A UV resonance line echo from a shell around a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova

Lunnan, R.; Fransson, C.; Vreeswijk, P. M.; Woosley, S. E.; Leloudas, G.; Perley, D. A.; Quimby, R. M.; Yan, Lin; Blagorodnova, N.; Bue, B. D.; Cenko, S. B.; De Cia, A.; Cook, D. O.; Fremling, C. U.; Gatkine, P.; Gal-Yam, A.; Kasliwal, M. M.; Kulkarni, S. R.; Masci, F. J.; Nugent, P. E.; Nyholm, A.; Rubin, A.; Suzuki, N.; Wozniak, P.

doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0568-z

Title: A UV resonance line echo from a shell around a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova

Abstract

Hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSN-I) are a class of rare and energetic explosions discovered in untargeted transient surveys in the past decade. The progenitor stars and the physical mechanism behind their large radiated energies ($$\sim10^{51}$$ erg) are both debated, with one class of models primarily requiring a large rotational energy, while the other requires very massive progenitors to either convert kinetic energy into radiation via interaction with circumstellar material (CSM), or engender a pair-instability explosion. Observing the structure of the CSM around SLSN-I offers a powerful test of some scenarios, though direct observations are scarce. Here, we present a series of spectroscopic observations of the SLSN-I iPTF16eh, which reveal both absorption and time- and frequency-variable emission in the Mg II resonance doublet. We show that these observations are naturally explained as a resonance scattering light echo from a circumstellar shell. Modeling the evolution of the emission, we find a shell radius of 0.1 pc and velocity of 3300 km s$$^{-1}$$, implying the shell was ejected three decades prior to the supernova explosion. These properties match theoretical predictions of pulsational pair-instability shell ejections, and imply the progenitor had a He core mass of $$\sim 50-55~{\rm M}_{\odot}$$, corresponding to an initial mass of $$\sim 115~{\rm M}_{\odot}$$.

Authors:

^[1]; Fransson, C. ^[2]; Vreeswijk, P. M. ^[3]; Woosley, S. E. ^[4];

^[5]; Perley, D. A. ^[6]; Quimby, R. M. ^[7]; Yan, Lin ^[8]; Blagorodnova, N. ^[8]; Bue, B. D. ^[8]; Cenko, S. B. ^[9]; De Cia, A. ^[10];

^[8]; Fremling, C. U. ^[8];

^[11];

^[3]; Kasliwal, M. M. ^[8]; Kulkarni, S. R. ^[8]; Masci, F. J. ^[8]; Nugent, P. E. ^[12] more »

Stockholm Univ., Stockholm (Sweden); California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
Stockholm Univ., Stockholm (Sweden)
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot (Israel)
Univ. of California, Santa Cruz, CA (United States)
Univ. of Copenhagen, Copenhagen (Denmark)
Liverpool John Moores Univ., Liverpool (United Kingdom)
San Diego State Univ., San Diego, CA (United States); The Univ. of Tokyo, Chiba (Japan)
California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
European Southern Observatory, Garching bei Munchen (Germany)
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States)
The Univ. of Tokyo, Chiba (Japan)
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Sep 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR)

OSTI Identifier:: 1477407

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nature Astronomy

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 2; Journal Issue: 11; Journal ID: ISSN 2397-3366

Publisher:: Springer Nature

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS

Citation Formats


                    Lunnan, R., Fransson, C., Vreeswijk, P. M., Woosley, S. E., Leloudas, G., Perley, D. A., Quimby, R. M., Yan, Lin, Blagorodnova, N., Bue, B. D., Cenko, S. B., De Cia, A., Cook, D. O., Fremling, C. U., Gatkine, P., Gal-Yam, A., Kasliwal, M. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Masci, F. J., Nugent, P. E., Nyholm, A., Rubin, A., Suzuki, N., and Wozniak, P. A UV resonance line echo from a shell around a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1038/s41550-018-0568-z.

