Solvent Additives: Key Morphology-Directing Agents for Solution-Processed Organic Solar Cells

McDowell, Caitlin; Abdelsamie, Maged; Toney, Michael F.; Bazan, Guillermo C.

doi:10.1002/adma.201707114

Title: Solvent Additives: Key Morphology-Directing Agents for Solution-Processed Organic Solar Cells

Journal Article · 13 June 2018 · Advanced Materials

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201707114 · OSTI ID:1469667

McDowell, Caitlin ^[1]; Abdelsamie, Maged ^[2]; Toney, Michael F. ^[2];

^[1]

Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)

By affecting film formation during the solution processing, solvent additives can provide fine control of the active layer morphology of organic photovoltaics. As such, solvent additives form a versatile method of experimental control for enhancing organic solar cell device performance. In this review, we provide a brief history of bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaics (OPV) processed from solution and the advent of solvent additives, putting them into context with other morphology directing agents. We present our current understanding of how solvent additives impact various mechanisms of phase separation, enabled by recent advances in morphology characterization by in situ X-ray scattering, absorbance and reflectometry. Indeed, understanding solvent additives’ effects on film formation has allowed them to be applied and combined effectively and synergistically to boost OPV performance. Their success as a morphology control strategy has also prompted the use of solvent additives in related organic semiconductor technologies. Finally, we discuss the role of solvent additives in the development of next-generation OPV active layers. In conclusion, despite concerns over their environmental toxicity and role in photo-instability, solvent additives will likely remain relevant morphological directing agents as research interests evolve toward non-fullerene acceptors, ternary blends and environmentally sustainable solvents.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: N00014-14-1-0580; N00014-16-1-2520; AC02-76SF00515

OSTI ID:: 1469667

Journal Information:: Advanced Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 33; ISSN 0935-9648

Publisher:: WileyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 313 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

References (215)

