Nanometrology of Biomass for Bioenergy: The Role of Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy in Plant Cell Characterization

Charrier, Anne M.; Lereu, Aude L.; Farahi, Rubye H.; Davison, Brian H.; Passian, Ali

doi:10.3389/fenrg.2018.00011

Title: Nanometrology of Biomass for Bioenergy: The Role of Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy in Plant Cell Characterization

Journal Article · 19 March 2018 · Frontiers in Energy Research

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2018.00011 · OSTI ID:1474678

Charrier, Anne M. ^[1]; Lereu, Aude L. ^[2]; Farahi, Rubye H. ^[3]; Davison, Brian H. ^[4]; Passian, Ali ^[5]

Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille (France). Interdisciplinary Nanoscience Center of Marseille (CINaM)
Aix-Marseille Univ., Marseille (France). Inst. Fresnel
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Quantum Information Science. Computational Sciences and Engineering Division
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). BioEnergy Science Center (BESC). Biosciences Division
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Quantum Information Science. Computational Sciences and Engineering Division. BioEnergy Science Center (BESC). Biosciences Division; Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Dept. of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Dept. of Physics

Ethanol production using extracted cellulose from plant cell walls (PCW) is a very promising approach to biofuel production. However, efficient throughput has been hindered by the phenomenon of recalcitrance, leading to high costs for the lignocellulosic conversion. To overcome recalcitrance, it is necessary to understand the chemical and structural properties of the plant biological materials, which have evolved to generate the strong and cohesive features observed in plants. Therefore, tools and methods that allow the investigation of how the different molecular components of PCW are organized and distributed and how this impacts the mechanical properties of the plants are needed but challenging due to the molecular and morphological complexity of PCW. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), capitalizing on the interfacial nanomechanical forces, encompasses a suite of measurement modalities for nondestructive material characterization. Here, we present a review focused on the utilization of AFM for imaging and determination of physical properties of plant-based specimens. The presented review encompasses the AFM derived techniques for topography imaging (AM-AFM), mechanical properties (QFM), and surface/subsurface (MSAFM, HPFM) chemical composition imaging. In particular, the motivation and utility of force microscopy of plant cell walls from the early fundamental investigations to achieve a better understanding of the cell wall architecture, to the recent studies for the sake of advancing the biofuel research are discussed. An example of delignification protocol is described and the changes in morphology, chemical composition and mechanical properties and their correlation at the nanometer scale along the process are illustrated.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Biological and Environmental Research (BER) (SC-23)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1474678

Journal Information:: Frontiers in Energy Research, Journal Name: Frontiers in Energy Research Vol. 6; ISSN 2296-598X

Publisher:: Frontiers Research FoundationCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (82)