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                    Lunnan, R., Fransson, C., Vreeswijk, P. M., Woosley, S. E., Leloudas, G., Perley, D. A., Quimby, R. M., Yan, Lin, Blagorodnova, N., Bue, B. D., Cenko, S. B., De Cia, A., Cook, D. O., Fremling, C. U., Gatkine, P., Gal-Yam, A., Kasliwal, M. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Masci, F. J., Nugent, P. E., Nyholm, A., Rubin, A., Suzuki, N., & Wozniak, P. A UV resonance line echo from a shell around a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0568-z

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                    Lunnan, R., Fransson, C., Vreeswijk, P. M., Woosley, S. E., Leloudas, G., Perley, D. A., Quimby, R. M., Yan, Lin, Blagorodnova, N., Bue, B. D., Cenko, S. B., De Cia, A., Cook, D. O., Fremling, C. U., Gatkine, P., Gal-Yam, A., Kasliwal, M. M., Kulkarni, S. R., Masci, F. J., Nugent, P. E., Nyholm, A., Rubin, A., Suzuki, N., and Wozniak, P. Mon .  
"A UV resonance line echo from a shell around a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1038/s41550-018-0568-z.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1477407.

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@article{osti_1477407,

  title        = {A UV resonance line echo from a shell around a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova},

  author       = {Lunnan, R. and Fransson, C. and Vreeswijk, P. M. and Woosley, S. E. and Leloudas, G. and Perley, D. A. and Quimby, R. M. and Yan, Lin and Blagorodnova, N. and Bue, B. D. and Cenko, S. B. and De Cia, A. and Cook, D. O. and Fremling, C. U. and Gatkine, P. and Gal-Yam, A. and Kasliwal, M. M. and Kulkarni, S. R. and Masci, F. J. and Nugent, P. E. and Nyholm, A. and Rubin, A. and Suzuki, N. and Wozniak, P.},

  abstractNote = {Hydrogen-poor superluminous supernovae (SLSN-I) are a class of rare and energetic explosions discovered in untargeted transient surveys in the past decade. The progenitor stars and the physical mechanism behind their large radiated energies ($\sim10^{51}$ erg) are both debated, with one class of models primarily requiring a large rotational energy, while the other requires very massive progenitors to either convert kinetic energy into radiation via interaction with circumstellar material (CSM), or engender a pair-instability explosion. Observing the structure of the CSM around SLSN-I offers a powerful test of some scenarios, though direct observations are scarce. Here, we present a series of spectroscopic observations of the SLSN-I iPTF16eh, which reveal both absorption and time- and frequency-variable emission in the Mg II resonance doublet. We show that these observations are naturally explained as a resonance scattering light echo from a circumstellar shell. Modeling the evolution of the emission, we find a shell radius of 0.1 pc and velocity of 3300 km s$^{-1}$, implying the shell was ejected three decades prior to the supernova explosion. These properties match theoretical predictions of pulsational pair-instability shell ejections, and imply the progenitor had a He core mass of $\sim 50-55~{\rm M}_{\odot}$, corresponding to an initial mass of $\sim 115~{\rm M}_{\odot}$.},

  doi          = {10.1038/s41550-018-0568-z},

  journal      = {Nature Astronomy},

  number       = 11,

  volume       = 2,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Sep 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Mon Sep 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Title: A UV resonance line echo from a shell around a hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova

Abstract

Citation Formats

The Tenth data Release of the Sloan Digital sky Survey: First Spectroscopic data from the Sdss-Iii Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment journal, March 2014

Pulsational Pair-instability Supernovae journal, February 2017

Hydrogen-Poor Superluminous Supernovae and Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts have Similar host Galaxies journal, May 2014

Gaia16apd – a link between fast and slowly declining type I superluminous supernovae journal, April 2017

A Statistical Approach to Identify Superluminous Supernovae and Probe Their Diversity journal, February 2018

On the nature of hydrogen-rich superluminous supernovae journal, January 2018

Metamorphosis of sn 2014c: Delayed Interaction Between a Hydrogen poor Core-Collapse Supernova and a Nearby Circumstellar Shell journal, December 2015

Supernova Light Curves Powered by Young Magnetars journal, June 2010

Superluminous supernova progenitors have a half-solar metallicity threshold journal, June 2017

The IPAC Image Subtraction and Discovery Pipeline for the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory journal, December 2016

Ejection of the Massive Hydrogen-rich Envelope Timed with the Collapse of the Stripped SN 2014C journal, January 2017

Bright Supernovae from Magnetar Birth journal, August 2010

Light-curve modelling of superluminous supernova 2006gy: collision between supernova ejecta and a dense circumstellar medium journal, November 2012

The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance, and First Results journal, December 2009

