Turbulent mixing and removal of ozone within an Amazon rainforest canopy

Freire, L. S.; Gerken, T.; Ruiz-Plancarte, J.; Wei, D.; Fuentes, J. D.; Katul, G. G.; Dias, N. L.; Acevedo, O. C.; Chamecki, M.

doi:10.1002/2016JD026009

Title: Turbulent mixing and removal of ozone within an Amazon rainforest canopy

Abstract

Simultaneous profiles of turbulence statistics and mean ozone mixing ratio are used to establish a relation between eddy diffusivity and ozone mixing within the Amazon forest. A one–dimensional diffusion model is proposed and used to infer mixing time scales from the eddy diffusivity profiles. Data and model results indicate that during daytime conditions, the upper (lower) half of the canopy is well (partially) mixed most of the time and that most of the vertical extent of the forest can be mixed in less than an hour. During nighttime, most of the canopy is predominantly poorly mixed, except for periods with bursts of intermittent turbulence. Even though turbulence is faster than chemistry during daytime, both processes have comparable time scales in the lower canopy layers during nighttime conditions. Nonchemical loss time scales (associated with stomatal uptake and dry deposition) for the entire forest are comparable to turbulent mixing time scale in the lower canopy during the day and in the entire canopy during the night, indicating a tight coupling between turbulent transport and dry deposition and stomatal uptake processes. Because of the significant time of day and height variability of the turbulent mixing time scale inside the canopy, it is importantmore »« less

Authors:

^[1];

^[2];

^[1]; Wei, D. ^[1];

^[1];

^[3];

^[4];

^[5];

^[6]

Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)
Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States); Montana State Univ., Bozeman, MT (United States)
Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States)
Univ. Federal do Parana, Curitiba (Brazil)
Univ. Federal de Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil)
Univ. of California, Los Angeles, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Feb 27 00:00:00 EST 2017

Research Org.:: Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1474275

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1377930

Grant/Contract Number:: SC0011075

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 122; Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 2169-897X

Publisher:: American Geophysical Union

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES; turbulent mixing; canopy turbulence; ozone deposition; Damkohler number

Citation Formats


                    Freire, L. S., Gerken, T., Ruiz-Plancarte, J., Wei, D., Fuentes, J. D., Katul, G. G., Dias, N. L., Acevedo, O. C., and Chamecki, M. Turbulent mixing and removal of ozone within an Amazon rainforest canopy.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1002/2016JD026009.

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                    Freire, L. S., Gerken, T., Ruiz-Plancarte, J., Wei, D., Fuentes, J. D., Katul, G. G., Dias, N. L., Acevedo, O. C., & Chamecki, M. Turbulent mixing and removal of ozone within an Amazon rainforest canopy.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026009

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                    Freire, L. S., Gerken, T., Ruiz-Plancarte, J., Wei, D., Fuentes, J. D., Katul, G. G., Dias, N. L., Acevedo, O. C., and Chamecki, M. Mon .  
"Turbulent mixing and removal of ozone within an Amazon rainforest canopy".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD026009.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1474275.

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@article{osti_1474275,

  title        = {Turbulent mixing and removal of ozone within an Amazon rainforest canopy},

  author       = {Freire, L. S. and Gerken, T. and Ruiz-Plancarte, J. and Wei, D. and Fuentes, J. D. and Katul, G. G. and Dias, N. L. and Acevedo, O. C. and Chamecki, M.},

  abstractNote = {Simultaneous profiles of turbulence statistics and mean ozone mixing ratio are used to establish a relation between eddy diffusivity and ozone mixing within the Amazon forest. A one–dimensional diffusion model is proposed and used to infer mixing time scales from the eddy diffusivity profiles. Data and model results indicate that during daytime conditions, the upper (lower) half of the canopy is well (partially) mixed most of the time and that most of the vertical extent of the forest can be mixed in less than an hour. During nighttime, most of the canopy is predominantly poorly mixed, except for periods with bursts of intermittent turbulence. Even though turbulence is faster than chemistry during daytime, both processes have comparable time scales in the lower canopy layers during nighttime conditions. Nonchemical loss time scales (associated with stomatal uptake and dry deposition) for the entire forest are comparable to turbulent mixing time scale in the lower canopy during the day and in the entire canopy during the night, indicating a tight coupling between turbulent transport and dry deposition and stomatal uptake processes. Because of the significant time of day and height variability of the turbulent mixing time scale inside the canopy, it is important to take it into account when studying chemical and biophysical processes happening in the forest environment. In conclusion, the method proposed here to estimate turbulent mixing time scales is a reliable alternative to currently used models, especially for situations in which the vertical distribution of the time scale is relevant.},

  doi          = {10.1002/2016JD026009},

  journal      = {Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres},

  number       = 5,

  volume       = 122,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Feb 27 00:00:00 EST 2017},

  month        = {Mon Feb 27 00:00:00 EST 2017}

}

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Title: Turbulent mixing and removal of ozone within an Amazon rainforest canopy