Morphology control in polycarbazole based bulk heterojunction solar cells and its impact on device performance Chu, Ta-Ya; Alem, Salima; Tsang, Sai-Wing Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 98, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3601474	journal	June 2011
Synergistic effects of solvent and polymer additives on solar cell performance and stability of small molecule bulk heterojunction solar cells Lee, Hyo-Sang; Ahn, Hyungju; Jo, Jea Woong Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 4, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA08278E	journal	January 2016
Effects of Postproduction Treatment on Plastic Solar Cells Padinger, F.; Rittberger, R. S.; Sariciftci, N. S. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 1, p. 85-88 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200390011	journal	January 2003
Air-Stable Organic Solar Cells Using an Iodine-Free Solvent Additive Lee, Seongyu; Kong, Jaemin; Lee, Kwanghee Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201600970	journal	August 2016
Additive engineering for highly efficient organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells: recent advances and perspectives Li, Taotao; Pan, Yufeng; Wang, Ze Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA01798G	journal	January 2017
Tracing photoinduced electron transfer process in conjugated polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunctions in real time Brabec, Christoph J.; Zerza, Gerald; Cerullo, Giulio Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 340, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2614(01)00431-6	journal	June 2001
Hybrid Perovskites: Effective Crystal Growth for Optoelectronic Applications Jeon, Taewoo; Kim, Sung Jin; Yoon, Jisun Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602596	journal	May 2017
Morphological Change and Mobility Enhancement in PEDOT:PSS by Adding Co-solvents Wei, Qingshuo; Mukaida, Masakazu; Naitoh, Yasuhisa Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201205158	journal	April 2013
Structurally-driven Enhancement of Thermoelectric Properties within Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) thin Films Petsagkourakis, Ioannis; Pavlopoulou, Eleni; Portale, Giuseppe Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30501	journal	July 2016
Outdoor fate and environmental impact of polymer solar cells through leaching and emission to rainwater and soil Espinosa, Nieves; Zimmermann, Yannick-Serge; dos Reis Benatto, Gisele A. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6EE00578K	journal	January 2016
Versatile Organic Transistors by Solution Processing Ward, Jeremy W.; Lamport, Zachary A.; Jurchescu, Oana D. ChemPhysChem, Vol. 16, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201402757	journal	March 2015
Toward Additive-Free Small-Molecule Organic Solar Cells: Roles of the Donor Crystallization Pathway and Dynamics Abdelsamie, Maged; Treat, Neil D.; Zhao, Kui Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 45 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503395	journal	September 2015
Synthesis of Isoindigo-Based Oligothiophenes for Molecular Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Mei, Jianguo; Graham, Kenneth R.; Stalder, Romain Organic Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/ol902512x	journal	February 2010
Organic solar cells processed from green solvents McDowell, Caitlin; Bazan, Guillermo C. Current Opinion in Green and Sustainable Chemistry, Vol. 5 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cogsc.2017.03.007	journal	June 2017
Variations in Semiconducting Polymer Microstructure and Hole Mobility with Spin-Coating Speed DeLongchamp, Dean M.; Vogel, Brandon M.; Jung, Youngsuk Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm0513637	journal	November 2005
Fabrication and processing of polymer solar cells: A review of printing and coating techniques Krebs, Frederik C. Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 93, Issue 4, p. 394-412 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2008.10.004	journal	April 2009
In Situ Morphology Studies of the Mechanism for Solution Additive Effects on the Formation of Bulk Heterojunction Films Richter, Lee J.; DeLongchamp, Dean M.; Bokel, Felicia A. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201400975	journal	September 2014
Effect of Processing Additives on Organic Photovoltaics: Recent Progress and Future Prospects Kwon, Sooncheol; Kang, Hongkyu; Lee, Jong-Hoon Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601496	journal	October 2016
P3HT/PCBM Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaics: Correlating Efficiency and Morphology Chen, Dian; Nakahara, Atsuhiro; Wei, Dongguang Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 2, p. 561-567 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl103482n	journal	February 2011
Predicting Morphologies of Solution Processed Polymer:Fullerene Blends Kouijzer, Sandra; Michels, Jasper J.; van den Berg, Mauricio Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja405493j	journal	July 2013
Breaking the 10% Efficiency Barrier in Organic Photovoltaics: Morphology and Device Optimization of Well-Known PBDTTT Polymers Zhang, Shaoqing; Ye, Long; Hou, Jianhui Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201502529	journal	March 2016
Effects of volatile additives in solutions used to prepare polythiophene-based thin-film transistors Ichikawa, Musubu; Yamamura, Kenta; Jeon, Hyeon-Gu Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 109, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3553878	journal	March 2011
25th Anniversary Article: Organic Field-Effect Transistors: The Path Beyond Amorphous Silicon Sirringhaus, Henning Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304346	journal	January 2014
Improved Performance of Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Through the Reduction of Phase Separation via Solvent Additives Hoven, Corey V.; Dang, Xuan-Dung; Coffin, Robert C. Advanced Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.200903677	journal	February 2010
Quantitative Determination of Organic Semiconductor Microstructure from the Molecular to Device Scale Rivnay, Jonathan; Mannsfeld, Stefan C. B.; Miller, Chad E. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 112, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr3001109	journal	June 2012
Morphological Control of Donor/Acceptor Interfaces in All-Polymer Solar Cells Using a Pentafluorobenzene-Based Additive Kim, Hong Il; Kim, Minjun; Park, Cheol Woong Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.7b01718	journal	August 2017
Engineered doping of organic semiconductors for enhanced thermoelectric efficiency Kim, G-H.; Shao, L.; Zhang, K. Nature Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3635	journal	May 2013
An effective approach to enhanced thermoelectric properties of PEDOT:PSS films by a DES post-treatment Zhu, Zhengyou; Liu, Congcong; Shi, Hui Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 53, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.23718	journal	April 2015
Polymer-Fullerene Miscibility: A Metric for Screening New Materials for High-Performance Organic Solar Cells Treat, Neil D.; Varotto, Alessandro; Takacs, Christopher J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja305875u	journal	September 2012
Method for increasing the photoconductive response in conjugated polymer/fullerene composites Peet, J.; Soci, C.; Coffin, R. C. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 89, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2408661	journal	December 2006
In situ characterization methods for evaluating microstructure formation and drying kinetics of solution-processed organic bulk-heterojunction films Güldal, Nusret Sena; Kassar, Thaer; Berlinghof, Marvin Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 32, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2017.190	journal	May 2017
Poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT): fruit fly or outlier in organic solar cell research? Kleinschmidt, Andrew T.; Root, Samuel E.; Lipomi, Darren J. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA08317J	journal	January 2017
Bulk heterojunction solar cells based on preformed polythiophene nanowires via solubility-induced crystallization Kim, Joo-Hyun; Park, Jong Hwan; Lee, Ji Hwang Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1039/c0jm00666a	journal	January 2010
Relating Chemical Structure to Device Performance via Morphology Control in Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Low Band Gap Polymers Liu, Feng; Wang, Cheng; Baral, Jayanta K. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 135, Issue 51 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja408923y	journal	December 2013
The roles of alkyl halide additives in enhancing perovskite solar cell performance Chueh, Chu-Chen; Liao, Chien-Yi; Zuo, Fan Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA05012F	journal	January 2015
Film Morphology of High Efficiency Solution-Processed Small-Molecule Solar Cells Love, John A.; Proctor, Christopher M.; Liu, Jianhua Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201300099	journal	May 2013
