Atmospheric processing of iron in mineral and combustion aerosols: development of an intermediate-complexity mechanism suitable for Earth system models

Scanza, Rachel A.; Hamilton, Douglas S.; Perez Garcia-Pando, Carlos; Buck, Clifton; Baker, Alex; Mahowald, Natalie M.

doi:10.5194/acp-18-14175-2018

Title: Atmospheric processing of iron in mineral and combustion aerosols: development of an intermediate-complexity mechanism suitable for Earth system models

Journal Article · 04 October 2018 · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-18-14175-2018 · OSTI ID:1476370

Scanza, Rachel A.;

;

; Buck, Clifton;

; Mahowald, Natalie M.

Abstract. Atmospheric processing of iron in dust and combustion aerosols is simulated using an intermediate-complexity soluble iron mechanism designed for Earth system models. The solubilization mechanism includes both a dependence on aerosol water pH and in-cloud oxalic acid. The simulations of size-resolved total, soluble and fractional iron solubility indicate that this mechanism captures many but not all of the features seen from cruise observations of labile iron. The primary objective was to determine the extent to which our solubility scheme could adequately match observations of fractional iron solubility. We define a semi-quantitative metric as the model mean at points with observations divided by the observational mean (MMO). The model is in reasonable agreement with observations of fractional iron solubility with an MMO of 0.86. Several sensitivity studies are performed to ascertain the degree of complexity needed to match observations; including the oxalic acid enhancement is necessary, while different parameterizations for calculating model oxalate concentrations are less important. The percent change in soluble iron deposition between the reference case (REF) and the simulation with acidic processing alone is 63.8 %, which is consistent with previous studies. Upon deposition to global oceans, global mean combustion iron solubility to total fractional iron solubility is 8.2 %; however, the contribution of fractional iron solubility from combustion sources to ocean basins below 15∘ S is approximately 50 %. We conclude that, in many remote ocean regions, sources of iron from combustion and dust aerosols are equally important. Our estimates of changes in deposition of soluble iron to the ocean since preindustrial climate conditions suggest roughly a doubling due to a combination of higher dust and combustion iron emissions along with more efficient atmospheric processing.

View Journal Article

Cite

Export

Save

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0006735

OSTI ID:: 1476370

Journal Information:: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online), Journal Name: Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics (Online) Journal Issue: 19 Vol. 18; ISSN 1680-7324

Publisher:: Copernicus Publications, EGUCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: Germany

Language:: English

References (84)