Abstract

Citation Formats

On the temporal scale of the turbulent exchange of carbon dioxide and energy above a tropical rain forest in Amazonia journal, January 2009

Decaying Scalars Emitted By A Forest Canopy: A Numerical Study journal, July 2001

Applying Lagrangian fluid mechanics to infer scalar source distributions from concentration profiles in plant canopies journal, September 1989

On the anomalous behavior of the Lagrangian structure function similarity constant inside dense canopies journal, June 2008

Chemistry-turbulence interactions and mesoscale variability influence the cleansing efficiency of the atmosphere: CHEMISTRY-TURBULENCE INTERACTIONS journal, December 2015

Toward biologically meaningful net carbon exchange estimates for tall, dense canopies: Multi-level eddy covariance observations and canopy coupling regimes in a mature Douglas-fir forest in Oregon journal, May 2013

The velocity‐dissipation probability density function model for turbulent flows journal, August 1990

Persistence of velocity fluctuations in non-Gaussian turbulence within and above plant canopies journal, November 2013

Budgets of reactive nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and ozone over the Amazon forest during the wet season journal, January 1990

Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOC) at a remote tropical forest site in central Amazonia journal, January 2000

Lagrangian-Eulerian time-scale ratios estimated from constant volume balloon flights past a tall tower journal, January 1971

Evaluated Kinetic and Photochemical Data for Atmospheric Chemistry, Organic Species: Supplement VII journal, March 1999

Note on the application of K-Theory to diffusion problems involving nonlinear chemical reactions journal, March 1973

Length Scales in the Convective Boundary Layer journal, June 1986

Role of canopy-scale photochemistry in modifying biogenic-atmosphere exchange of reactive terpene species: Results from the CELTIC field study journal, January 2005

Radiação solar e distribuição vertical de área foliar em floresta - Reserva Biológica do Cuieiras ZF2, Manaus journal, December 2005

Atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO 2 and O 3 in the central Amazon Forest journal, January 1990

Large-eddy simulation of turbulent diffusion with chemical reactions in the convective boundary layer journal, January 1989

Estimation of the ratio between the Lagrangian and Eulerian time scales in an atmospheric boundary layer generated by large eddy simulation journal, January 2006

Partitioning ozone fluxes between canopy and forest floor by measurements and a multi-layer model journal, May 2013

Lagrangian dispersion of 222Rn, H2O and CO2 within Amazonian rain forest journal, October 2005

Gas-Phase Tropospheric Chemistry of Volatile Organic Compounds: 1. Alkanes and Alkenes journal, March 1997

Diffusion by Continuous Movements journal, January 1922

A modified K model for chemically reactive species in the planetary boundary layer journal, March 1993

An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics book, June 2012

Boundary layer ozone: An airborne survey above the Amazon Basin journal, January 1988

Highly reactive light‐dependent monoterpenes in the Amazon journal, March 2015

Seasonal variation of ozone deposition to a tropical rain forest in southwest Amazonia journal, January 2007

Scalar dispersion within a model canopy: Measurements and three-dimensional Lagrangian models journal, February 2006

Isoprene photochemistry over the Amazon rainforest journal, May 2016

Turbulent Flows book, July 2012

Concentration gradients of ozone and other trace gases in and above cereal canopies [Concentration gradients of ozone and other trace gases in and above cereal canopies] journal, April 2008

Accuracy of moments of velocity and scalar fluctuations in the atmospheric surface layer journal, May 1978

Within-canopy sesquiterpene ozonolysis in Amazonia journal, January 2011

The Kolmogorov constant for the Lagrangian velocity spectrum and structure function journal, December 2002

Leaf Area Index and Above-Ground Biomass of terra firme Rain Forest and Adjacent Clearings in Amazonia journal, June 1993

Ozone Dynamics and Deposition Processes at a Deforested Site in the Amazon Basin journal, February 2002

The reactions of ozone with alkenes: An important source of HO x in the boundary layer journal, December 1996

On the relationship between the Lagrangian and Eulerian time scale journal, January 1998

Introduction: Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5) journal, January 2016

Effects of turbulence on gas-phase atmospheric chemistry: Calculation of the relationship between time scales for diffusion and chemical reaction journal, January 1995

Turbulence Statistics Above And Within Two Amazon Rain Forest Canopies journal, February 2000

Radon fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems of Brazilian Amazonia: night-time CO2 net ecosystem exchange derived from radon and eddy covariance methods journal, May 2004

Amazon Rainforest Exchange of Carbon and Subcanopy Air Flow: Manaus LBA Site—A Complex Terrain Condition journal, January 2012

