An intermediate temperature garnet-type solid electrolyte-based molten lithium battery for grid energy storage

Jin, Yang; Liu, Kai; Lang, Jialiang; Zhuo, Denys; Huang, Zeya; Wang, Chang-an; Wu, Hui; Cui, Yi

doi:10.1038/s41560-018-0198-9

Title: An intermediate temperature garnet-type solid electrolyte-based molten lithium battery for grid energy storage

Journal Article · 01 July 2018 · Nature Energy

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41560-018-0198-9 · OSTI ID:1475485

Jin, Yang ^[1]; Liu, Kai ^[2];

^[2]; Zhuo, Denys ^[3]; Huang, Zeya ^[2]; Wang, Chang-an ^[2]; Wu, Hui ^[2]; Cui, Yi ^[4]

Tsinghua Univ., Beijing (China); Zhengzhou Univ., Zhengzhou (China)
Tsinghua Univ., Beijing (China)
Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States)
Stanford Univ., Stanford, CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Batteries are an attractive grid energy storage technology, but a reliable battery system with the functionalities required for a grid such as high power capability, high safety and low cost remains elusive. Here, we report a solid electrolyte-based molten lithium battery constructed with a molten lithium anode, a molten Sn–Pb or Bi–Pb alloy cathode and a garnet-type Li_6.4La₃Zr_1.4Ta_0.6O₁₂ (LLZTO) solid electrolyte tube. We show that the assembled Li||LLZTO||Sn–Pb and Li||LLZTO||Bi–Pb cells can stably cycle at an intermediate temperature of 240 °C for about one month at current densities of 50 mA cm^–2 and 100 mA cm^–2 respectively, with almost no capacity decay and an average Coulombic efficiency of 99.98%. Furthermore, the cells demonstrate high power capability with current densities up to 300 mA cm^–2 (90 mW cm^–2) for Li||LLZTO||Sn–Pb and 500 mA cm^–2 (175 mW cm^–2) for Li||LLZTO||Bi–Pb. Lastly, our design offers prospects for grid energy storage with intermediate temperature operations, high safety margin and low capital and maintenance costs.

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Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1475485

Journal Information:: Nature Energy, Journal Name: Nature Energy Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 3; ISSN 2058-7546

Publisher:: Nature Publishing GroupCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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