Engineering Stress in Perovskite Solar Cells to Improve Stability
Abstract
An overlooked factor affecting stability: the residual stresses in perovskite films, which are tensile and can exceed 50 MPa in magnitude, a value high enough to deform copper, is reported. These stresses provide a significant driving force for fracture. Films are shown to be more unstable under tensile stress—and conversely more stable under compressive stress—when exposed to heat or humidity. Increasing the formation temperature of perovskite films directly correlates with larger residual stresses, a result of the high thermal expansion coefficient of perovskites. Specifically, this tensile stress forms upon cooling to room temperature, as the substrate constrains the perovskite from shrinking. No evidence of stress relaxation is observed, with the purely elastic film stress attributed to the thermal expansion mismatch between the perovskite and substrate. Additionally, the authors demonstrate that using a bath conversion method to form the perovskite film at room temperature leads to low stress values that are unaffected by further annealing, indicating complete perovskite formation prior to annealing. It is concluded that reducing the film stress is a novel method for improving perovskite stability, which can be accomplished by lower formation temperatures, flexible substrates with high thermal expansion coefficients, and externally applied compressive stress after fabrication.
- Authors:
-
[1];
[1];
[1];
[2];
[1];
[3];
[1];
[1]
- Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
- Stanford Univ., CA (United States); SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
- SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Stanford Univ., CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Renewable Power Office. Solar Energy Technologies Office; USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES); National Science Foundation (NSF)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1579795
- Alternate Identifier(s):
- OSTI ID: 1469240; OSTI ID: 1686152
- Grant/Contract Number:
- EE0008154; EE0004946; AC02‐76SF00515; DGE‐1656518; ECCS‐1542152; EE0008167; AC02-76SF00515
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Advanced Energy Materials
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 8; Journal Issue: 29; Journal ID: ISSN 1614-6832
- Publisher:
- Wiley
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; Degradation; flexible; reliability; strain; thermal expansion
Citation Formats
Rolston, Nicholas, Bush, Kevin A., Printz, Adam D., Gold-Parker, Aryeh, Ding, Yichuan, Toney, Michael F., McGehee, Michael D., and Dauskardt, Reinhold H. Engineering Stress in Perovskite Solar Cells to Improve Stability. United States: N. p., 2018.
Web. doi:10.1002/aenm.201802139.
Rolston, Nicholas, Bush, Kevin A., Printz, Adam D., Gold-Parker, Aryeh, Ding, Yichuan, Toney, Michael F., McGehee, Michael D., & Dauskardt, Reinhold H. Engineering Stress in Perovskite Solar Cells to Improve Stability. United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802139
Rolston, Nicholas, Bush, Kevin A., Printz, Adam D., Gold-Parker, Aryeh, Ding, Yichuan, Toney, Michael F., McGehee, Michael D., and Dauskardt, Reinhold H. Mon .
"Engineering Stress in Perovskite Solar Cells to Improve Stability". United States. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201802139. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1579795.