Eco-Friendly Solvent-Processed Fullerene-Free Polymer Solar Cells with over 9.7% Efficiency and Long-Term Performance Stability Park, Gi Eun; Choi, Suna; Park, Seo Yeon Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700566	journal	June 2017
Achieving balanced intermixed and pure crystalline phases in PDI-based non-fullerene organic solar cells via selective solvent additives Li, Mingguang; Liu, Jiangang; Cao, Xinxiu Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., Vol. 16, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4CP04161E	journal	January 2014
Status and prospects for ternary organic photovoltaics Lu, Luyao; Kelly, Mary Allison; You, Wei Nature Photonics, Vol. 9, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1038/nphoton.2015.128	journal	July 2015
Impact of H ₂ O on organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells Huang, Jianbing; Tan, Shunquan; Lund, Peter D. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7EE01674C	journal	January 2017
Polymer Photovoltaic Cells: Enhanced Efficiencies via a Network of Internal Donor-Acceptor Heterojunctions Yu, G.; Gao, J.; Hummelen, J. C. Science, Vol. 270, Issue 5243, p. 1789-1791 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.270.5243.1789	journal	December 1995
Influence of alkanediol series as processing additives in photo-active layer on the power conversion efficiency of polymer solar cells Heo, Soo Won; Song, Kwan Wook; Choi, Min Hee Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 114 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2013.02.004	journal	July 2013
Use of a commercially available nucleating agent to control the morphological development of solution-processed small molecule bulk heterojunction organic solar cells Sharenko, Alexander; Treat, Neil D.; Love, John A. J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 2, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA03469D	journal	January 2014
Spontaneous Formation of Bulk Heterojunction Nanostructures: Multiple Routes to Equivalent Morphologies Moon, Ji Sun; Takacs, Christopher J.; Sun, Yanming Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl200056p	journal	March 2011
The Next Breakthrough for Organic Photovoltaics? Jackson, Nicholas E.; Savoie, Brett M.; Marks, Tobin J. The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/jz502223t	journal	December 2014
Simultaneously Enhanced Efficiency and Stability of Polymer Solar Cells by Employing Solvent Additive and Upside-down Drying Method Sun, Qianqian; Zhang, Fujun; An, Qiaoshi ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 9, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b00510	journal	March 2017
Small is Powerful: Recent Progress in Solution-Processed Small Molecule Solar Cells Collins, Samuel D.; Ran, Niva A.; Heiber, Michael C. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602242	journal	January 2017
Molecular electron acceptors for efficient fullerene-free organic solar cells Li, Shuixing; Zhang, Zhongqiang; Shi, Minmin Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CP07465K	journal	January 2017
Enhanced Mobility of Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Transistors by Spin-Coating from High-Boiling-Point Solvents Chang, Jui-Fen; Sun, Baoquan; Breiby, Dag W. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 23, p. 4772-4776 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm049617w	journal	November 2004
Fullerene-Free Polymer Solar Cells with over 11% Efficiency and Excellent Thermal Stability Zhao, Wenchao; Qian, Deping; Zhang, Shaoqing Advanced Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201600281	journal	April 2016
High-Molecular-Weight Insulating Polymers Can Improve the Performance of Molecular Solar Cells Huang, Ye; Wen, Wen; Mukherjee, Subhrangsu Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400497	journal	April 2014
Critical factors governing vertical phase separation in polymer–PCBM blend films for organic solar cells Kim, Min; Lee, Jaewon; Jo, Sae Byeok Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 4, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA06508B	journal	January 2016
Controllable Perovskite Crystallization by Water Additive for High-Performance Solar Cells Gong, Xiu; Li, Meng; Shi, Xiao-Bo Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201503559	journal	October 2015
A New Model for the Morphology of P3HT/PCBM Organic Photovoltaics from Small-Angle Neutron Scattering: Rivers and Streams Yin, Wen; Dadmun, Mark ACS Nano, Vol. 5, Issue 6, p. 4756-4768 https://doi.org/10.1021/nn200744q	journal	May 2011
Additive to regulate the perovskite crystal film growth in planar heterojunction solar cells Song, Xin; Wang, Weiwei; Sun, Po Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 106, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4906073	journal	January 2015
How High Local Charge Carrier Mobility and an Energy Cascade in a Three-Phase Bulk Heterojunction Enable >90% Quantum Efficiency Burke, Timothy M.; McGehee, Michael D. Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201304241	journal	December 2013
Crystallization-Induced Phase Separation in Solution-Processed Small Molecule Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Sharenko, Alexander; Kuik, Martijn; Toney, Michael F. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201304100	journal	February 2014
Bulk Heterojunctions Based on Native Polythiophene Gevorgyan, Suren A.; Krebs, Frederik C. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 20, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm800431s	journal	July 2008
A Mechanistic Understanding of Processing Additive-Induced Efficiency Enhancement in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Schmidt, Kristin; Tassone, Christopher J.; Niskala, Jeremy R. Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201303622	journal	October 2013
Open circuit voltage of organic solar cells: an in-depth review Elumalai, Naveen Kumar; Uddin, Ashraf Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5EE02871J	journal	January 2016
High operational and environmental stability of high-mobility conjugated polymer field-effect transistors through the use of molecular additives Nikolka, Mark; Nasrallah, Iyad; Rose, Bradley Nature Materials, Vol. 16, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat4785	journal	December 2016
Additives for morphology control in high-efficiency organic solar cells Liao, Hsueh-Chung; Ho, Chun-Chih; Chang, Chun-Yu Materials Today, Vol. 16, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mattod.2013.08.013	journal	September 2013
Removal of Residual Diiodooctane Improves Photostability of High-Performance Organic Solar Cell Polymers Tremolet de Villers, Bertrand J.; O’Hara, Kathryn A.; Ostrowski, David P. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b04346	journal	January 2016
Hierarchical Nanomorphologies Promote Exciton Dissociation in Polymer/Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Chen, Wei; Xu, Tao; He, Feng Nano Letters, Vol. 11, Issue 9, p. 3707-3713 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl201715q	journal	September 2011
Enhancement of electrical conductivity of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/poly(4-styrenesulfonate) by a change of solvents Kim, J. Y.; Jung, J. H.; Lee, D. E. Synthetic Metals, Vol. 126, Issue 2-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0379-6779(01)00576-8	journal	February 2002
Organic thermoelectric materials for energy harvesting and temperature control Russ, Boris; Glaudell, Anne; Urban, Jeffrey J. Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1038/natrevmats.2016.50	journal	August 2016
Strong polymer molecular weight-dependent material interactions: impact on the formation of the polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunction morphology Kim, Joo-Hyun; Gadisa, Abay; Schaefer, Charley Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA03052E	journal	January 2017
Hansen Solubility Parameters Hansen, Charles M. CRC Press https://doi.org/10.1201/9781420006834	book	June 2007
Controlling the Dominant Length Scale of Liquid-Liquid Phase Separation in Spin-coated Organic Semiconductor Films van Franeker, Jacobus J.; Westhoff, Daniel; Turbiez, Mathieu Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201403392	journal	December 2014
Conjugated Polymer–Small Molecule Alloy Leads to High Efficient Ternary Organic Solar Cells Zhang, Jianqi; Zhang, Yajie; Fang, Jin Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b03449	journal	June 2015
Structure and Growth Control of Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskites for Optoelectronics: From Polycrystalline Films to Single Crystals Chen, Yani; He, Minhong; Peng, Jiajun Advanced Science, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500392	journal	March 2016
Efficiency-Enhanced Planar Perovskite Solar Cells via an Isopropanol/Ethanol Mixed Solvent Process Mao, Peng; Zhou, Qing; Jin, Zhiwen ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08863	journal	August 2016
Impact of additive residue on the photodegradation of high performance polymer solar cells Zhao, Xusheng; Zhao, Jing; Wu, Rong Organic Electronics, Vol. 49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2017.05.021	journal	October 2017