Influence of vegetation cover on sand transport by wind: field studies at Owens Lake, California Lancaster, Nicholas; Baas, Andy Earth Surface Processes and Landforms, Vol. 23, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9837(199801)23:1<69::AID-ESP823>3.0.CO;2-G	journal	January 1998
Improved dust representation in the Community Atmosphere Model Albani, S.; Mahowald, N. M.; Perry, A. T. Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 6, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/2013MS000279	journal	July 2014
Predicting the mineral composition of dust aerosols: Insights from elemental composition measured at the Izaña Observatory: PREDICTING DUST MINERAL COMPOSITION Pérez García-Pando, Carlos; Miller, Ron L.; Perlwitz, Jan P. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 43, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016GL069873	journal	October 2016
Fine particle pH and the partitioning of nitric acid during winter in the northeastern United States: PARTICLE PH AND NITRIC ACID PARTITIONING Guo, Hongyu; Sullivan, Amy P.; Campuzano-Jost, Pedro Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 121, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025311	journal	September 2016
Estimates of gross and net fluxes of carbon between the biosphere and the atmosphere from biomass burning Seiler, Wolfgang; Crutzen, Paul J. Climatic Change, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00137988	journal	January 1980
Effect of airborne particle on SO2–calcite reaction Böke, Hasan; Göktürk, E. Hale; Caner-Saltık, Emine N. Applied Surface Science, Vol. 140, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(98)00468-1	journal	February 1999
Factors influencing aerosol solubility during cloud processes Desboeufs, K. V.; Losno, R.; Colin, J. L. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 35, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(00)00472-6	journal	July 2001
Impacts on iron solubility in the mineral dust by processes in the source region and the atmosphere: A review Shi, Zongbo; Krom, Michael D.; Jickells, Timothy D. Aeolian Research, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeolia.2012.03.001	journal	August 2012
Characterization of hematite dissolution affected by oxalate coating, kinetics and pH Xu, Nan; Gao, Yuan Applied Geochemistry, Vol. 23, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.026	journal	April 2008
Quantification of iron oxides in desert aerosol Lafon, Sandra; Rajot, Jean-Louis; Alfaro, Stéphane C. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 38, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2003.11.006	journal	March 2004
Variability of dust iron solubility in atmospheric waters: Investigation of the role of oxalate organic complexation Paris, R.; Desboeufs, K. V.; Journet, E. Atmospheric Environment, Vol. 45, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2011.08.068	journal	November 2011
Fractional solubility of aerosol iron: Synthesis of a global-scale data set Sholkovitz, Edward R.; Sedwick, Peter N.; Church, Thomas M. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 89 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.022	journal	July 2012
Trends in the solubility of iron, aluminium, manganese and phosphorus in aerosol collected over the Atlantic Ocean Baker, A. R.; Jickells, T. D.; Witt, M. Marine Chemistry, Vol. 98, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2005.06.004	journal	January 2006
Atmospheric and marine controls on aerosol iron solubility in seawater Baker, A. R.; Croot, P. L. Marine Chemistry, Vol. 120, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2008.09.003	journal	June 2010
Fractional iron solubility of atmospheric iron inputs to the Southern Ocean Winton, V. H. L.; Bowie, A. R.; Edwards, R. Marine Chemistry, Vol. 177 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marchem.2015.06.006	journal	December 2015
Atmospheric Processing of Combustion Aerosols as a Source of Bioavailable Iron Ito, Akinori Environmental Science & Technology Letters, Vol. 2, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.5b00007	journal	February 2015
When Aerosol Sulfate Goes Up, So Does Oxalate: Implication for the Formation Mechanisms of Oxalate Yu, Jian Zhen; Huang, Xiao-Feng; Xu, Jinhui Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 39, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/es049559f	journal	January 2005
Formation of Iron Nanoparticles and Increase in Iron Reactivity in Mineral Dust during Simulated Cloud Processing Shi, Zongbo; Krom, Michael D.; Bonneville, Steeve Environmental Science & Technology, Vol. 43, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/es901294g	journal	September 2009
Iron supply and demand in the upper ocean Fung, Inez Y.; Meyn, Stephanie K.; Tegen, Ina Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 14, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999GB900059	journal	March 2000
Modeling the mineralogy of atmospheric dust sources Claquin, T.; Schulz, M.; Balkanski, Y. J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 104, Issue D18 https://doi.org/10.1029/1999JD900416	journal	September 1999
Iron supply and demand in the upper ocean: Is extraterrestrial dust a significant source of bioavailable iron? Johnson, Kenneth. S. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2000GB001295	journal	March 2001
