Prediction of continuous porosity gradients in ceramics using ZnO as a model material

Cramer, Corson L.; Aguirre, Trevor G.; Holland, Troy B.; Ma, Kaka

doi:10.1111/jace.15872

Title: Prediction of continuous porosity gradients in ceramics using ZnO as a model material

Journal Article · 10 June 2018 · Journal of the American Ceramic Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jace.15872 · OSTI ID:1470854

^[1]; Aguirre, Trevor G. ^[2]; Holland, Troy B. ^[3]; Ma, Kaka ^[2]

Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States); Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States)
Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO (United States); Veloxint, Framingham, MA (Untied States)

Materials with gradient microstructures have a wide range of applications such as cutting tools, armor, and electronic devices. However, it is difficult to predict and control the gradient microstructure during processing. In the present work, a continuous porosity gradient was successfully achieved in ZnO material via spark plasma sintering with a large induced thermal gradient. The porosity is overestimated if isothermal prediction is applied. The current work proposed a more accurate prediction of the porosity by considering the stress-shielding effect caused by the thermal gradient. The shielding effect results from different stress states in the sample due to differential sintering: the hotter side of the specimen experiences a higher strain rate and more shrinkage while the colder side experiences a lower strain rate and less shrinkage simultaneously. Therefore, the axial strains are varied throughout the sample thickness. Using the constituent equations in advanced sintering analysis, the shield stress was calculated to be approximately 13 MPa for the viscoelastic assumption of sintering. To improve the accuracy of predicting porosity gradient, it is necessary to add a load to overcome the shield stress when the materials are sintered with a thermal gradient.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE; USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1470854

Journal Information:: Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Journal Name: Journal of the American Ceramic Society Journal Issue: 0 Vol. 0; ISSN 0002-7820

Publisher:: American Ceramic SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (39)