Solubility-driven thin film structures of regioregular poly(3-hexyl thiophene) using volatile solvents Yang, Hoichang; LeFevre, Scott W.; Ryu, Chang Y. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 90, Issue 17, Article No. 172116 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2734387	journal	April 2007
Additive Enhanced Crystallization of Solution-Processed Perovskite for Highly Efficient Planar-Heterojunction Solar Cells Liang, Po-Wei; Liao, Chien-Yi; Chueh, Chu-Chen Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 22, p. 3748-3754 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201400231	journal	March 2014
Semi-crystalline photovoltaic polymers with efficiency exceeding 9% in a ∼300 nm thick conventional single-cell device Nguyen, T. L.; Choi, H.; Ko, S. -J. Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE01529K	journal	January 2014
Bulk-Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells: Five Core Technologies for Their Commercialization Kang, Hongkyu; Kim, Geunjin; Kim, Junghwan Advanced Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201601197	journal	June 2016
Plastic-Syringe Induced Silicone Contamination in Organic Photovoltaic Fabrication: Implications for Small-Volume Additives Carr, John A.; Nalwa, Kanwar S.; Mahadevapuram, Rakesh ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 4, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/am3001677	journal	May 2012
A universal halogen-free solvent system for highly efficient polymer solar cells Zhao, Wenchao; Ye, Long; Zhang, Shaoqing Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4TA07029A	journal	January 2015
Thermoelectric plastics: from design to synthesis, processing and structure–property relationships Kroon, Renee; Mengistie, Desalegn Alemu; Kiefer, David Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 45, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6CS00149A	journal	January 2016
A real-time study of the benefits of co-solvents in polymer solar cell processing van Franeker, Jacobus J.; Turbiez, Mathieu; Li, Weiwei Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms7229	journal	February 2015
Multi-Length-Scale Morphologies in PCPDTBT/PCBM Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells Gu, Yu; Wang, Cheng; Russell, Thomas P. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201100726	journal	April 2012
Structural Order in Bulk Heterojunction Films Prepared with Solvent Additives Rogers, James T.; Schmidt, Kristin; Toney, Michael F. Advanced Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201003690	journal	January 2011
Solvent Additive to Achieve Highly Ordered Nanostructural Semicrystalline DPP Copolymers: Toward a High Charge Carrier Mobility An, Tae Kyu; Kang, Il; Yun, Hui-jun Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 48 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201301438	journal	October 2013
Non-Fullerene Electron Acceptors for Use in Organic Solar Cells Nielsen, Christian B.; Holliday, Sarah; Chen, Hung-Yang Accounts of Chemical Research, Vol. 48, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00199	journal	October 2015
Improved Glass Transition Temperature towards Thermal Stability via Thiols Solvent Additive versus DIO in Polymer Solar Cells Yin, Jingping; Zhou, Weihua; Zhang, Lin Macromolecular Rapid Communications, Vol. 38, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201700428	journal	August 2017
Quantitative Morphology-Performance Correlations in Organic Solar Cells: Insights from Soft X-Ray Scattering Jiao, Xuechen; Ye, Long; Ade, Harald Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201700084	journal	May 2017
Improved Performance of Molecular Bulk-Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells through Predictable Selection of Solvent Additives Graham, Kenneth R.; Wieruszewski, Patrick M.; Stalder, Romain Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201102456	journal	July 2012
Organic metals and semiconductors: The chemistry of polyacetylene, (CH)x, and its derivatives MacDiarmid, Alan G.; Heeger, Alan J. Synthetic Metals, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(80)90002-8	journal	March 1980
Interplay of Solvent Additive Concentration and Active Layer Thickness on the Performance of Small Molecule Solar Cells Love, John A.; Collins, Samuel D.; Nagao, Ikuhiro Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201402403	journal	September 2014
Orienting Semi-Conducting π-Conjugated Polymers Brinkmann, Martin; Hartmann, Lucia; Biniek, Laure Macromolecular Rapid Communications, Vol. 35, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201300712	journal	December 2013
The Crucial Role of Confined Residual Additives on the Photostability of P3HT:PCBM Active Layers Tournebize, Aurélien; Rivaton, Agnès; Peisert, Heiko The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 119, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b01733	journal	April 2015
Effect of Trace Solvent on the Morphology of P3HT:PCBM Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Chang, Lilian; Lademann, Hans W. A.; Bonekamp, Jörg-Bernd Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 21, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201002372	journal	March 2011
High-Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells Enabled by Environment-Friendly Single-Solvent Processing Zhang, Hao; Yao, Huifeng; Zhao, Wenchao Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201502177	journal	January 2016
A Selenophene Containing Benzodithiophene- alt -thienothiophene Polymer for Additive-Free High Performance Solar Cell Chang, Wei-Hsuan; Meng, Lei; Dou, Letian Macromolecules, Vol. 48, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma502132t	journal	January 2015
Remove the Residual Additives toward Enhanced Efficiency with Higher Reproducibility in Polymer Solar Cells Ye, Long; Jing, Yan; Guo, Xia The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 117, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp404395q	journal	July 2013
Polymer Solar Cells: Solubility Controls Fiber Network Formation van Franeker, Jacobus J.; Heintges, Gaël H. L.; Schaefer, Charley Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b07228	journal	September 2015
Introducing a New Potential Figure of Merit for Evaluating Microstructure Stability in Photovoltaic Polymer-Fullerene Blends Perea, José Darío; Langner, Stefan; Salvador, Michael The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 121, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b03228	journal	August 2017
Accounting for Interference, Scattering, and Electrode Absorption to Make Accurate Internal Quantum Efficiency Measurements in Organic and Other Thin Solar Cells Burkhard, George F.; Hoke, Eric T.; McGehee, Michael D. Advanced Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 30 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201000883	journal	May 2010
“Solvent Annealing” Effect in Polymer Solar Cells Based on Poly(3-hexylthiophene) and Methanofullerenes Li, G.; Yao, Y.; Yang, H. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 17, Issue 10, p. 1636-1644 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200600624	journal	July 2007
Low-boiling-point solvent additives can also enable morphological control in polymer solar cells Mahadevapuram, Rakesh C.; Carr, John A.; Chen, Yuqing Synthetic Metals, Vol. 185-186 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2013.10.004	journal	December 2013
Controlling Polarity of Organic Bulk Heterojunction Field-Effect Transistors via Solvent Additives Park, Jin Kuen; Walker, Bright; Seo, Jung Hwa ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 5, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/am400546x	journal	May 2013
Effects of Thermal Annealing Upon the Morphology of Polymer-Fullerene Blends Verploegen, Eric; Mondal, Rajib; Bettinger, Christopher J. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 20, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201000975	journal	August 2010
Estimating the manufacturing cost of purely organic solar cells Kalowekamo, Joseph; Baker, Erin Solar Energy, Vol. 83, Issue 8, p. 1224-1231 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solener.2009.02.003	journal	August 2009
Solvent additives and their effects on blend morphologies of bulk heterojunctions Salim, Teddy; Wong, Lydia Helena; Bräuer, Björn J. Mater. Chem., Vol. 21, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/C0JM01976C	journal	January 2011
Origin of fullerene-induced vitrification of fullerene:donor polymer photovoltaic blends and its impact on solar cell performance Westacott, Paul; Treat, Neil D.; Martin, Jaime Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA08950J	journal	January 2017
Recent advances in organic polymer thermoelectric composites Chen, Guangming; Xu, Wei; Zhu, Daoben Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 5, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TC05488A	journal	January 2017
Non-Basic High-Performance Molecules for Solution-Processed Organic Solar Cells van der Poll, Thomas S.; Love, John A.; Nguyen, Thuc-Quyen Advanced Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201201127	journal	June 2012