@article{osti_1579795,
title = {Engineering Stress in Perovskite Solar Cells to Improve Stability},
author = {Rolston, Nicholas and Bush, Kevin A. and Printz, Adam D. and Gold-Parker, Aryeh and Ding, Yichuan and Toney, Michael F. and McGehee, Michael D. and Dauskardt, Reinhold H.},
abstractNote = {An overlooked factor affecting stability: the residual stresses in perovskite films, which are tensile and can exceed 50 MPa in magnitude, a value high enough to deform copper, is reported. These stresses provide a significant driving force for fracture. Films are shown to be more unstable under tensile stress—and conversely more stable under compressive stress—when exposed to heat or humidity. Increasing the formation temperature of perovskite films directly correlates with larger residual stresses, a result of the high thermal expansion coefficient of perovskites. Specifically, this tensile stress forms upon cooling to room temperature, as the substrate constrains the perovskite from shrinking. No evidence of stress relaxation is observed, with the purely elastic film stress attributed to the thermal expansion mismatch between the perovskite and substrate. Additionally, the authors demonstrate that using a bath conversion method to form the perovskite film at room temperature leads to low stress values that are unaffected by further annealing, indicating complete perovskite formation prior to annealing. It is concluded that reducing the film stress is a novel method for improving perovskite stability, which can be accomplished by lower formation temperatures, flexible substrates with high thermal expansion coefficients, and externally applied compressive stress after fabrication.},
doi = {10.1002/aenm.201802139},
journal = {Advanced Energy Materials},
number = 29,
volume = 8,
place = {United States},
year = {Mon Sep 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018},
month = {Mon Sep 10 00:00:00 EDT 2018}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 244 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Light and oxygen induced degradation limits the operational stability of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2016
- Bryant, Daniel; Aristidou, Nicholas; Pont, Sebastian
- Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 5
Mechanical properties of hybrid organic-inorganic CH 3 NH 3 BX 3 (B = Sn, Pb; X = Br, I) perovskites for solar cell absorbers
journal, August 2014
- Feng, Jing
- APL Materials, Vol. 2, Issue 8
Strained hybrid perovskite thin films and their impact on the intrinsic stability of perovskite solar cells
journal, November 2017
- Zhao, Jingjing; Deng, Yehao; Wei, Haotong
- Science Advances, Vol. 3, Issue 11
On the interface debond at the edge of a thin film on a thick substrate
journal, March 2002
- Erdem Alaca, B.; Saif, M. T. A.; Sehitoglu, Huseyin
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 50, Issue 5
Perovskite solar cells: Danger from within
journal, January 2017
- Wilks, Regan G.; Bär, Marcus
- Nature Energy, Vol. 2, Issue 1
Acceleration of Chemical Degradation of Perfluorosulfonic Acid Ionomer Membrane by Mechanical Stress: Experimental Evidence
conference, January 2010
- Yoon, Wonseok; Huang, Xinyu
- 218th ECS Meeting, ECS Transactions
A hole-conductor-free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell with high stability
journal, July 2014
- Mei, A.; Li, X.; Liu, L.
- Science, Vol. 345, Issue 6194, p. 295-298
Iodide management in formamidinium-lead-halide–based perovskite layers for efficient solar cells
journal, June 2017
- Yang, Woon Seok; Park, Byung-Wook; Jung, Eui Hyuk
- Science, Vol. 356, Issue 6345
Approaching the fill factor Shockley–Queisser limit in stable, dopant-free triple cation perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2017
- Stolterfoht, Martin; Wolff, Christian M.; Amir, Yohai
- Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 10, Issue 6
Towards enabling stable lead halide perovskite solar cells; interplay between structural, environmental, and thermal stability
journal, January 2017
- Leijtens, Tomas; Bush, Kevin; Cheacharoen, Rongrong
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 23
Mechanical integrity of solution-processed perovskite solar cells
journal, December 2016
- Rolston, Nicholas; Watson, Brian L.; Bailie, Colin D.
- Extreme Mechanics Letters, Vol. 9
Crystal Growth of the Perovskite Semiconductor CsPbBr 3 : A New Material for High-Energy Radiation Detection
journal, June 2013
- Stoumpos, Constantinos C.; Malliakas, Christos D.; Peters, John A.
- Crystal Growth & Design, Vol. 13, Issue 7
The Tension of Metallic Films Deposited by Electrolysis
journal, May 1909
- Stoney, G. G.
- Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, Vol. 82, Issue 553
Efficient and stable solution-processed planar perovskite solar cells via contact passivation
journal, February 2017
- Tan, Hairen; Jain, Ankit; Voznyy, Oleksandr
- Science, Vol. 355, Issue 6326
A Layered Hybrid Perovskite Solar-Cell Absorber with Enhanced Moisture Stability
journal, September 2014
- Smith, Ian C.; Hoke, Eric T.; Solis-Ibarra, Diego
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 53, Issue 42
A Fast Deposition-Crystallization Procedure for Highly Efficient Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin-Film Solar Cells
journal, July 2014
- Xiao, Manda; Huang, Fuzhi; Huang, Wenchao
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 53, Issue 37
Thermo-mechanical behavior of organic-inorganic halide perovskites for solar cells
journal, June 2018
- Ramirez, Cristina; Yadavalli, Srinivas K.; Garces, Hector F.
