Title: A phase model approach for thermostatically controlled load demand response

Abstract

A significant portion of electricity consumed worldwide is used to power thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) such as air conditioners, refrigerators, and water heaters. Because the short-term timing of operation of such systems is inconsequential as long as their long-run average power consumption is maintained, they are increasingly used in demand response (DR) programs to balance supply and demand on the power grid. Here, we present an ab initio phase model for general TCLs, and use the concept to develop a continuous oscillator model of a TCL and compute its phase response to changes in temperature and applied power. This yields a simple control system model that can be used to evaluate control policies for modulating the power consumption of aggregated loads with parameter heterogeneity and stochastic drift. We demonstrate this concept by comparing simulations of ensembles of heterogeneous loads using the continuous state model and an established hybrid state model. The developed phase model approach is a novel means of evaluating DR provision using TCLs, and is instrumental in estimating the capacity of ancillary services or DR on different time scales. We further propose a novel phase response based open-loop control policy that effectively modulates the aggregate power of amore » heterogeneous TCL population while maintaining load diversity and minimizing power overshoots. This is demonstrated by low-error tracking of a regulation signal by filtering it into frequency bands and using TCL sub-ensembles with duty cycles in corresponding ranges. As a result, control policies that can maintain a uniform distribution of power consumption by aggregated heterogeneous loads will enable distribution system management (DSM) approaches that maintain stability as well as power quality, and further allow more integration of renewable energy sources.« less

Authors:

Bomela, Walter Botongo ^[1]; Zlotnik, Anatoly V.  ^[2];

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• Search DOE PAGES for ORCID "0000-0002-2646-8264"

Li, Jr -Shin ^[1]

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+ Show Author Affiliations

1. Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO (United States)
2. Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Publication Date:

Fri Jul 06 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:

Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:

USDOE Office of Electricity (OE); USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)

OSTI Identifier:

1477714

Alternate Identifier(s):

OSTI ID: 1692216

Report Number(s):

LA-UR-17-28323
Journal ID: ISSN 0306-2619

Grant/Contract Number:  

AC52-06NA25396

Resource Type:

Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:

Applied Energy

Additional Journal Information:

Journal Volume: 228; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0306-2619

Publisher:

Elsevier

Country of Publication:

United States

Language:

English

Subject:

24 POWER TRANSMISSION AND DISTRIBUTION; Energy Sciences; Mathematics; demand response; ancillary services; renewable energy; phase model