Efficiency enhancement in low-bandgap polymer solar cells by processing with alkane dithiols Peet, J.; Kim, J. Y.; Coates, N. E. Nature Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 7, p. 497-500 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1928	journal	May 2007
How the Energetic Landscape in the Mixed Phase of Organic Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Evolves with Fullerene Content Sweetnam, Sean; Prasanna, Rohit; Burke, Timothy M. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 120, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b00753	journal	March 2016
Solvent driven performance in thin floating-films of PBTTT for organic field effect transistor: Role of macroscopic orientation Pandey, Manish; Pandey, Shyam S.; Nagamatsu, Shuichi Organic Electronics, Vol. 43 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2017.01.031	journal	April 2017
Recent Progress in Nanoscale Morphology Control for High Performance Polymer Solar Cells Li, Ligui; Niu, Wenhan; Zhao, Xiaoli Science of Advanced Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1166/sam.2015.2258	journal	October 2015
Effective treatment methods on PEDOT:PSS to enhance its thermoelectric performance Zhu, Zhengyou; Liu, Congcong; Jiang, Fengxing Synthetic Metals, Vol. 225 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.11.011	journal	March 2017
Organic solar cells: A review Chamberlain, G. A. Solar Cells, Vol. 8, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6787(83)90039-X	journal	February 1983
Synergetic Solvent Engineering of Film Nanomorphology to Enhance Planar Perylene Diimide-Based Organic Photovoltaics Wang, Jialin; Liang, Ziqi ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b08284	journal	August 2016
Conflicted Effects of a Solvent Additive on PTB7:PC ₇₁ BM Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Kim, Wanjung; Kim, Jung Kyu; Kim, Eunchul The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 119, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp510996w	journal	March 2015
Morphological Control Agent in Ternary Blend Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Liao, Hsueh-Chung; Chen, Po-Hsuen; Chang, Robert Polymers, Vol. 6, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.3390/polym6112784	journal	November 2014
Morphology optimization in ternary organic solar cells Zhang, Lin; Ma, Wei Chinese Journal of Polymer Science, Vol. 35, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10118-017-1898-5	journal	December 2016
Achieving a high fill factor for organic solar cells Jao, Meng-Huan; Liao, Hsueh-Chung; Su, Wei-Fang Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 4, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA00126B	journal	January 2016
Green-Solvent-Processed Molecular Solar Cells Chen, Xiaofen; Liu, Xiaofeng; Burgers, Mark A. Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 53, Issue 52 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201409208	journal	November 2014
Transition from Solution to the Solid State in Polymer Solar Cells Cast from Mixed Solvents Peet, Jeffrey; Cho, Nam Sung; Lee, Sang Kyu Macromolecules, Vol. 41, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma801945h	journal	November 2008
Small-Bandgap Polymer Solar Cells with Unprecedented Short-Circuit Current Density and High Fill Factor Choi, Hyosung; Ko, Seo-Jin; Kim, Taehyo Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501132	journal	April 2015
Enhanced efficiency of planar perovskite solar cells via a two-step deposition using DMF as an additive to optimize the crystal growth behavior Mo, Jiajie; Zhang, Chunfu; Chang, Jingjing Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA01517H	journal	January 2017
Molecular design toward efficient polymer solar cells processed by green solvents Chen, Yu; Cui, Yong; Zhang, Shaoqing Polymer Chemistry, Vol. 6, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5PY00431D	journal	January 2015
Efficient Organic Solar Cells with Non-Fullerene Acceptors Li, Shuixing; Liu, Wenqing; Li, Chang-Zhi Small, Vol. 13, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1002/smll.201701120	journal	July 2017
Organic photovoltaics: Potential fate and effects in the environment Zimmermann, Yannick-Serge; Schäffer, Andreas; Hugi, Christoph Environment International, Vol. 49 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2012.08.015	journal	November 2012
Relationships between Lead Halide Perovskite Thin-Film Fabrication, Morphology, and Performance in Solar Cells Sharenko, Alexander; Toney, Michael F. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.5b10723	journal	November 2015
High-efficiency solution processable polymer photovoltaic cells by self-organization of polymer blends Li, Gang; Shrotriya, Vishal; Huang, Jinsong Nature Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 11, p. 864-868 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat1500	journal	October 2005
Optimized phase separation in low-bandgap polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells with criteria of solvent additives Choi, Youna; Kim, Geunjin; Kim, Heejoo Nano Energy, Vol. 30 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nanoen.2016.10.012	journal	December 2016
Efficient charge generation by relaxed charge-transfer states at organic interfaces Vandewal, Koen; Albrecht, Steve; Hoke, Eric T. Nature Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3807	journal	November 2013
Polyacetylene, (CH) _x : n ‐type and p ‐type doping and compensation Chiang, C. K.; Gau, S. C.; Fincher, C. R. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 33, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.90166	journal	July 1978
Efficient organic solar cells processed from hydrocarbon solvents Zhao, Jingbo; Li, Yunke; Yang, Guofang Nature Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1038/nenergy.2015.27	journal	January 2016
Identification of genes involved in the biology of atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumours using Drosophila melanogaster Jeibmann, Astrid; Eikmeier, Kristin; Linge, Anna Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms5005	journal	June 2014
Ultrafast photoinduced electron transfer in conducting polymer—buckminsterfullerene composites Kraabel, B.; Lee, C. H.; McBranch, D. Chemical Physics Letters, Vol. 213, Issue 3-4 https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2614(93)85151-D	journal	October 1993
A universal processing additive for high-performance polymer solar cells Lee, Tack Ho; Park, Song Yi; Walker, Bright RSC Advances, Vol. 7, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA27944A	journal	January 2017
Solution processed organic thermoelectrics: towards flexible thermoelectric modules Chen, Yani; Zhao, Yan; Liang, Ziqi Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE03297G	journal	January 2015
Enhanced Power Conversion Efficiency of Low Band-Gap Polymer Solar Cells by Insertion of Optimized Binary Processing Additives Wang, Dong Hwan; Kyaw, Aung Ko Ko; Pouliot, Jean-Rémi Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300835	journal	October 2013
Enhanced performance in isoindigo based organic small molecule field-effect transistors through solvent additives Park, Yu Jung; Seo, Jung Hwa; Elsawy, Walaa Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 3, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TC00605H	journal	January 2015
What is a green solvent? A comprehensive framework for the environmental assessment of solvents Capello, Christian; Fischer, Ulrich; Hungerbühler, Konrad Green Chemistry, Vol. 9, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/b617536h	journal	January 2007
Solution Processing with a Good Solvent Additive for Highly Reliable Organic Thin-Film Transistors Na, Jin Yeong; Kim, Min; Park, Yeong Don The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 121, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.7b03833	journal	June 2017
Crystallinity and performance improvement in solution processed organic field-effect transistors due to structural dissimilarity of the additive solvent Bharti, Deepak; Tiwari, Shree Prakash Synthetic Metals, Vol. 215 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2016.01.013	journal	May 2016
Organic Planar Heterojunctions: From Models for Interfaces in Bulk Heterojunctions to High-Performance Solar Cells Nakano, Kyohei; Tajima, Keisuke Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 25 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603269	journal	November 2016
Morphology control strategies for solution-processed organic semiconductor thin films Diao, Ying; Shaw, Leo; Bao, Zhenan Energy Environ. Sci., Vol. 7, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE00688G	journal	January 2014
The Effect of Solvent Additive on the Charge Generation and Photovoltaic Performance of a Solution-Processed Small Molecule:Perylene Diimide Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cell Sharenko, Alexander; Gehrig, Dominik; Laquai, Frédéric Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm5010483	journal	July 2014