- Scripta Materialia, Vol. 150
Toward Large Scale Roll-to-Roll Production of Fully Printed Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, January 2015
- Hwang, Kyeongil; Jung, Yen-Sook; Heo, Youn-Jung
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 27, Issue 7
Improving efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells with photocurable fluoropolymers
journal, September 2016
- Bella, F.; Griffini, G.; Correa-Baena, J. -P.
- Science, Vol. 354, Issue 6309
Organometal halide perovskite solar cells: degradation and stability
journal, January 2016
- Berhe, Taame Abraha; Su, Wei-Nien; Chen, Ching-Hsiang
- Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 2
History of accelerated and qualification testing of terrestrial photovoltaic modules: A literature review
journal, January 2009
- Osterwald, C. R.; McMahon, T. J.
- Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 17, Issue 1
Formamidinium and Cesium Hybridization for Photo- and Moisture-Stable Perovskite Solar Cell
journal, September 2015
- Lee, Jin-Wook; Kim, Deok-Hwan; Kim, Hui-Seon
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 5, Issue 20
Improved stability and efficiency of perovskite solar cells with submicron flexible barrier films deposited in air
journal, January 2017
- Rolston, Nicholas; Printz, Adam D.; Hilt, Florian
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 44
Edge effects in thin film delamination
journal, January 2001
- Yu, H.
- Acta Materialia, Vol. 49, Issue 1
Controlling Thin-Film Stress and Wrinkling during Perovskite Film Formation
journal, May 2018
- Bush, Kevin A.; Rolston, Nicholas; Gold-Parker, Aryeh
- ACS Energy Letters, Vol. 3, Issue 6
Mechanical properties of A Pb X 3 ( A = Cs or CH 3 NH 3 ; X = I or Br) perovskite single crystals
journal, October 2015
- Rakita, Yevgeny; Cohen, Sidney R.; Kedem, Nir Klein
- MRS Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 4
Effect of Cation Composition on the Mechanical Stability of Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, December 2017
- Rolston, Nicholas; Printz, Adam D.; Tracy, Jared M.
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 8, Issue 9
Room temperature fabrication of CH3NH3PbBr3 by anti-solvent assisted crystallization approach for perovskite solar cells with fast response and small J–V hysteresis
journal, October 2015
- Zheng, Xiaojia; Chen, Bo; Wu, Congcong
- Nano Energy, Vol. 17
Scalable fabrication of perovskite solar cells
journal, March 2018
- Li, Zhen; Klein, Talysa R.; Kim, Dong Hoe
- Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 3, Issue 4
Mechanical properties of organic–inorganic halide perovskites, CH 3 NH 3 PbX 3 (X = I, Br and Cl), by nanoindentation
journal, January 2015
- Sun, Shijing; Fang, Yanan; Kieslich, Gregor
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 36
Molecular Intercalation and Cohesion of Organic Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Devices
journal, January 2013
- Bruner, Christopher; Miller, Nichole C.; McGehee, Michael D.
- Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 23, Issue 22
The study of grain size dependence of yield stress of copper for a wide grain size range
journal, October 1994
- Gertsman, V. Y.; Hoffmann, M.; Gleiter, H.
- Acta Metallurgica et Materialia, Vol. 42, Issue 10
A large area (70 cm 2 ) monolithic perovskite solar module with a high efficiency and stability
journal, January 2016
- Priyadarshi, Anish; Haur, Lew Jia; Murray, Paul
- Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 12
One-Year stable perovskite solar cells by 2D/3D interface engineering
journal, June 2017
- Grancini, G.; Roldán-Carmona, C.; Zimmermann, I.
- Nature Communications, Vol. 8, Issue 1
In situ observation of heat-induced degradation of perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2016
- Divitini, G.; Cacovich, S.; Matteocci, F.