Biodegradation of lignin by fungi, bacteria and laccases Asina, Fnu; Brzonova, Ivana; Voeller, Keith Bioresource Technology, Vol. 220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.016	journal	November 2016
Atomic Force Microscopy Stiffness Tomography on Living Arabidopsis thaliana Cells Reveals the Mechanical Properties of Surface and Deep Cell-Wall Layers during Growth Radotić, Ksenija; Roduit, Charles; Simonović, Jasna Biophysical Journal, Vol. 103, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2012.06.046	journal	August 2012
Micromechanical understanding of the cell-wall structure Salmén, Lennart Comptes Rendus Biologies, Vol. 327, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2004.03.010	journal	September 2004
Nature’s hierarchical materials Fratzl, Peter; Weinkamer, Richard Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 52, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.06.001	journal	November 2007
New Insight into Cellulose Structure by Atomic Force Microscopy Shows the Iα Crystal Phase at Near-Atomic Resolution Baker, A. A.; Helbert, W.; Sugiyama, J. Biophysical Journal, Vol. 79, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/s0006-3495(00)76367-3	journal	August 2000
Field and pulping performances of transgenic trees with altered lignification Pilate, Gilles; Guiney, Emma; Holt, Karen Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 20, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0602-607	journal	June 2002
Mechanical properties of pyrolysed wood: a nanoindentation study Zickler, G. A.; Schöberl, T.; Paris, O. Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 86, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786430500431390	journal	April 2006
Nanometrology of delignified Populus using mode synthesizing atomic force microscopy Tetard, L.; Passian, A.; Farahi, R. H. Nanotechnology, Vol. 22, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/46/465702	journal	October 2011
Plant micro- and nanomechanics: experimental techniques for plant cell-wall analysis Burgert, Ingo; Keplinger, Tobias Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 64, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert255	journal	September 2013
Measuring the elastic properties of biological samples with the AFM Radmacher, M. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/51.582176	journal	January 1997
Physico-Chemical Evolution in Lignocellulosic Feedstocks During Hydrothermal Pretreatment and Delignification Nanda, Sonil; Maley, Jason; Kozinski, Janusz A. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2015.1529	journal	June 2015
Mapping out the structural changes of natural and pretreated plant cell wall surfaces by atomic force microscopy single molecular recognition imaging Zhang, Mengmeng; Chen, Guojun; Kumar, Rajeev Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-147	journal	January 2013
Understanding the structural and chemical changes of plant biomass following steam explosion pretreatment Auxenfans, Thomas; Crônier, David; Chabbert, Brigitte Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0718-z	journal	February 2017
Determination of the Elastic Properties of Tomato Fruit Cells with an Atomic Force Microscope Zdunek, Artur; Kurenda, Andrzej Sensors, Vol. 13, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3390/s130912175	journal	September 2013
Poplar as a feedstock for biofuels: A review of compositional characteristics Sannigrahi, Poulomi; Ragauskas, Arthur J.; Tuskan, Gerald A. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining, Vol. 4, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.206	journal	March 2010
Enzymatic Delignification of Biomass for Enhanced Fermentable Sugars Production Al-Zuhair, Sulaiman; Abualreesh, Mohammed; Ahmed, Khalda Energy Technology, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/ente.201402138	journal	January 2015
Advances in understanding the surface chemistry of lignocellulosic biomass via time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry Tolbert, Allison; Ragauskas, Arthur J. Energy Science & Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.144	journal	December 2016
Atomic Force Microscopy of Plant Cell Walls Kirby, Andrew R. Methods in Molecular Biology https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-008-9_12	book	December 2010
Longitudinal hardness and Young's modulus of spruce tracheid secondary walls using nanoindentation technique Wimmer, R.; Lucas, B. N.; Oliver, W. C. Wood Science and Technology, Vol. 31, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00705928	journal	April 1997
Mechanical properties of spruce wood cell walls by nanoindentation Gindl, W.; Gupta, H. S.; Schöberl, T. Applied Physics A, Vol. 79, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-004-2864-y	journal	December 2004
Nanoindentation of wood cell walls: effects of sample preparation and indentation protocol Wagner, Leopold; Bader, Thomas K.; de Borst, Karin Journal of Materials Science, Vol. 49, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10853-013-7680-3	journal	August 2013
Effect of contact deformations on the adhesion of particles Derjaguin, B. V.; Muller, V. M.; Toporov, Yu. P. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 53, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(75)90018-1	journal	November 1975
Fractured polymer/silica fiber surface studied by tapping mode atomic force microscopy Zhong, Q.; Inniss, D.; Kjoller, K. Surface Science, Vol. 290, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0039-6028(93)90582-5	journal	June 1993
Assessment of size reduction as a preliminary step in the production of ethanol from lignocellulosic wastes Cadoche, Laura; López, Gerardo D. Biological Wastes, Vol. 30, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0269-7483(89)90069-4	journal	January 1989
New Insight into Cellulose Structure by Atomic Force Microscopy Shows the Iα Crystal Phase at Near-Atomic Resolution Baker, A. A.; Helbert, W.; Sugiyama, J. Biophysical Journal, Vol. 79, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(00)76367-3	journal	August 2000
Measuring the viscoelastic properties of human platelets with the atomic force microscope Radmacher, M.; Fritz, M.; Kacher, C. M. Biophysical Journal, Vol. 70, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79602-9	journal	January 1996
Visualization of plant cell walls by atomic force microscopy Kirby, A. R.; Gunning, A. P.; Waldron, K. W. Biophysical Journal, Vol. 70, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3495(96)79708-4	journal	March 1996
Dynamic atomic force microscopy methods García, R. Surface Science Reports, Vol. 47, Issue 6-8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-5729(02)00077-8	journal	September 2002