Surface ozone measurements in Amazonia journal, January 1988

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of O 3 with a series of Terpenes and OH radical formation from the O 3 reactions with Sesquiterpenes at 296 ± 2 K : GAS-PHASE REACTIONS OF O journal, December 1994

Homogeneous Turbulent Mixing with Chemical Reaction journal, January 1976

Turbulence in Plant Canopies journal, January 2000

Estimates of the Relations between Eulerian and Lagrangian Scales in Large Reynolds Number Turbulence journal, March 1963

Aerosol dynamics within and above forest in relation to turbulent transport and dry deposition journal, January 2016

Seasonality of isoprenoid emissions from a primary rainforest in central Amazonia journal, January 2016

Small-scale anisotropy in Lagrangian turbulence journal, June 2006

Complete Solutions to Extended Stokes' Problems journal, January 2008

Lagrangian and Eulerian Time-Scale Relations in the Daytime Boundary Layer journal, March 1981

On the universality of the Kolmogorov constant journal, November 1995

Downward transport of ozone rich air and implications for atmospheric chemistry in the Amazon rainforest journal, January 2016

Two-Dimensional Scalar Spectra in the Deeper Layers of a Dense and Uniform Model Canopy journal, June 2006

An observational study on the effects of time and space averaging in photochemical models journal, February 1993

Linking Meteorology, Turbulence, and Air Chemistry in the Amazon Rain Forest journal, December 2016

OH radical formation from the gas-phase reactions of O3 with a series of terpenes journal, September 2002

Estimating scalar sources, sinks, and fluxes in a forest canopy using Lagrangian, Eulerian, and hybrid inverse models journal, December 2000

Temporal Scales of the Nocturnal Flow Within and Above a Forest Canopy in Amazonia journal, April 2016

Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest journal, April 2008

A practical Lagrangian method for relating scalar concentrations to source distributions in vegetation canopies journal, April 1989

Measurements of soil and canopy exchange rates in the Amazon rain forest using 222 Rn journal, January 1990

Air-Parcel Residence Times Within Forest Canopies journal, June 2017

Mixing-Limited Reactions in Porous Media journal, December 2018

A sampler for atmospheric volatile organic compounds by copter unmanned aerial vehicles journal, January 2019

On the temporal scale of the turbulent exchange of carbon dioxide and energy above a tropical rain forest in Amazonia
journal, January 2009

Decaying Scalars Emitted By A Forest Canopy: A Numerical Study
journal, July 2001

Applying Lagrangian fluid mechanics to infer scalar source distributions from concentration profiles in plant canopies
journal, September 1989

On the anomalous behavior of the Lagrangian structure function similarity constant inside dense canopies
journal, June 2008

Chemistry-turbulence interactions and mesoscale variability influence the cleansing efficiency of the atmosphere: CHEMISTRY-TURBULENCE INTERACTIONS
journal, December 2015

Toward biologically meaningful net carbon exchange estimates for tall, dense canopies: Multi-level eddy covariance observations and canopy coupling regimes in a mature Douglas-fir forest in Oregon
journal, May 2013

The velocity‐dissipation probability density function model for turbulent flows
journal, August 1990

Persistence of velocity fluctuations in non-Gaussian turbulence within and above plant canopies
journal, November 2013

Budgets of reactive nitrogen, hydrocarbons, and ozone over the Amazon forest during the wet season
journal, January 1990

Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOC) at a remote tropical forest site in central Amazonia
journal, January 2000

Lagrangian-Eulerian time-scale ratios estimated from constant volume balloon flights past a tall tower
journal, January 1971

Evaluated Kinetic and Photochemical Data for Atmospheric Chemistry, Organic Species: Supplement VII
journal, March 1999

Note on the application of K-Theory to diffusion problems involving nonlinear chemical reactions
journal, March 1973

Length Scales in the Convective Boundary Layer
journal, June 1986

Role of canopy-scale photochemistry in modifying biogenic-atmosphere exchange of reactive terpene species: Results from the CELTIC field study
journal, January 2005

Radiação solar e distribuição vertical de área foliar em floresta - Reserva Biológica do Cuieiras ZF2, Manaus
journal, December 2005

Atmosphere-biosphere exchange of CO ₂ and O ₃ in the central Amazon Forest
journal, January 1990

Large-eddy simulation of turbulent diffusion with chemical reactions in the convective boundary layer
journal, January 1989

Estimation of the ratio between the Lagrangian and Eulerian time scales in an atmospheric boundary layer generated by large eddy simulation
journal, January 2006

Partitioning ozone fluxes between canopy and forest floor by measurements and a multi-layer model
journal, May 2013

Lagrangian dispersion of 222Rn, H2O and CO2 within Amazonian rain forest
journal, October 2005