The Additive Coordination Effect on Hybrids Perovskite Crystallization and High-Performance Solar Cell Li, Liang; Chen, Yihua; Liu, Zonghao Advanced Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201603021	journal	October 2016
Two‐layer organic photovoltaic cell Tang, C. W. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 48, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.96937	journal	January 1986
Solar Trees: First Large-Scale Demonstration of Fully Solution Coated, Semitransparent, Flexible Organic Photovoltaic Modules Berny, Stephane; Blouin, Nicolas; Distler, Andreas Advanced Science, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1002/advs.201500342	journal	December 2015
Competition between recombination and extraction of free charges determines the fill factor of organic solar cells Bartesaghi, Davide; Pérez, Irene del Carmen; Kniepert, Juliane Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms8083	journal	May 2015
Effects of solvents on thermoelectric performance of PANi/PEDOT/PSS composite films Jiang, Fengxing; Wang, Liangying; Li, Changcun Journal of Polymer Research, Vol. 24, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10965-017-1226-3	journal	April 2017
Organic photovoltaic devices with enhanced efficiency processed from non-halogenated binary solvent blends Griffin, J.; Pearson, A. J.; Scarratt, N. W. Organic Electronics, Vol. 21 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgel.2015.03.019	journal	June 2015
Polydimethylsiloxane as a Macromolecular Additive for Enhanced Performance of Molecular Bulk Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells Graham, Kenneth R.; Mei, Jianguo; Stalder, Romain ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 3, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1021/am2000328	journal	March 2011
Interplay of Intramolecular Noncovalent Coulomb Interactions for Semicrystalline Photovoltaic Polymers Uddin, Mohammad Afsar; Lee, Tack Ho; Xu, Shuhao Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b02251	journal	August 2015
Silaindacenodithiophene-Based Molecular Donor: Morphological Features and Use in the Fabrication of Compositionally Tolerant, High-Efficiency Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Love, John A.; Nagao, Ikuhiro; Huang, Ye Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja412473p	journal	February 2014
Incomplete Exciton Harvesting from Fullerenes in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Burkhard, George F.; Hoke, Eric T.; Scully, Shawn R. Nano Letters, Vol. 9, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl902205n	journal	December 2009
Solubility parameters Barton, Allan F. M. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 75, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60298a003	journal	December 1975
Realizing 11.3% efficiency in fullerene-free polymer solar cells by device optimization Zhao, Wenchao; Zhang, Shaoqing; Hou, Jianhui Science China Chemistry, Vol. 59, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11426-016-0198-0	journal	July 2016
Perfluoroalkyl-substituted conjugated polymers as electron acceptors for all-polymer solar cells: the effect of diiodoperfluoroalkane additives Zhang, Andong; Wang, Qiang; Bovee, Ralf A. A. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 4, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6TA00962J	journal	January 2016
Photoinduced Electron Transfer from a Conducting Polymer to Buckminsterfullerene Sariciftci, N. S.; Smilowitz, L.; Heeger, A. J. Science, Vol. 258, Issue 5087, p. 1474-1476 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.258.5087.1474	journal	November 1992
Selective Morphology Control of Bulk Heterojunction in Polymer Solar Cells Using Binary Processing Additives Jung, Yen-Sook; Yeo, Jun-Seok; Kim, Nam-Koo ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b10715	journal	October 2016
A Mechanistic Understanding of a Binary Additive System to Synergistically Boost Efficiency in All-Polymer Solar Cells Kim, Yu Jin; Ahn, Sunyong; Wang, Dong Hwan Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep18024	journal	December 2015
Bromine-Terminated Additives for Phase-Separated Morphology Control of PTB7:PC ₇₁ BM-Based Polymer Solar Cells Li, Mingguang; Zhang, Wen; Tang, Xingxing ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, Vol. 5, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b03074	journal	November 2017
Gaining Further Insight into the Solvent Additive-Driven Crystallization of Bulk-Heterojunction Solar Cells by in Situ X-ray Scattering and Optical Reflectometry Buss, Felix; Schmidt-Hansberg, Benjamin; Sanyal, Monamie Macromolecules, Vol. 49, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00193	journal	June 2016
A Systematic Approach to Solvent Selection Based on Cohesive Energy Densities in a Molecular Bulk Heterojunction System Walker, Bright; Tamayo, Arnold; Duong, Duc T. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 1, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201000054	journal	February 2011
Effects of high-boiling-point additive 2-Bromonaphthalene on polymer solar cells fabricated in ambient air Sun, Xiaoxiang; Li, Chang; Huang, Like Polymer Bulletin, Vol. 74, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1007/s00289-017-1971-9	journal	March 2017
Morphology Development in Solution-Processed Functional Organic Blend Films: An In Situ Viewpoint Richter, Lee J.; DeLongchamp, Dean M.; Amassian, Aram Chemical Reviews, Vol. 117, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00618	journal	April 2017
Morphology control of solution processable small molecule bulk heterojunction solar cells via solvent additives Park, Jin Kuen; Kim, Chunki; Walker, Bright RSC Advances, Vol. 2, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1039/c2ra01182d	journal	January 2012
In Situ GIWAXS Analysis of Solvent and Additive Effects on PTB7 Thin Film Microstructure Evolution during Spin Coating Manley, Eric F.; Strzalka, Joseph; Fauvell, Thomas J. Advanced Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 43 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201703933	journal	October 2017
Efficient Polymer Solar Cells Based on a Low Bandgap Semi-crystalline DPP Polymer-PCBM Blends Liu, Feng; Gu, Yu; Wang, Cheng Advanced Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201200902	journal	June 2012
High-Mobility Field-Effect Transistors Fabricated with Macroscopic Aligned Semiconducting Polymers Tseng, Hsin-Rong; Phan, Hung; Luo, Chan Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305084	journal	February 2014
Fluoro-Substituted n-Type Conjugated Polymers for Additive-Free All-Polymer Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells with High Power Conversion Efficiency of 6.71% Jung, Jae Woong; Jo, Jea Woong; Chueh, Chu-Chen Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201501214	journal	April 2015
Determination of phase diagrams of binary and ternary organic semiconductor blends for organic photovoltaic devices Li, Ning; Machui, Florian; Waller, David Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 95, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.08.005	journal	December 2011
Quantitative evaluation of evaporation rate during spin-coating of polymer blend films: Control of film structure through defined-atmosphere solvent-casting Mokarian-Tabari, P.; Geoghegan, M.; Howse, J. R. The European Physical Journal E, Vol. 33, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1140/epje/i2010-10670-7	journal	November 2010
Controlling Solution-Phase Polymer Aggregation with Molecular Weight and Solvent Additives to Optimize Polymer-Fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Bartelt, Jonathan A.; Douglas, Jessica D.; Mateker, William R. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201301733	journal	March 2014
Solution-processed organic transistors based on semiconducting blends Smith, Jeremy; Hamilton, Richard; McCulloch, Iain Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 20, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1039/b921674j	journal	January 2010
Influence of Solvent and Solvent Additive on the Morphology of PTB7 Films Probed via X-ray Scattering Guo, Shuai; Herzig, Eva M.; Naumann, Anna The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 118, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp410075a	journal	December 2013
The Scope and Limitations of Ternary Blend Organic Photovoltaics Savoie, Brett M.; Dunaisky, Scott; Marks, Tobin J. Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201400891	journal	September 2014
Can morphology tailoring improve the open circuit voltage of organic solar cells? Ray, Biswajit; Lundstrom, Mark S.; Alam, Muhammad A. Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 100, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.3672221	journal	January 2012
The critical role of additives in binary halogen-free solvent systems for the general processing of highly efficient organic solar cells Yao, Kai; Xu, Yun-Xiang; Wang, Xiaofeng RSC Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 114 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5RA19850J	journal	January 2015
Key components to the recent performance increases of solution processed non-fullerene small molecule acceptors McAfee, Seth M.; Topple, Jessica M.; Hill, Ian G. Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 32 https://doi.org/10.1039/C5TA04310G	journal	January 2015