The Line Emission from the Circumstellar Gas around SN 1987A journal, June 1996

An Efficient Low Resolution and Moderate Resolution Spectrograph for the Hale Telescope journal, June 1982

Detection of Broad hα Emission Lines in the Late-Time Spectra of a Hydrogen-Poor Superluminous Supernova journal, November 2015

Shock Breakout in Dense mass Loss: Luminous Supernovae journal, February 2011

Slowly fading super-luminous supernovae that are not pair-instability explosions journal, October 2013

The Keck Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer journal, April 1995

The unprecedented 2012 outburst of SN 2009ip: a luminous blue variable star becomes a true supernova journal, February 2013

[ITAL]Hubble Space Telescope[/ITAL] Proper-Motion Measurements of the η Carinae Nebula journal, February 2001

Narrow ultraviolet emission lines from SN 1987A - Evidence for CNO processing in the progenitor journal, January 1989

PTF12os and iPTF13bvn: Two stripped-envelope supernovae from low-mass progenitors in NGC 5806⋆ journal, September 2016

Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey journal, January 2018

INTERACTING SUPERNOVAE AND SUPERNOVA IMPOSTORS: SN 2009ip, IS THIS THE END? journal, March 2013

Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae with Late-time H α Emission: Three Events From the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory journal, October 2017

A blast wave from the 1843 eruption of η Carinae journal, September 2008

FOCAS: The Faint Object Camera and Spectrograph for the Subaru Telescope journal, December 2002

Pulsational Pair-instability Model for Superluminous Supernova PTF12dam:Interaction and Radioactive Decay journal, February 2017

Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae journal, November 2007

On the diversity of superluminous supernovae: ejected mass as the dominant factor journal, August 2015

SN 2015bn: A DETAILED MULTI-WAVELENGTH VIEW OF A NEARBY SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA journal, July 2016

The Automated Palomar 60 Inch Telescope journal, October 2006

Type i Superluminous Supernovae as Explosions Inside Non-Hydrogen Circumstellar Envelopes journal, September 2016

SN 2014C: VLBI images of a supernova interacting with a circumstellar shell journal, December 2017

SEVEN-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE ( WMAP ) OBSERVATIONS: COSMOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION journal, January 2011

WISeREP—An Interactive Supernova Data Repository journal, July 2012

Observational properties of low-redshift pair instability supernovae journal, May 2014

Light Curves of Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory journal, June 2018

The peculiar mass-loss history of SN 2014C as revealed through AMI radio observations journal, December 2016

Luminous Supernovae journal, August 2012

Measuring Reddening with Sloan Digital sky Survey Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating sfd journal, August 2011

Hydrogen-poor superluminous stellar explosions journal, June 2011

THE HYDROGEN-POOR SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA iPTF 13ajg AND ITS HOST GALAXY IN ABSORPTION AND EMISSION journal, November 2014

Host-Galaxy Properties of 32 Low-Redshift Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory journal, October 2016

Spectra of Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory journal, February 2018

Wave-driven mass loss in the last year of stellar evolution: setting the stage for the most luminous core-collapse supernovae: Wave-Driven Mass loss journal, May 2012

Supernova 2007bi as a pair-instability explosion journal, December 2009

Late Emission from the Type Ib/c SN 2001em: Overtaking the Hydrogen Envelope journal, April 2006

INTERACTING SUPERNOVAE AND SUPERNOVA IMPOSTORS: SN 2009ip, IS THIS THE END? text, January 2013

Gaia16apd – a link between fast and slowly declining type I superluminous supernovae text, January 2017

SN 2015bn: A DETAILED MULTI-WAVELENGTH VIEW of A NEARBY SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA journalarticle, January 2016

The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance and First Results text, January 2009

Hydrogen-poor superluminous stellar explosions text, January 2009

Light Curve Modeling of Superluminous Supernova 2006gy: Collision between Supernova Ejecta and Dense Circumstellar Medium text, January 2012

The Unprecedented 2012 Outburst of SN 2009ip: A Luminous Blue Variable Becomes a True Supernova text, January 2012

Interacting Supernovae and Supernova Impostors. SN 2009ip, is this the end? text, January 2012

Two superluminous supernovae from the early universe discovered by the Supernova Legacy Survey text, January 2013

Hydrogen-Poor Superluminous Supernovae and Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts Have Similar Host Galaxies text, January 2013