Deserts: Can they be the potential suppliers of bioavailable iron? Saydam, A. C. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 29, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/2001GL013562	journal	January 2002
Mineral Dust Entrainment and Deposition (DEAD) model: Description and 1990s dust climatology Zender, Charles S. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 108, Issue D14 https://doi.org/10.1029/2002JD002775	journal	January 2003
Ocean primary production and climate: Global decadal changes: OCEAN PRIMARY PRODUCTION AND CLIMATE Gregg, Watson W.; Conkright, Margarita E.; Ginoux, Paul Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 30, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL016889	journal	August 2003
Iron mobilization in mineral dust: Can anthropogenic SO ₂ emissions affect ocean productivity? Meskhidze, N. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 30, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1029/2003GL018035	journal	January 2003
Atmospheric global dust cycle and iron inputs to the ocean: ATMOSPHERIC IRON DEPOSITION Mahowald, Natalie M.; Baker, Alex R.; Bergametti, Gilles Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 19, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GB002402	journal	December 2005
The origin of water soluble particulate iron in the Asian atmospheric outflow: ORIGIN OF ASIAN WATER-SOLUBLE IRON Chuang, P. Y.; Duvall, R. M.; Shafer, M. M. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL021946	journal	April 2005
Estimates of atmospheric-processed soluble iron from observations and a global mineral aerosol model: Biogeochemical implications Hand, J. L. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 109, Issue D17 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD004574	journal	January 2004
Dust and pollution: A recipe for enhanced ocean fertilization? Meskhidze, N. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 110, Issue D3 https://doi.org/10.1029/2004JD005082	journal	January 2005
Biomass burning as a source of dissolved iron to the open ocean?: DISSOLVED IRON FROM BIOMASS BURNING Guieu, Cécile; Bonnet, Sophie; Wagener, Thibaut Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 32, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL022962	journal	October 2005
Trends in aerosol nutrient solubility along a west–east transect of the Saharan dust plume Baker, A. R.; French, M.; Linge, K. L. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005GL024764	journal	January 2006
Change in atmospheric mineral aerosols in response to climate: Last glacial period, preindustrial, modern, and doubled carbon dioxide climates: DUST RESPONSE TO CLIMATE Mahowald, Natalie M.; Muhs, Daniel R.; Levis, Samuel Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 111, Issue D10 https://doi.org/10.1029/2005JD006653	journal	May 2006
Mineral particle size as a control on aerosol iron solubility Baker, A. R.; Jickells, T. D. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 33, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1029/2006GL026557	journal	January 2006
Combustion iron distribution and deposition: COMBUSTION IRON Luo, Chao; Mahowald, N.; Bond, T. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 22, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GB002964	journal	February 2008
Mineralogy as a critical factor of dust iron solubility: MINERALOGY AND DUST IRON SOLUBILITY Journet, Emilie; Desboeufs, Karine V.; Caquineau, Sandrine Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 35, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007GL031589	journal	April 2008
A new model of wind erosion in the presence of vegetation Okin, Gregory S. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 113, Issue F2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2007JF000758	journal	January 2008
Acidic processing of mineral dust iron by anthropogenic compounds over the north Pacific Ocean Solmon, F.; Chuang, P. Y.; Meskhidze, N. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 114, Issue D2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2008JD010417	journal	January 2009
Impacts of atmospheric nutrient deposition on marine productivity: Roles of nitrogen, phosphorus, and iron: ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION TO OCEANS Okin, Gregory S.; Baker, Alex R.; Tegen, Ina Global Biogeochemical Cycles, Vol. 25, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1029/2010GB003858	journal	June 2011
Diel variability of soluble Fe(II) and soluble total Fe in North African dust in the trade winds at Barbados Zhu, X. R.; Prospero, J. M.; Millero, F. J. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 102, Issue D17 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD01313	journal	September 1997
Role of aerosol size distribution and source location in a three-dimensional simulation of a Saharan dust episode tested against satellite-derived optical thickness Schulz, Michael; Balkanski, Yves J.; Guelle, Walter Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, Vol. 103, Issue D9 https://doi.org/10.1029/97JD02779	journal	May 1998
On the variability of desert aerosol radiative characteristics d'Almeida, Guillaume A. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, Issue D3 https://doi.org/10.1029/JD092iD03p03017	journal	January 1987
Glacial-interglacial CO ₂ change: The Iron Hypothesis Martin, John H. Paleoceanography, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/PA005i001p00001	journal	February 1990