The Role of Solvent Additive Processing in High Performance Small Molecule Solar Cells Perez, Louis A.; Rogers, James T.; Brady, Michael A. Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm5031987	journal	November 2014
Organic photovoltaic greenhouses: a unique application for semi-transparent PV? Emmott, Christopher J. M.; Röhr, Jason A.; Campoy-Quiles, Mariano Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE03132F	journal	January 2015
10.8% Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells Based on PTB7-Th and PC ₇₁ BM via Binary Solvent Additives Treatment Wan, Qun; Guo, Xia; Wang, Zaiyu Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 36 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201602181	journal	July 2016
Molecular Materials for Organic Photovoltaics: Small is Beautiful Roncali, Jean; Leriche, Philippe; Blanchard, Philippe Advanced Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201305999	journal	March 2014
Barium: An Efficient Cathode Layer for Bulk-heterojunction Solar Cells Gupta, Vinay; Kyaw, Aung Ko Ko; Wang, Dong Hwan Scientific Reports, Vol. 3, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep01965	journal	June 2013
The solid surface free energy calculation Siboni, S.; Della Volpe, C.; Maniglio, D. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 271, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2003.09.050	journal	March 2004
Electrical and optical characterization of poly(phenylene-vinylene) light emitting diodes Karg, S.; Riess, W.; Dyakonov, V. Synthetic Metals, Vol. 54, Issue 1-3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0379-6779(93)91088-J	journal	March 1993
Effects of morphology evolution on solution-processed small molecule photovoltaics via a solvent additive Hoang, Quoc Viet; Rasool, Shafket; Oh, Sora Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 5, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TC02088K	journal	January 2017
Time-Resolved Structural Evolution of Additive-Processed Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Rogers, James T.; Schmidt, Kristin; Toney, Michael F. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 134, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja2104747	journal	February 2012
The role of solvent vapor annealing in highly efficient air-processed small molecule solar cells Sun, Kuan; Xiao, Zeyun; Hanssen, Eric Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 2, Issue 24 https://doi.org/10.1039/c4ta01125b	journal	January 2014
Directional Solvent Vapor Annealing for Crystal Alignment in Solution-Processed Organic Semiconductors Bharti, Deepak; Raghuwanshi, Vivek; Varun, Ishan ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 9, Issue 31 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b03432	journal	July 2017
The Influence of Solvent Additive on Polymer Solar Cells Employing Fullerene and Non-Fullerene Acceptors Song, Xin; Gasparini, Nicola; Baran, Derya Advanced Electronic Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/aelm.201700358	journal	November 2017
Synergistic Impact of Solvent and Polymer Additives on the Film Formation of Small Molecule Blend Films for Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells McDowell, Caitlin; Abdelsamie, Maged; Zhao, Kui Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201501121	journal	July 2015
Using Hansen solubility parameters to correlate solubility of C60 fullerene in organic solvents and in polymers Hansen, Charles M.; Smith, Allan L. Carbon, Vol. 42, Issue 8-9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2004.02.011	journal	January 2004
Classification of Additives for Organic Photovoltaic Devices Machui, Florian; Maisch, Philipp; Burgués-Ceballos, Ignasi ChemPhysChem, Vol. 16, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/cphc.201402734	journal	January 2015
Gaining further insight into the effects of thermal annealing and solvent vapor annealing on time morphological development and degradation in small molecule solar cells Min, Jie; Güldal, Nusret S.; Guo, Jie Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7TA04769J	journal	January 2017
Morphology and Phase Segregation of Spin-Casted Films of Polyfluorene/PCBM Blends Nilsson, Svante; Bernasik, Andrzej; Budkowski, Andrzej Macromolecules, Vol. 40, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/ma070712a	journal	November 2007
The solid surface free energy calculation Della Volpe, C.; Maniglio, D.; Brugnara, M. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, Vol. 271, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2003.09.049	journal	March 2004
Solution-processed small-molecule solar cells with 6.7% efficiency Sun, Yanming; Welch, Gregory C.; Leong, Wei Lin Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 1, p. 44-48 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3160	journal	November 2011
Solvent Additive Effects on Small Molecule Crystallization in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Probed During Spin Casting Perez, Louis A.; Chou, Kang Wei; Love, John A. Advanced Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 44 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302389	journal	September 2013
Neutral-Color Semitransparent Organic Solar Cells with All-Graphene Electrodes Liu, Zhike; You, Peng; Liu, Shenghua ACS Nano, Vol. 9, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsnano.5b04858	journal	October 2015
Effect of Mesoscale Crystalline Structure on the Field-Effect Mobility of Regioregular Poly(3-hexyl thiophene) in Thin-Film Transistors Yang, H.; Shin, T. J.; Yang, L. Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.200400297	journal	April 2005
From Binary to Ternary Solvent: Morphology Fine-tuning of D/A Blends in PDPP3T-based Polymer Solar Cells Ye, Long; Zhang, Shaoqing; Ma, Wei Advanced Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 47 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201202855	journal	September 2012
Single-Junction Polymer Solar Cells Exceeding 10% Power Conversion Efficiency Chen, Jing-De; Cui, Chaohua; Li, Yan-Qing Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201404535	journal	November 2014
The case for organic photovoltaics Darling, Seth B.; You, Fengqi RSC Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra42989j	journal	January 2013
Processing Additives for Improved Efficiency from Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells Lee, Jae Kwan; Ma, Wan Li; Brabec, Christoph J. Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 130, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1021/ja710079w	journal	March 2008
Poly(3-butylthiophene) Inducing Crystallization of Small Molecule Donor for Enhanced Photovoltaic Performance Zhang, Lin; Pu, Meilin; Zhou, Weihua The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 119, Issue 41 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.5b04850	journal	September 2015
Pathways for solar photovoltaics Jean, Joel; Brown, Patrick R.; Jaffe, Robert L. Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4EE04073B	journal	January 2015
Effective solvent-additive enhanced crystallization and coverage of absorber layers for high efficiency formamidinium perovskite solar cells Wei, Qingbo; Yang, Dong; Yang, Zhou RSC Advances, Vol. 6, Issue 62 https://doi.org/10.1039/C6RA10007D	journal	January 2016
High Mobility Field Effect Transistors Based on Macroscopically Oriented Regioregular Copolymers Tseng, Hsin-Rong; Ying, Lei; Hsu, Ben B. Y. Nano Letters, Vol. 12, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1021/nl303612z	journal	February 2012
Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells: Morphology and Performance Relationships Huang, Ye; Kramer, Edward J.; Heeger, Alan J. Chemical Reviews, Vol. 114, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr400353v	journal	May 2014
Manipulating the Morphology of P3HT–PCBM Bulk Heterojunction Blends with Solvent Vapor Annealing Verploegen, Eric; Miller, Chad E.; Schmidt, Kristin Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/cm302312a	journal	October 2012
Synergistic effect of processing additives and thermal annealing in organic solar cells: the “Morphology of Magic” Liao, Xunfan; Lv, Ruizhi; Chen, Lie Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP00956A	journal	January 2017
From lab to fab: how must the polymer solar cell materials design change? – an industrial perspective Po, Riccardo; Bernardi, Andrea; Calabrese, Anna Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ee43460e	journal	January 2014
High operational and environmental stability of high-mobility conjugated polymer field-effect transistors through the use of molecular additives. Nikolka, Mark; Nasrallah, Iyad; Rose, Bradley Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository https://doi.org/10.17863/cam.6390	text	January 2017
Outdoor fate and environmental impact of polymer solar cells through leaching and emission to rainwater and soil Espinosa, Nieves; Zimmermann, Yannick-Serge; Dos Reis Benatto, Gisele A. RWTH Aachen University https://doi.org/10.18154/rwth-2016-06513	text	January 2016