Observational properties of low redshift pair instability supernovae text, January 2014

The hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova iPTF13ajg and its host galaxy in absorption and emission text, January 2014

Detection of Broad H$α$ Emission Lines in the Late-time Spectra of a Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernova text, January 2015

Type I Superluminous Supernovae as Explosions inside Non-Hydrogen Circumstellar Envelopes text, January 2015

SN 2015bn: a detailed multi-wavelength view of a nearby superluminous supernova text, January 2016

On the nature of Hydrogen-rich Superluminous Supernovae text, January 2016

Host-Galaxy Properties of 32 Low-Redshift Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory text, January 2016

Superluminous supernova progenitors have a half-solar metallicity threshold text, January 2016

PTF12os and iPTF13bvn. Two stripped-envelope supernovae from low-mass progenitors in NGC 5806 text, January 2016

Pulsational Pair-Instability Model for Superluminous Supernova PTF12dam: Interaction and Radioactive Decay text, January 2016

Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae With Late-time H-alpha Emission: Three Events From the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory text, January 2017

Hydrogen-Poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey text, January 2017

A statistical approach to identify superluminous supernovae and probe their diversity text, January 2017

Spectra of Hydrogen-Poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory text, January 2018

The Line Emission from the Circumstellar Gas Around SN 1987A text, January 1995

Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae journal, November 2007

Observational properties of low redshift pair instability supernovae text, January 2014

The Tenth data Release of the Sloan Digital sky Survey: First Spectroscopic data from the Sdss-Iii Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment
journal, March 2014

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journal, February 2017

Hydrogen-Poor Superluminous Supernovae and Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts have Similar host Galaxies
journal, May 2014

Gaia16apd – a link between fast and slowly declining type I superluminous supernovae
journal, April 2017

A Statistical Approach to Identify Superluminous Supernovae and Probe Their Diversity
journal, February 2018

On the nature of hydrogen-rich superluminous supernovae
journal, January 2018

Metamorphosis of sn 2014c: Delayed Interaction Between a Hydrogen poor Core-Collapse Supernova and a Nearby Circumstellar Shell
journal, December 2015

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journal, June 2010

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journal, June 2017

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journal, December 2016

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journal, January 2017

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journal, August 2010

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journal, November 2012

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journal, December 2009

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journal, June 1996

An Efficient Low Resolution and Moderate Resolution Spectrograph for the Hale Telescope
journal, June 1982

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journal, November 2015

Shock Breakout in Dense mass Loss: Luminous Supernovae
journal, February 2011

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journal, October 2013

The Keck Low-Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
journal, April 1995

The unprecedented 2012 outburst of SN 2009ip: a luminous blue variable star becomes a true supernova
journal, February 2013

[ITAL]Hubble Space Telescope[/ITAL] Proper-Motion Measurements of the η Carinae Nebula
journal, February 2001

Narrow ultraviolet emission lines from SN 1987A - Evidence for CNO processing in the progenitor
journal, January 1989

PTF12os and iPTF13bvn: Two stripped-envelope supernovae from low-mass progenitors in NGC 5806⋆
journal, September 2016

Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey
journal, January 2018

INTERACTING SUPERNOVAE AND SUPERNOVA IMPOSTORS: SN 2009ip, IS THIS THE END?
journal, March 2013

Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae with Late-time H α Emission: Three Events From the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory
journal, October 2017

A blast wave from the 1843 eruption of η Carinae
journal, September 2008

FOCAS: The Faint Object Camera and Spectrograph for the Subaru Telescope
journal, December 2002

Pulsational Pair-instability Model for Superluminous Supernova PTF12dam:Interaction and Radioactive Decay
journal, February 2017

Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae
journal, November 2007

On the diversity of superluminous supernovae: ejected mass as the dominant factor
journal, August 2015

SN 2015bn: A DETAILED MULTI-WAVELENGTH VIEW OF A NEARBY SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA
journal, July 2016

The Automated Palomar 60 Inch Telescope
journal, October 2006

Type i Superluminous Supernovae as Explosions Inside Non-Hydrogen Circumstellar Envelopes
journal, September 2016

SN 2014C: VLBI images of a supernova interacting with a circumstellar shell
journal, December 2017