Gas-Phase Tropospheric Chemistry of Volatile Organic Compounds: 1. Alkanes and Alkenes
journal, March 1997

Diffusion by Continuous Movements
journal, January 1922

A modified K model for chemically reactive species in the planetary boundary layer
journal, March 1993

An Introduction to Fluid Dynamics
book, June 2012

Boundary layer ozone: An airborne survey above the Amazon Basin
journal, January 1988

Highly reactive light‐dependent monoterpenes in the Amazon
journal, March 2015

Seasonal variation of ozone deposition to a tropical rain forest in southwest Amazonia
journal, January 2007

Scalar dispersion within a model canopy: Measurements and three-dimensional Lagrangian models
journal, February 2006

Isoprene photochemistry over the Amazon rainforest
journal, May 2016

Turbulent Flows
book, July 2012

Concentration gradients of ozone and other trace gases in and above cereal canopies [Concentration gradients of ozone and other trace gases in and above cereal canopies]
journal, April 2008

Accuracy of moments of velocity and scalar fluctuations in the atmospheric surface layer
journal, May 1978

Within-canopy sesquiterpene ozonolysis in Amazonia
journal, January 2011

The Kolmogorov constant for the Lagrangian velocity spectrum and structure function
journal, December 2002

Leaf Area Index and Above-Ground Biomass of terra firme Rain Forest and Adjacent Clearings in Amazonia
journal, June 1993

Ozone Dynamics and Deposition Processes at a Deforested Site in the Amazon Basin
journal, February 2002

The reactions of ozone with alkenes: An important source of HO _x in the boundary layer
journal, December 1996

On the relationship between the Lagrangian and Eulerian time scale
journal, January 1998

Introduction: Observations and Modeling of the Green Ocean Amazon (GoAmazon2014/5)
journal, January 2016

Effects of turbulence on gas-phase atmospheric chemistry: Calculation of the relationship between time scales for diffusion and chemical reaction
journal, January 1995

Turbulence Statistics Above And Within Two Amazon Rain Forest Canopies
journal, February 2000

Radon fluxes in tropical forest ecosystems of Brazilian Amazonia: night-time CO2 net ecosystem exchange derived from radon and eddy covariance methods
journal, May 2004

Amazon Rainforest Exchange of Carbon and Subcanopy Air Flow: Manaus LBA Site—A Complex Terrain Condition
journal, January 2012

Surface ozone measurements in Amazonia
journal, January 1988

Rate constants for the gas-phase reactions of O ₃ with a series of Terpenes and OH radical formation from the O ₃ reactions with Sesquiterpenes at 296 ± 2 K : GAS-PHASE REACTIONS OF O
journal, December 1994

Homogeneous Turbulent Mixing with Chemical Reaction
journal, January 1976

Turbulence in Plant Canopies
journal, January 2000

Estimates of the Relations between Eulerian and Lagrangian Scales in Large Reynolds Number Turbulence
journal, March 1963

Aerosol dynamics within and above forest in relation to turbulent transport and dry deposition
journal, January 2016

Seasonality of isoprenoid emissions from a primary rainforest in central Amazonia
journal, January 2016

Small-scale anisotropy in Lagrangian turbulence
journal, June 2006

Complete Solutions to Extended Stokes' Problems
journal, January 2008

Lagrangian and Eulerian Time-Scale Relations in the Daytime Boundary Layer
journal, March 1981

On the universality of the Kolmogorov constant
journal, November 1995

Downward transport of ozone rich air and implications for atmospheric chemistry in the Amazon rainforest
journal, January 2016

Two-Dimensional Scalar Spectra in the Deeper Layers of a Dense and Uniform Model Canopy
journal, June 2006

An observational study on the effects of time and space averaging in photochemical models
journal, February 1993

Linking Meteorology, Turbulence, and Air Chemistry in the Amazon Rain Forest
journal, December 2016

OH radical formation from the gas-phase reactions of O3 with a series of terpenes
journal, September 2002

Estimating scalar sources, sinks, and fluxes in a forest canopy using Lagrangian, Eulerian, and hybrid inverse models
journal, December 2000

Temporal Scales of the Nocturnal Flow Within and Above a Forest Canopy in Amazonia
journal, April 2016

Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest
journal, April 2008

A practical Lagrangian method for relating scalar concentrations to source distributions in vegetation canopies
journal, April 1989

Measurements of soil and canopy exchange rates in the Amazon rain forest using ²²² Rn
journal, January 1990

Air-Parcel Residence Times Within Forest Canopies
journal, June 2017

Mixing-Limited Reactions in Porous Media
journal, December 2018

A sampler for atmospheric volatile organic compounds by copter unmanned aerial vehicles
journal, January 2019