The changing photochemistry of the troposphere Crutzen, Paul J.; Zimmermann, Peter H. Tellus B, Vol. 43, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1991.t01-1-00012.x	journal	September 1991
Changing concentration, lifetime and climate forcing of atmospheric methane Lelieveld, Jos; Crutzen, Paul J.; Dentener, Frank J. Tellus B, Vol. 50, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0889.1998.t01-1-00002.x	journal	April 1998
Iron deficiency limits phytoplankton growth in the north-east Pacific subarctic Martin, John H.; Fitzwater, Steve E. Nature, Vol. 331, Issue 6154 https://doi.org/10.1038/331341a0	journal	January 1988
A mesoscale phytoplankton bloom in the polar Southern Ocean stimulated by iron fertilization Boyd, Philip W.; Watson, Andrew J.; Law, Cliff S. Nature, Vol. 407, Issue 6805 https://doi.org/10.1038/35037500	journal	October 2000
Link between iron and sulphur cycles suggested by detection of Fe(n) in remote marine aerosols Zhuang, Guoshun; Yi, Zhen; Duce, Robert A. Nature, Vol. 355, Issue 6360 https://doi.org/10.1038/355537a0	journal	February 1992
Atmospheric carbon dioxide and the ocean Siegenthaler, U.; Sarmiento, J. L. Nature, Vol. 365, Issue 6442 https://doi.org/10.1038/365119a0	journal	September 1993
Importance of iron for plankton blooms and carbon dioxide drawdown in the Southern Ocean de Baar, Hein J. W.; de Jong, Jeroen T. M.; Bakker, Dorothée C. E. Nature, Vol. 373, Issue 6513 https://doi.org/10.1038/373412a0	journal	February 1995
Role of protozoan grazing in relieving iron limitation of phytoplankton Barbeau, Katherine; Moffett, James W.; Caron, David A. Nature, Vol. 380, Issue 6569 https://doi.org/10.1038/380061a0	journal	March 1996
Increase in African dust flux at the onset of commercial agriculture in the Sahel region Mulitza, Stefan; Heslop, David; Pittauerova, Daniela Nature, Vol. 466, Issue 7303 https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09213	journal	July 2010
High aerosol acidity despite declining atmospheric sulfate concentrations over the past 15 years Weber, Rodney J.; Guo, Hongyu; Russell, Armistead G. Nature Geoscience, Vol. 9, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2665	journal	February 2016
Aerosol trace metal leaching and impacts on marine microorganisms Mahowald, Natalie M.; Hamilton, Douglas S.; Mackey, Katherine R. M. Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-04970-7	journal	July 2018
Aeolian iron mobilisation by dust - acid interactions and their implications for soluble iron deposition to the ocean: a test involving potential anthropogenic organic acidic species Luo, Chao; Gao, Yuan Environmental Chemistry, Vol. 7, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1071/EN09116	journal	January 2010
A scaling theory for the size distribution of emitted dust aerosols suggests climate models underestimate the size of the global dust cycle Kok, J. F. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 108, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1014798108	journal	December 2010
Measurements of Trace Metal (Fe, Cu, Mn, Cr) Oxidation States in Fog and Stratus Clouds Siefert, Ronald L.; Johansen, Anne M.; Hoffmann, Michael R. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, Vol. 48, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1998.10463659	journal	February 1998
A world dataset of derived soil properties by FAO?UNESCO soil unit for global modelling Batjes, N. H. Soil Use and Management, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-2743.1997.tb00550.x	journal	March 1997
Air pollution–aerosol interactions produce more bioavailable iron for ocean ecosystems Li, Weijun; Xu, Liang; Liu, Xiaohuan Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1601749	journal	March 2017
Global Iron Connections Between Desert Dust, Ocean Biogeochemistry, and Climate Jickells, T. D. Science, Vol. 308, Issue 5718 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1105959	journal	April 2005
Fate of Fossil Fuel Carbon Dioxide and the Global Carbon Budget Broecker, W. S.; Takahashi, T.; Simpson, H. J. Science, Vol. 206, Issue 4417 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.206.4417.409	journal	October 1979
Atmospheric Iron Deposition: Global Distribution, Variability, and Human Perturbations Mahowald, Natalie M.; Engelstaedter, Sebastian; Luo, Chao Annual Review of Marine Science, Vol. 1, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.marine.010908.163727	journal	January 2009
A Comparison of the CCM3 Model Climate Using Diagnosed and Predicted Condensate Parameterizations Rasch, P. J.; Kristjánsson, J. E. Journal of Climate, Vol. 11, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(1998)011<1587:ACOTCM>2.0.CO;2	journal	July 1998
The Community Climate System Model Version 4 Gent, Peter R.; Danabasoglu, Gokhan; Donner, Leo J. Journal of Climate, Vol. 24, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1175/2011JCLI4083.1	journal	October 2011
The Community Earth System Model: A Framework for Collaborative Research Hurrell, James W.; Holland, M. M.; Gent, P. R. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society https://doi.org/10.1175/BAMS-D-12-00121	journal	February 2013
The Mean Climate of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM4) in Forced SST and Fully Coupled Experiments Neale, Richard B.; Richter, Jadwiga; Park, Sungsu Journal of Climate, Vol. 26, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-12-00236.1	journal	July 2013