Cell-wall hardness and Young's modulus of melamine-modified spruce wood by nano-indentation Gindl, W.; Gupta, H. S. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 33, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-835X(02)00080-5	journal	August 2002
Biodegradation of lignin by fungi, bacteria and laccases Asina, Fnu; Brzonova, Ivana; Voeller, Keith Bioresource Technology, Vol. 220 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.016	journal	November 2016
Combined acid/alkaline-peroxide pretreatment of olive tree biomass for bioethanol production Martínez-Patiño, José Carlos; Ruiz, Encarnación; Romero, Inmaculada Bioresource Technology, Vol. 239 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.04.102	journal	September 2017
Atomic Force Microscopy Stiffness Tomography on Living Arabidopsis thaliana Cells Reveals the Mechanical Properties of Surface and Deep Cell-Wall Layers during Growth Radotić, Ksenija; Roduit, Charles; Simonović, Jasna Biophysical Journal, Vol. 103, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpj.2012.06.046	journal	August 2012
The significance of the elastic modulus of wood cell walls obtained from nanoindentation measurements Gindl, W.; Schöberl, T. Composites Part A: Applied Science and Manufacturing, Vol. 35, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2004.04.002	journal	November 2004
Micromechanical understanding of the cell-wall structure Salmén, Lennart Comptes Rendus Biologies, Vol. 327, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2004.03.010	journal	September 2004
The use of atomic force microscopy as a tool to study the effect of a xylanase from Humicola grisea var. thermoidea in kraft pulp bleaching Medeiros, Roseli G.; Silva, Luciano P.; Azevedo, Ricardo B. Enzyme and Microbial Technology, Vol. 40, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enzmictec.2006.06.004	journal	March 2007
Effect of different organosolv treatments on the structure and properties of olive tree pruning lignin Erdocia, Xabier; Prado, Raquel; Corcuera, M. Ángeles Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2013.06.048	journal	May 2014
Glyphosate-induced stiffening of HaCaT keratinocytes, a Peak Force Tapping study on living cells Heu, Celine; Berquand, Alexandre; Elie-Caille, Celine Journal of Structural Biology, Vol. 178, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsb.2012.02.007	journal	April 2012
Nature’s hierarchical materials Fratzl, Peter; Weinkamer, Richard Progress in Materials Science, Vol. 52, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmatsci.2007.06.001	journal	November 2007
A review on delignification of lignocellulosic biomass for enhancement of ethanol production potential Singh, Renu; Shukla, Ashish; Tiwari, Sapna Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 32 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.051	journal	April 2014
Application of pretreatment, fermentation and molecular techniques for enhancing bioethanol production from grass biomass – A review Mohapatra, Sonali; Mishra, Chinmaya; Behera, Sudhansu S. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, Vol. 78 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.05.026	journal	October 2017
Force measurements with the atomic force microscope: Technique, interpretation and applications Butt, Hans-Jürgen; Cappella, Brunero; Kappl, Michael Surface Science Reports, Vol. 59, Issue 1-6 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.surfrep.2005.08.003	journal	October 2005
Nanoscale Swelling Heterogeneities in Type I Collagen Fibrils Spitzner, Eike-Christian; Röper, Stephanie; Zerson, Mario ACS Nano, Vol. 9, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn503637q	journal	May 2015
Atomic force microscopy and transmission electron microscopy of cellulose from Micrasterias denticulata; evidence for a chiral helical microfibril twist Hanley, Shaune J.; Revol, Jean-Francois; Godbout, Louis Cellulose, Vol. 4, Issue 3, p. 209-220 https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018483722417	journal	January 1997
How biotech can transform biofuels Lynd, Lee R.; Laser, Mark S.; Bransby, David Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 26, Issue 2, p. 169-172 https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0208-169	journal	February 2008
Field and pulping performances of transgenic trees with altered lignification Pilate, Gilles; Guiney, Emma; Holt, Karen Nature Biotechnology, Vol. 20, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt0602-607	journal	June 2002
Fast nanomechanical spectroscopy of soft matter Herruzo, Elena T.; Perrino, Alma P.; Garcia, Ricardo Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4126	journal	January 2014
Nanoscale compositional mapping with gentle forces García, Ricardo; Magerle, Robert; Perez, Ruben Nature Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1925	journal	June 2007
Imaging nanoparticles in cells by nanomechanical holography Tetard, Laurene; Passian, Ali; Venmar, Katherine T. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 3, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2008.162	journal	June 2008
New modes for subsurface atomic force microscopy through nanomechanical coupling Tetard, L.; Passian, A.; Thundat, T. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 5, Issue 2, p. 105-109 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2009.454	journal	December 2009
Opto-nanomechanical spectroscopic material characterization Tetard, L.; Passian, A.; Farahi, R. H. Nature Nanotechnology, Vol. 10, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/nnano.2015.168	journal	August 2015
Nanoscale movements of cellulose microfibrils in primary cell walls Zhang, Tian; Vavylonis, Dimitrios; Durachko, Daniel M. Nature Plants, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1038/nplants.2017.56	journal	April 2017
Plasticity, elasticity, and adhesion energy of plant cell walls: nanometrology of lignin loss using atomic force microscopy Farahi, R. H.; Charrier, A. M.; Tolbert, A. Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-00234-4	journal	March 2017
Variation of Nanostructures, Molecular Interactions, and Anisotropic Elastic Moduli of Lignocellulosic Cell Walls with Moisture Youssefian, S.; Jakes, J. E.; Rahbar, N. Scientific Reports, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02288-w	journal	May 2017
Nickel oxide nanoparticles film produced by dead biomass of filamentous fungus Salvadori, Marcia Regina; Nascimento, Cláudio Augusto Oller; Corrêa, Benedito Scientific Reports, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep06404	journal	September 2014
Effect of hydrothermal pretreatment on the structural changes of alkaline ethanol lignin from wheat straw Chen, Xue; Li, Hanyin; Sun, Shaoni Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep39354	journal	December 2016