SEVEN-YEAR WILKINSON MICROWAVE ANISOTROPY PROBE ( WMAP ) OBSERVATIONS: COSMOLOGICAL INTERPRETATION
journal, January 2011

WISeREP—An Interactive Supernova Data Repository
journal, July 2012

Observational properties of low-redshift pair instability supernovae
journal, May 2014

Light Curves of Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory
journal, June 2018

The peculiar mass-loss history of SN 2014C as revealed through AMI radio observations
journal, December 2016

Luminous Supernovae
journal, August 2012

Measuring Reddening with Sloan Digital sky Survey Stellar Spectra and Recalibrating sfd
journal, August 2011

Hydrogen-poor superluminous stellar explosions
journal, June 2011

THE HYDROGEN-POOR SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA iPTF 13ajg AND ITS HOST GALAXY IN ABSORPTION AND EMISSION
journal, November 2014

Host-Galaxy Properties of 32 Low-Redshift Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory
journal, October 2016

Spectra of Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory
journal, February 2018

Wave-driven mass loss in the last year of stellar evolution: setting the stage for the most luminous core-collapse supernovae: Wave-Driven Mass loss
journal, May 2012

Supernova 2007bi as a pair-instability explosion
journal, December 2009

Late Emission from the Type Ib/c SN 2001em: Overtaking the Hydrogen Envelope
journal, April 2006

INTERACTING SUPERNOVAE AND SUPERNOVA IMPOSTORS: SN 2009ip, IS THIS THE END?
text, January 2013

Gaia16apd – a link between fast and slowly declining type I superluminous supernovae
text, January 2017

SN 2015bn: A DETAILED MULTI-WAVELENGTH VIEW of A NEARBY SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA
journalarticle, January 2016

The Palomar Transient Factory: System Overview, Performance and First Results
text, January 2009

Hydrogen-poor superluminous stellar explosions
text, January 2009

Light Curve Modeling of Superluminous Supernova 2006gy: Collision between Supernova Ejecta and Dense Circumstellar Medium
text, January 2012

The Unprecedented 2012 Outburst of SN 2009ip: A Luminous Blue Variable Becomes a True Supernova
text, January 2012

Interacting Supernovae and Supernova Impostors. SN 2009ip, is this the end?
text, January 2012

Two superluminous supernovae from the early universe discovered by the Supernova Legacy Survey
text, January 2013

Hydrogen-Poor Superluminous Supernovae and Long-Duration Gamma-Ray Bursts Have Similar Host Galaxies
text, January 2013

Observational properties of low redshift pair instability supernovae
text, January 2014

The hydrogen-poor superluminous supernova iPTF13ajg and its host galaxy in absorption and emission
text, January 2014

Detection of Broad H$α$ Emission Lines in the Late-time Spectra of a Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernova
text, January 2015

Type I Superluminous Supernovae as Explosions inside Non-Hydrogen Circumstellar Envelopes
text, January 2015

SN 2015bn: a detailed multi-wavelength view of a nearby superluminous supernova
text, January 2016

On the nature of Hydrogen-rich Superluminous Supernovae
text, January 2016

Host-Galaxy Properties of 32 Low-Redshift Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory
text, January 2016

Superluminous supernova progenitors have a half-solar metallicity threshold
text, January 2016

PTF12os and iPTF13bvn. Two stripped-envelope supernovae from low-mass progenitors in NGC 5806
text, January 2016

Pulsational Pair-Instability Model for Superluminous Supernova PTF12dam: Interaction and Radioactive Decay
text, January 2016

Hydrogen-poor Superluminous Supernovae With Late-time H-alpha Emission: Three Events From the Intermediate Palomar Transient Factory
text, January 2017

Hydrogen-Poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey
text, January 2017

A statistical approach to identify superluminous supernovae and probe their diversity
text, January 2017

Spectra of Hydrogen-Poor Superluminous Supernovae from the Palomar Transient Factory
text, January 2018

The Line Emission from the Circumstellar Gas Around SN 1987A
text, January 1995

Pulsational pair instability as an explanation for the most luminous supernovae
journal, November 2007

Observational properties of low redshift pair instability supernovae
text, January 2014

Late Emission from the Type Ib/c SN 2001em: Overtaking the Hydrogen Envelope
text, January 2005

Observational properties of extreme supernovae
journal, August 2019

Synthetic spectra of energetic core-collapse supernovae and the early spectra of SN 2007bi and SN 1999as
journal, January 2019