Photochemical Dissolution of Goethite in Acid/Oxalate Solution Cornell, R. M. Clays and Clay Minerals, Vol. 35, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1987.0350504	journal	January 1987
A comparison of scavenging and deposition processes in global models: results from the WCRP Cambridge Workshop of 1995 Rasch, P. J.; Feichter, J.; Law, K. Tellus B: Chemical and Physical Meteorology, Vol. 52, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.3402/tellusb.v52i4.17091	journal	January 2000
Atmospheric transport of iron and its deposition in the ocean Duce, Robert A.; Tindale, Neil W. Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 36, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.1991.36.8.1715	journal	December 1991
Observed 20th century desert dust variability: impact on climate and biogeochemistry Mahowald, N. M.; Kloster, S.; Engelstaedter, S. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-10875-2010	journal	January 2010
Historical (1850–2000) gridded anthropogenic and biomass burning emissions of reactive gases and aerosols: methodology and application Lamarque, J. -F.; Bond, T. C.; Eyring, V. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 10, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-10-7017-2010	journal	January 2010
In-cloud oxalate formation in the global troposphere: a 3-D modeling study Myriokefalitakis, S.; Tsigaridis, K.; Mihalopoulos, N. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-5761-2011	journal	January 2011
Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I Huneeus, N.; Schulz, M.; Balkanski, Y. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-11-7781-2011	journal	January 2011
Response of acid mobilization of iron-containing mineral dust to improvement of air quality projected in the future Ito, A.; Xu, L. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-3441-2014	journal	January 2014
Predicting the mineral composition of dust aerosols – Part 1: Representing key processes Perlwitz, J. P.; Pérez García-Pando, C.; Miller, R. L. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11593-2015	journal	January 2015
Predicting the mineral composition of dust aerosols – Part 2: Model evaluation and identification of key processes with observations Perlwitz, J. P.; Pérez García-Pando, C.; Miller, R. L. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-11629-2015	journal	January 2015
Modeling dust as component minerals in the Community Atmosphere Model: development of framework and impact on radiative forcing Scanza, R. A.; Mahowald, N.; Ghan, S. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-15-537-2015	journal	January 2015
Delivery of anthropogenic bioavailable iron from mineral dust and combustion aerosols to the ocean Ito, A.; Shi, Z. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-16-85-2016	journal	January 2016
Global dust model intercomparison in AeroCom phase I Huneeus, N.; Schulz, M.; Balkanski, Y. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/acpd-10-23781-2010	journal	January 2010
Solubility of iron and other trace elements in rainwater collected on the Kerguelen Islands (South Indian Ocean) Heimburger, A.; Losno, R.; Triquet, S. Biogeosciences, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-10-6617-2013	journal	January 2013
Changes in dissolved iron deposition to the oceans driven by human activity: a 3-D global modelling study Myriokefalitakis, S.; Daskalakis, N.; Mihalopoulos, N. Biogeosciences, Vol. 12, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-3973-2015	journal	January 2015
Modeling the global emission, transport and deposition of trace elements associated with mineral dust Zhang, Y.; Mahowald, N.; Scanza, R. A. Biogeosciences, Vol. 12, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-12-5771-2015	journal	January 2015
Soluble trace metals in aerosols over the tropical south-east Pacific offshore of Peru Baker, A. R.; Thomas, M.; Bange, H. W. Biogeosciences, Vol. 13, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.5194/bg-13-817-2016	journal	January 2016
CAM-chem: description and evaluation of interactive atmospheric chemistry in the Community Earth System Model Lamarque, J. -F.; Emmons, L. K.; Hess, P. G. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 5, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-5-369-2012	journal	January 2012
Atmospheric dissolved iron deposition to the global oceans: effects of oxalate-promoted Fe dissolution, photochemical redox cycling, and dust mineralogy Johnson, M. S.; Meskhidze, N. Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 6, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-6-1137-2013	journal	January 2013

Similar Records

Improved methodologies for Earth system modelling of atmospheric soluble iron and observation comparisons using the Mechanism of Intermediate complexity for Modelling Iron (MIMI v1.0)

Journal Article · 2019 · Geoscientific Model Development (Online) · OSTI ID:1560230

Hamilton, Douglas S.; Scanza, Rachel A.; Feng, Yan; +8 more

Iron mobilization in North African dust.

Journal Article · 2010 · Proc. Environ. Sci. · OSTI ID:1025709

Ito, A; Feng, Y

Anthropogenic combustion iron as a complex climate forcer

Journal Article · 2018 · Nature Communications · OSTI ID:1437039

Matsui, Hitoshi; Mahowald, Natalie M.; Moteki, Nobuhiro; +6 more

Title: Atmospheric processing of iron in mineral and combustion aerosols: development of an intermediate-complexity mechanism suitable for Earth system models

Citation Formats

References (84)

Similar Records

Related Subjects