Manufacture and application of lignin-based carbon fibers (LCFs) and lignin-based carbon nanofibers (LCNFs) Fang, Wei; Yang, Sheng; Wang, Xi-Luan Green Chemistry, Vol. 19, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6GC03206K	journal	January 2017
Measurements of single molecular affinity interactions between carbohydrate-binding modules and crystalline cellulose fibrils Zhang, Mengmeng; Wang, Bin; Xu, Bingqian Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 15, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3cp51072g	journal	January 2013
Atomic force microscope–force mapping and profiling on a sub 100‐Å scale Martin, Y.; Williams, C. C.; Wickramasinghe, H. K. Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 61, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.338807	journal	May 1987
Single-step direct measurement of amyloid fibrils stiffness by peak force quantitative nanomechanical atomic force microscopy Adamcik, Jozef; Berquand, Alexandre; Mezzenga, Raffaele Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 98, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3589369	journal	May 2011
Mechanical properties of pyrolysed wood: a nanoindentation study Zickler, G. A.; Schöberl, T.; Paris, O. Philosophical Magazine, Vol. 86, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1080/14786430500431390	journal	April 2006
Nanometrology of delignified Populus using mode synthesizing atomic force microscopy Tetard, L.; Passian, A.; Farahi, R. H. Nanotechnology, Vol. 22, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1088/0957-4484/22/46/465702	journal	October 2011
Plant micro- and nanomechanics: experimental techniques for plant cell-wall analysis Burgert, Ingo; Keplinger, Tobias Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 64, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ert255	journal	September 2013
Mapping nano-scale mechanical heterogeneity of primary plant cell walls Yakubov, Gleb E.; Bonilla, Mauricio R.; Chen, Huaying Journal of Experimental Botany, Vol. 67, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erw117	journal	March 2016
The hierarchical structure and mechanics of plant materials Gibson, Lorna J. Journal of The Royal Society Interface, Vol. 9, Issue 76 https://doi.org/10.1098/rsif.2012.0341	journal	June 2012
Surface Energy and the Contact of Elastic Solids Johnson, K. L.; Kendall, K.; Roberts, A. D. Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 324, Issue 1558 https://doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1971.0141	journal	September 1971
Mechanical properties of epidermal cells of whole living roots of Arabidopsis thaliana : An atomic force microscopy study Fernandes, Anwesha N.; Chen, Xinyong; Scotchford, Colin A. Physical Review E, Vol. 85, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevE.85.021916	journal	February 2012
Atomic Force Microscope Binnig, G.; Quate, C. F.; Gerber, Ch. Physical Review Letters, Vol. 56, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.56.930	journal	March 1986
Branched Pectic Galactan in Phloem-Sieve-Element Cell Walls: Implications for Cell Mechanics Torode, Thomas A.; O’Neill, Rachel; Marcus, Susan E. Plant Physiology, Vol. 176, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.17.01568	journal	November 2017
Measuring the elastic properties of biological samples with the AFM Radmacher, M. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Magazine, Vol. 16, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1109/51.582176	journal	January 1997
Comparing Mechanical Properties of Secondary Wall and Cell Corner Middle Lamella in Spruce Wood Wimmer, Rupert; Lucas, Barry N. IAWA Journal, Vol. 18, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1163/22941932-90001463	journal	January 1997
Physico-Chemical Evolution in Lignocellulosic Feedstocks During Hydrothermal Pretreatment and Delignification Nanda, Sonil; Maley, Jason; Kozinski, Janusz A. Journal of Biobased Materials and Bioenergy, Vol. 9, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1166/jbmb.2015.1529	journal	June 2015
A zoom into the nanoscale texture of secondary cell walls Keplinger, Tobias; Konnerth, Johannes; Aguié-Béghin, Véronique Plant Methods, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1746-4811-10-1	journal	January 2014
Mapping out the structural changes of natural and pretreated plant cell wall surfaces by atomic force microscopy single molecular recognition imaging Zhang, Mengmeng; Chen, Guojun; Kumar, Rajeev Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/1754-6834-6-147	journal	January 2013
Understanding the structural and chemical changes of plant biomass following steam explosion pretreatment Auxenfans, Thomas; Crônier, David; Chabbert, Brigitte Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0718-z	journal	February 2017
A comparison of various lignin-extraction methods to enhance the accessibility and ease of enzymatic hydrolysis of the cellulosic component of steam-pretreated poplar Tian, Dong; Chandra, Richard P.; Lee, Jin-Suk Biotechnology for Biofuels, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1186/s13068-017-0846-5	journal	June 2017
Adhesive penetration of wood cell walls investigated by scanning thermal microscopy (SThM) Konnerth, Johannes; Harper, David; Lee, Seung-Hwan Holzforschung, Vol. 62, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1515/HF.2008.014	journal	January 2008
On the generality of the relationship among contact stiffness, contact area, and elastic modulus during indentation Pharr, G. M.; Oliver, W. C.; Brotzen, F. R. Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1557/JMR.1992.0613	journal	March 1992
Imaging and Measurement of Nanomechanical Properties within Primary Xylem Cell Walls of Broadleaves Ďurkovič, Jaroslav; Kardošová, Monika; Lagaňa, Rastislav BIO-PROTOCOL, Vol. 4, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.21769/BioProtoc.1360	journal	January 2014
Efficient Eucalypt Cell Wall Deconstruction and Conversion for Sustainable Lignocellulosic Biofuels Healey, Adam L.; Lee, David J.; Furtado, Agnelo Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Vol. 3 https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2015.00190	journal	November 2015
Comparison of Different Biomass Pretreatment Techniques and Their Impact on Chemistry and Structure Singh, Seema; Cheng, Gang; Sathitsuksanoh, Noppadon Frontiers in Energy Research, Vol. 2 https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2014.00062	journal	February 2015
Determination of the Elastic Properties of Tomato Fruit Cells with an Atomic Force Microscope Zdunek, Artur; Kurenda, Andrzej Sensors, Vol. 13, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.3390/s130912175	journal	September 2013
AFM-based Mapping of the Elastic Properties of Cell Walls: at Tissue, Cellular, and Subcellular Resolutions Peaucelle, Alexis Journal of Visualized Experiments, Issue 89 https://doi.org/10.3791/51317	journal	January 2014