Transparent Conductive Zinc Oxide Ellmer, Klaus; Klein, Andreas; Rech, Bernd Springer Series in Materials Science https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73612-7	book	January 2008
ZnO and Its Applications Ellmer, K.; Klein, A. Transparent Conductive Zinc Oxide https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-73612-7_1	book	January 2008
Prediction of sintered density for bimodal powder mixtures German, R. M. Metallurgical Transactions A, Vol. 23, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02647329	journal	May 1992
Cutting performance and wear mechanisms of Sialon–Si3N4 graded nano-composite ceramic cutting tools Zheng, Guangming; Zhao, Jun; Gao, Zhongjun The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 58, Issue 1-4 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-011-3379-2	journal	May 2011
Transient stresses in bimodal compacts during sintering De Jonghe, L. C.; Rahaman, M. N.; Hsueh, C. H. Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 34, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(86)90034-9	journal	July 1986
On constrained sintering—I. Constitutive model for a sintering body Bordia, R. K.; Scherer, G. W. Acta Metallurgica, Vol. 36, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0001-6160(88)90189-7	journal	September 1988
Functionally graded materials for biomedical applications Pompe, W.; Worch, H.; Epple, M. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 362, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-5093(03)00580-X	journal	December 2003
Theory of sintering: from discrete to continuum Olevsky, Eugene A. Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports, Vol. 23, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0927-796X(98)00009-6	journal	June 1998
Anisotropic constitutive laws for sintering bodies Bordia, R.; Zuo, R.; Guillon, O. Acta Materialia, Vol. 54, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2005.08.025	journal	January 2006
Predicting sintering deformation of ceramic film constrained by rigid substrate using anisotropic constitutive law Li, Fan; Pan, Jingzhe; Guillon, Olivier Acta Materialia, Vol. 58, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actamat.2010.07.015	journal	October 2010
Functionally graded materials: A review of fabrication and properties Naebe, Minoo; Shirvanimoghaddam, Kamyar Applied Materials Today, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2016.10.001	journal	December 2016
Sintering studies of nano-crystalline zinc oxide Roy, Tapatee Kundu; Bhowmick, Debasis; Sanyal, Dirtha Ceramics International, Vol. 34, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2006.08.015	journal	January 2008
Temperature gradient field sintering of Ti–TiB–TiB2 functionally graded material Zhang, Youfeng; Li, Zhongwen; Li, Chonggui Ceramics International, Vol. 41, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ceramint.2015.08.070	journal	December 2015
Simulation of temperature and stress distributions in functionally graded materials synthesized by a spark plasma sintering process Wei, Sai; Zhang, Zhao-Hui; Shen, Xiang-Bo Computational Materials Science, Vol. 60 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.commatsci.2012.03.024	journal	July 2012
Synthesis of AA7075-AA7075/B4C bilayer composite with enhanced mechanical strength via plasma activated sintering Wu, Chuandong; Wu, Jialu; Ma, Kaka Journal of Alloys and Compounds, Vol. 701 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2017.01.065	journal	April 2017
Anomalous coarsening of nanocrystalline zinc oxide particles in humid air Dargatz, Benjamin; Gonzalez-Julian, Jesus; Guillon, Olivier Journal of Crystal Growth, Vol. 419 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2015.02.101	journal	June 2015
Constrained sintering: A delicate balance of scales Green, David J.; Guillon, Olivier; Rödel, Jürgen Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 28, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2007.12.012	journal	January 2008
FAST/SPS sintering of nanocrystalline zinc oxide—Part II: Abnormal grain growth, texture and grain anisotropy Dargatz, Benjamin; Gonzalez-Julian, Jesus; Bram, Martin Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 36, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.12.008	journal	April 2016
FAST/SPS sintering of nanocrystalline zinc oxide—Part I: Enhanced densification and formation of hydrogen-related defects in presence of adsorbed water Dargatz, Benjamin; Gonzalez-Julian, Jesus; Bram, Martin Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 36, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2015.12.009	journal	April 2016
Continuous functionally graded material to improve the thermoelectric properties of ZnO Cramer, Corson L.; Gonzalez-Julian, Jesus; Colasuonno, Paul S. Journal of the European Ceramic Society, Vol. 37, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeurceramsoc.2017.07.019	journal	December 2017
Thermal shock residual strength of functionally graded ceramics Jin, Z. -H.; Luo, W. J. Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 435-436 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2006.07.011	journal	November 2006
A new rapid route to in-situ synthesize TiB–Ti system functionally graded materials using spark plasma sintering method Zhang, Zhaohui; Shen, Xiangbo; Zhang, Chao Materials Science and Engineering: A, Vol. 565 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.msea.2012.12.060	journal	March 2013
Constitutive modeling of spark-plasma sintering of conductive materials Olevsky, Eugene; Froyen, Ludo Scripta Materialia, Vol. 55, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scriptamat.2006.07.009	journal	December 2006
Fundamentals of zinc oxide as a semiconductor Janotti, Anderson; Van de Walle, Chris G. Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 72, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1088/0034-4885/72/12/126501	journal	October 2009
Stresses Induced by Differential Sintering in Powder Compacts Kellett, Bruce; Lange, F. F. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 67, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1984.tb19539.x	journal	May 1984
Sintering Behavior of Ceramic Films Constrained by a Rigid Substrate Bordia, R. K.; Raj, R. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 68, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb15227.x	journal	June 1985
Viscous Sintering on a Rigid Substrate Scherer, George W.; Garino, Terry Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 68, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1985.tb15300.x	journal	April 1985
Creep During Sintering of Porous Compacts Rahaman, M. N.; Jonghe, L. C.; Hsueh, C. H. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 69, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1986.tb04694.x	journal	January 1986
Melt Infiltration Approach to Ceramic Matrix Composites Hillig, William B. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 71, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1988.tb05840.x	journal	February 1988
Effect of Green Density on Densification and Creep During Sintering Rahaman, Mohamed N.; Jonghe, Lutgard C.; Chu, May-Ying Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 74, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1991.tb04053.x	journal	March 1991
Stress Development during Constrained Sintering of Alumina/Glass/Alumina Sandwich Structure Tzeng, Shin-Yu; Jean, Jau-Ho Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 85, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00093.x	journal	February 2002
Sintering and Characterization of Nanophase Zinc Oxide Hynes, Anne P.; Doremus, Robert H.; Siegel, Richard W. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 85, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.2002.tb00391.x	journal	August 2002
Analysis of Nanocrystalline and Microcrystalline ZnO Sintering Using Master Sintering Curves Ewsuk, Kevin G.; Ellerby, Donald T.; DiAntonio, Christopher B. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 89, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.00990.x	journal	June 2006
An Arrhenius-Type Viscosity Function to Model Sintering Using the Skorohod-Olevsky Viscous Sintering Model Within a Finite-Element Code Reiterer, M. W.; Ewsuk, K. G.; Arguello, J. G. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 89, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01041.x	journal	June 2006
Multi-Scale Study of Sintering: A Review Olevsky, Eugene A.; Tikare, Veena; Garino, Terry Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 89, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2006.01054.x	journal	June 2006
Low Temperature Sintering of Nanocrystalline Zinc Oxide: Effect of Heating Rate Achieved by Field Assisted Sintering/Spark Plasma Sintering Schwarz, Sebastian; Thron, Andrew M.; Rufner, Jorgen Journal of the American Ceramic Society, Vol. 95, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-2916.2012.05205.x	journal	April 2012
On fabrication of functionally graded thermoelectric materials by spark plasma sintering Bulat, L. P.; Drabkin, I. A.; Novotel’nova, A. V. Technical Physics Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1134/S1063785014110030	journal	November 2014
Graded/Gradient Porous Biomaterials Miao, Xigeng; Sun, Dan Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 12, p. 26-47 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3010026	journal	December 2009
Microstructures of Al–Al ₃ Ti functionally graded materials fabricated by centrifugal solid-particle method and centrifugal in situ method Watanabe, Yoshimi; Zhou, Qi; Sato, Hisashi Japanese Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 56, Issue 1S https://doi.org/10.7567/JJAP.56.01AG01	journal	November 2016

Cited By (1)

Process strategy to fabricate a hierarchical porosity gradient in diatomite-based foams by 3D printing Capasso, I.; Liguori, B.; Verdolotti, L. Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-55582-0	journal	January 2020

Similar Records

Temperature gradients and residual porosity in microwave sintered zinc oxide

Book · 1996 · OSTI ID:504896

Martin, L P; Dadon, D; Rosen, M; +5 more

Properties of Bulk Sintered Silver As a Function of Porosity

Technical Report · 2012 · OSTI ID:1041433

Wereszczak, Andrew A.; Vuono, Daniel J.; Wang, Hsin; +2 more

Effect of porosity on ductility variation in investment cast 17-4PH.

Conference · 2005 · OSTI ID:986089

Wright, Robert D; Kilgo, Alice C; Grant, Richard P; +2 more

Related Subjects

36 MATERIALS SCIENCE

Title: Prediction of continuous porosity gradients in ceramics using ZnO as a model material

Citation Formats

References (39)

Cited By (1)

Similar Records

Related Subjects