Cited By (26)

Blade coated P3HT:non-fullerene acceptor solar cells: a high-throughput parameter study with a focus on up-scalability Pascual-San-José, Enrique; Rodríguez-Martínez, Xabier; Adel-Abdelaleim, Rana Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ta07361b	journal	January 2019
Transforming the molecular orientation of crystalline lamellae by the degree of multi-fluorination within D–A copolymers and its effect on photovoltaic performance Gao, Jianhong; Wang, Wei; Hu, Yanqi Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 6, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc03872d	journal	January 2018
Ladder‐Type Nonacyclic Arene Bis(thieno[3,2‐b]thieno)cyclopentafluorene as a Promising Building Block for Non‐Fullerene Acceptors Fan, Xiaobing; Gao, Jianhong; Wang, Wei Chemistry – An Asian Journal, Vol. 14, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201801669	journal	August 2018
Heterocycle Effects on the Liquid Crystallinity of Terthiophene Analogues Ester, David; McKearney, Declan; Herasymchuk, Khrystyna Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12142314	journal	July 2019
Specific interaction between fluorine atoms and thiol groups accounting for higher domain purity and photostability in narrowband BHJ systems Zhou, Weihua; Yu, Zoukangning; Zhang, Ming Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics, Vol. 57, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1002/polb.24849	journal	June 2019
Environment-friendly aqueous processing of [60]fullerene semiconducting films for truly green organic electronics Novikov, Artyom V.; Kuznetsova, Lidiya I.; Dremova, Nadezhda N. Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 8, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc05007h	journal	January 2020
Towards Green Synthesis and Processing of Organic Solar Cells Huang, Yunping; Luscombe, Christine K. The Chemical Record, Vol. 19, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201800145	journal	January 2019
Recent Developments in the Optimization of the Bulk Heterojunction Morphology of Polymer: Fullerene Solar Cells Gaspar, Hugo; Figueira, Flávio; Pereira, Luiz Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122560	journal	December 2018
13.34 % Efficiency Non‐Fullerene All‐Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Modulating the Crystallinity of Donors via a Fluorination Strategy Ge, Jinfeng; Xie, Lingchao; Peng, Ruixiang Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 132, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201910297	journal	January 2020
13.34 % Efficiency Non‐Fullerene All‐Small‐Molecule Organic Solar Cells Enabled by Modulating the Crystallinity of Donors via a Fluorination Strategy Ge, Jinfeng; Xie, Lingchao; Peng, Ruixiang Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 59, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201910297	journal	February 2020
Fused Bithiophene Imide Oligomer and Diketopyrrolopyrrole Copolymers for n‐Type Thin‐Film Transistors Zhang, Yujie; Tang, Linjing; Sun, Huiliang Macromolecular Rapid Communications, Vol. 40, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1002/marc.201900394	journal	November 2019
In Situ Structure Characterization in Slot‐Die‐Printed All‐Polymer Solar Cells with Efficiency Over 9% Zhong, Wenkai; Hu, Qin; Jiang, Yufeng Solar RRL, Vol. 3, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.201970073	journal	May 2019
Sifting α,ω-di(thiophen-2-yl)alkanes as solvent additives to boost the photovoltaic performance of the PTB7-Th:PC ₇₁ BM blend Gao, Jianhong; Wang, Wei; Zhan, Chun Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 42 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8ta06989a	journal	January 2018
The effect of light environment during the film formation process on the morphology and function of organic photovoltaics Wu, Xiaomin; Lan, Shuqiong; Zhang, Guocheng Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 34 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9tc03443a	journal	January 2019
First principle investigation of the exposed surfaces and morphology of β-ZnMoO ₄ Ribeiro, Renan A. P.; Oliveira, Marisa C.; de Sousa, Alexsandro Gama Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 126, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5131260	journal	December 2019
Graphdiyne Derivative as Multifunctional Solid Additive in Binary Organic Solar Cells with 17.3% Efficiency and High Reproductivity Liu, Le; Kan, Yuanyuan; Gao, Ke Advanced Materials, Vol. 32, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201907604	journal	February 2020
Influence of Polymer Aggregation and Liquid Immiscibility on Morphology Tuning by Varying Composition in PffBT4T‐2DT/Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells Hamid, Zeinab; Wadsworth, Andrew; Rezasoltani, Elham Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201903248	journal	January 2020
Preferential Face‐on and Edge‐on Orientation of Thiophene Oligomers by Rational Molecular Design Ghosh, Tanwistha; Nagasawa, Shinji; Raveendran, Neethi Chemistry – An Asian Journal, Vol. 14, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1002/asia.201900024	journal	February 2019
Understanding the Effect of the Third Component PC ₇₁ BM on Nanoscale Morphology and Photovoltaic Properties of Ternary Organic Solar Cells Qiu, Beibei; Chen, Shanshan; Sun, Chenkai Solar RRL, Vol. 4, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1002/solr.201900540	journal	April 2020
High-yielding Pd ₂ (dba) ₃ ·C ₆ H ₆ -based four-fold Sonogashira coupling with selenophene-conjugated magnesium tetraethynylporphyrin for organic solar cells Wang, Huan; Nakagawa, Takafumi; Zhang, Meng-Meng RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 56 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra07393k	journal	January 2019
Applying Heteroatom Substitution in Organic Photovoltaics Manion, Joseph G.; Panchuk, Jenny R.; Seferos, Dwight S. The Chemical Record, Vol. 19, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1002/tcr.201800182	journal	February 2019
Temperature‐Dependent Aggregation Donor Polymers Enable Highly Efficient Sequentially Processed Organic Photovoltaics Without the Need of Orthogonal Solvents Arunagiri, Lingeswaran; Zhang, Guangye; Hu, Huawei Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 33 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201902478	journal	June 2019
Vacuum-assisted annealing method for high efficiency printable large-area polymer solar cell modules Zhao, Wenchao; Zhang, Yun; Zhang, Shaoqing Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/c8tc06513f	journal	January 2019
Efficient Polymer Solar Cells with Open-Circuit Voltage of 1.01 V and Power Conversion Efficiency of 8.09% Zeng, Simei; Qi, Huixin; Yu, Bohan ACS Omega, Vol. 3, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.8b01925	journal	September 2018
Recent Developments in the Optimization of the Bulk Heterojunction Morphology of Polymer: Fullerene Solar Cells Gaspar, Hugo; Figueira, Flávio; Pereira, Luiz Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma11122560	journal	December 2018
Heterocycle Effects on the Liquid Crystallinity of Terthiophene Analogues Ester, David; McKearney, Declan; Herasymchuk, Khrystyna Materials, Vol. 12, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.3390/ma12142314	journal	July 2019