Cited By (1)

Nanomechanics and Raman Spectroscopy of in Situ Native Carbohydrate Storage Granules for Enhancing Starch Quality and Lignocellulosic Biomass Production Farahi, Rubye H.; Lereu, Aude L.; Charrier, Anne M. ACS Omega, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b02849	journal	February 2020

Similar Records

Plasticity, elasticity, and adhesion energy of plant cell walls: nanometrology of lignin loss using atomic force microscopy

Journal Article · 2017 · Scientific Reports · OSTI ID:1346628

Farahi, R. H.; Charrier, Anne M.; Tolbert, Allison K.; +4 more

Nanometrology of delignified Populus using mode synthesizing atomic force microscopy

Journal Article · 2011 · Nanotechnology · OSTI ID:1028756

Tetard, Laurene; Passian, Ali; Farahi, R H; +5 more

Opto-nanomechanical spectroscopic material characterization

Journal Article · 2015 · Nature Nanotechnology · OSTI ID:1213980

Tetard, Laurene; Passian, Ali; Farahi, R. H.; +2 more

Related Subjects

09 BIOMASS FUELS
AFM
MSAFM: HPFM
QFM
bioenergy
biofuel
lignin
plant cell walls

Title: Nanometrology of Biomass for Bioenergy: The Role of Atomic Force Microscopy and Spectroscopy in Plant Cell Characterization

Citation Formats

References (82)

Cited By (1)

Similar Records

Related Subjects