leaf/sapwood area ratios in Scots pine show acclimation across Europe Mencuccini, Maurizio; Bonosi, Lorenzo Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 31, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-31-3-442	journal	January 2001
Forests and Climate Change: Forcings, Feedbacks, and the Climate Benefits of Forests Bonan, G. B. Science, Vol. 320, Issue 5882 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1155121	journal	June 2008
A comparative analysis of simulated and observed photosynthetic CO2 uptake in two coniferous forest canopies Ibrom, A.; Jarvis, P. G.; Clement, R. Tree Physiology, Vol. 26, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/26.7.845	journal	July 2006
Death from drought in tropical forests is triggered by hydraulics not carbon starvation Rowland, L.; da Costa, A. C. L.; Galbraith, D. R. Nature, Vol. 528, Issue 7580 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature15539	journal	November 2015
Evidence for soil water control on carbon and water dynamics in European forests during the extremely dry year: 2003 Granier, A.; Reichstein, M.; Bréda, N. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, Vol. 143, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agrformet.2006.12.004	journal	March 2007
Forest annual carbon cost: a global-scale analysis of autotrophic respiration Piao, Shilong; Luyssaert, Sebastiaan; Ciais, Philippe Ecology, Vol. 91, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1890/08-2176.1	journal	March 2010
Changes in net ecosystem productivity with forest age following clearcutting of a coastal Douglas-fir forest: testing a mathematical model with eddy covariance measurements along a forest chronosequence Grant, R. F.; Black, T. A.; Humphreys, E. R. Tree Physiology, Vol. 27, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/27.1.115	journal	January 2007
Global Forest Transition: Prospects for an End to Deforestation Meyfroidt, Patrick; Lambin, Eric F. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, Vol. 36, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-environ-090710-143732	journal	November 2011
Global pattern of NPP to GPP ratio derived from MODIS data: effects of ecosystem type, geographical location and climate Zhang, Yangjian; Xu, Ming; Chen, Hua Global Ecology and Biogeography, Vol. 18, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00442.x	journal	May 2009
Solar Radiation and Productivity in Tropical Ecosystems Monteith, J. L. The Journal of Applied Ecology, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.2307/2401901	journal	December 1972
Likelihood of changes in forest species suitability, distribution, and diversity under future climate: The case of Southern Europe Noce, Sergio; Collalti, Alessio; Santini, Monia Ecology and Evolution, Vol. 7, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/ece3.3427	journal	October 2017
Effects of Climate Change on Plant Respiration Ryan, Michael G. Ecological Applications, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.2307/1941808	journal	May 1991
Impact studies on Nordic forests: effects of elevated CO ₂ and fertilization on gas exchange Sigurdsson, Bjarni D.; Roberntz, Peter; Freeman, Michael Canadian Journal of Forest Research, Vol. 32, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1139/x01-114	journal	May 2002
The dependence of respiration on photosynthetic substrate supply and temperature: integrating leaf, soil and ecosystem measurements Hartley, Iain P.; Armstrong, Anna F.; Murthy, Ramesh Global Change Biology, Vol. 12, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01214.x	journal	October 2006
Regionally optimized forest management under changing climate Nuutinen, T.; Matala, J.; Hirvelä, H. Climatic Change, Vol. 79, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-006-9098-2	journal	November 2006
The McCree–de Wit–Penning de Vries–Thornley Respiration Paradigms: 30 Years Later Amthor, J. Annals of Botany, Vol. 86, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1006/anbo.2000.1175	journal	July 2000
Responses of ecosystem carbon cycle to experimental warming: a meta-analysis Lu, Meng; Zhou, Xuhui; Yang, Qiang Ecology, Vol. 94, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1890/12-0279.1	journal	March 2013
Silvicultural alternatives, competition regime and sensitivity to climate in a European beech forest Cescatti, A.; Piutti, E. Forest Ecology and Management, Vol. 102, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-1127(97)00163-1	journal	March 1998
Age effects on the water-use efficiency and water-use dynamics of temperate pine plantation forests: Age Effects on the Water-use Efficiency in Plantation Forests Skubel, Rachel; Arain, M. Altaf; Peichl, Matthias Hydrological Processes, Vol. 29, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/hyp.10549	journal	July 2015
What have we learned from 15 years of free-air CO2 enrichment (FACE)? A meta-analytic review of the responses of photosynthesis, canopy properties and plant production to rising CO2: Tansley review Ainsworth, Elizabeth A.; Long, Stephen P. New Phytologist, Vol. 165, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2004.01224.x	journal	November 2004
Asymmetrical response of California electricity demand to summer-time temperature variation Kumar, Rohini; Rachunok, Benjamin; Maia-Silva, Debora Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-67695-y	journal	July 2020
Physiological plant ecology Vanćura, V. Agricultural Meteorology, Vol. 24 https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-1571(81)90053-4	journal	January 1981
Statistical Design and Analysis of Experiments. Veevers, A.; John, Peter W. M. Applied Statistics, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.2307/2346314	journal	January 1973
Greening of the Earth and its drivers Koven, Charles; Xiao, Zhiqiang; Zhu, Zaichun Nature Publishing Group https://doi.org/10.7892/boris.89569	text	January 2016
Representative estimates of soil and ecosystem respiration in an old beech forest Knohl, Alexander; Søe, Astrid R. B.; Kutsch, Werner L. ETH Zurich https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000005451	text	January 2008
Physiological plant ecology Misra, R. Agro-Ecosystems, Vol. 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3746(76)90125-6	journal	January 1976

Cited By (9)

Global Variability of Simulated and Observed Vegetation Growing Season Peano, D.; Materia, S.; Collalti, A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, Vol. 124, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2018jg004881	journal	November 2019
The sensitivity of the forest carbon budget shifts across processes along with stand development and climate change Collalti, Alessio; Thornton, Peter E.; Cescatti, Alessandro Ecological Applications, Vol. 29, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/eap.1837	journal	January 2019
Plant respiration: Controlled by photosynthesis or biomass? Collalti, Alessio; Tjoelker, Mark G.; Hoch, Günter Global Change Biology, Vol. 26, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.14857	journal	October 2019
Is NPP proportional to GPP? Waring’s hypothesis 20 years on Collalti, A.; Prentice, I. C. Tree Physiology, Vol. 39, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz034	journal	May 2019
Forest carbon allocation modelling under climate change Merganičová, Katarína; Merganič, Ján; Lehtonen, Aleksi Karlsruhe https://doi.org/10.5445/ir/1000105781	text	January 2019
Divergent Growth Responses to Warming between Stand-Grown and Open-Grown Trees in a Dryland Montane Forest in Northwestern China Zhang, Lei; Shi, Hao; Yu, Pengtao Forests, Vol. 10, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/f10121133	journal	December 2019
Frost and drought: Effects of extreme weather events on stem carbon dynamics in a Mediterranean beech forest D'Andrea, Ettore; Rezaie, Negar; Prislan, Peter Plant, Cell & Environment, Vol. 43, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1111/pce.13858	journal	August 2020
Global satellite-driven estimates of heterotrophic respiration Konings, Alexandra G.; Bloom, A. Anthony; Liu, Junjie Biogeosciences, Vol. 16, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-16-2269-2019	journal	January 2019
Forest carbon allocation modelling under climate change Merganičová, Katarína; Merganič, Ján; Lehtonen, Aleksi Tree Physiology, Vol. 39, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1093/treephys/tpz105	journal	November 2019