- Nature Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 2
Room-temperature crystallization of hybrid-perovskite thin films via solvent–solvent extraction for high-performance solar cells
journal, January 2015
- Zhou, Yuanyuan; Yang, Mengjin; Wu, Wenwen
- Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 3, Issue 15
Mixed Mode Cracking in Layered Materials
book, January 1991
- Hutchinson, J. W.; Suo, Z.
- Advances in Applied Mechanics, Vol. 29, p. 63-191
Photo-oxidative degradation of mechanically stressed polyolefins
journal, February 1996
- Busfield, W. Ken; Taba, Paulina
- Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 51, Issue 2
Methodologies toward Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, February 2018
- Seok, Sang Il; Grätzel, Michael; Park, Nam-Gyu
- Small, Vol. 14, Issue 20
Cesium-containing triple cation perovskite solar cells: improved stability, reproducibility and high efficiency
journal, January 2016
- Saliba, Michael; Matsui, Taisuke; Seo, Ji-Youn
- Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 6
Degradation mechanism of (Al · Ga)As double‐heterostructure laser diodes
journal, January 1974
- Yonezu, H.; Sakuma, I.; Kamejima, T.
- Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 24, Issue 1
Incorporation of rubidium cations into perovskite solar cells improves photovoltaic performance
journal, September 2016
- Saliba, M.; Matsui, T.; Domanski, K.
- Science, Vol. 354, Issue 6309
Investigation of the Effect Temperature on Photovoltaic (PV) Panel Output Performance
journal, September 2016
- Razak, Amelia; Irwan, Y. M.; Leow, W. Z.
- International Journal on Advanced Science, Engineering and Information Technology, Vol. 6, Issue 5
From Nano- to Micrometer Scale: The Role of Antisolvent Treatment on High Performance Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, April 2017
- Paek, S.; Schouwink, P.; Athanasopoulou, E. Nefeli
- Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 8
Design and understanding of encapsulated perovskite solar cells to withstand temperature cycling
journal, January 2018
- Cheacharoen, Rongrong; Rolston, Nicholas; Harwood, Duncan
- Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 11, Issue 1
Accelerated testing and failure of thin-film PV modules
journal, March 2004
- McMahon, T. J.
- Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications, Vol. 12, Issue 23
A Layered Hybrid Perovskite Solar-Cell Absorber with Enhanced Moisture Stability
journal, September 2014
- Smith, Ian C.; Hoke, Eric T.; Solis-Ibarra, Diego
- Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 126, Issue 42
Strained hybrid perovskite thin films and their impact on the intrinsic stability of perovskite solar cells
text, January 2017
- Jinsong, Huang,; Haotong, Wei,; E., Shield, Jeffrey
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
A Fast Deposition-Crystallization Procedure for Highly Efficient Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin-Film Solar Cells
journal, July 2014
- Xiao, Manda; Huang, Fuzhi; Huang, Wenchao
- Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 126, Issue 37
Works referencing / citing this record:
Solution‐Processable Perovskite Solar Cells toward Commercialization: Progress and Challenges
journal, April 2019
- Wang, Peng; Wu, Yihui; Cai, Bing
- Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 47
A Simple Way to Simultaneously Release the Interface Stress and Realize the Inner Encapsulation for Highly Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, September 2019
- Wu, Jionghua; Cui, Yuqi; Yu, Bingchen
- Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 29, Issue 49
Addressing the Reliability and Electron Transport Kinetics in Halide Perovskite Film via Pulsed Laser Engineering
journal, November 2019
- Song, Chunpeng; Tong, Lei; Liu, Feng
- Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 30, Issue 5
Metal Cations in Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells: Progress and Perspective
journal, July 2019
- Wang, Kai; Subhani, Waqas Siddique; Wang, Yulong
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 50
Synergistic Effect of Elevated Device Temperature and Excess Charge Carriers on the Rapid Light‐Induced Degradation of Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, July 2019
- Chen, Bo; Song, Jingfeng; Dai, Xuezeng
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 35
Interfacial Residual Stress Relaxation in Perovskite Solar Cells with Improved Stability
journal, October 2019
- Wang, Hao; Zhu, Cheng; Liu, Lang
- Advanced Materials, Vol. 31, Issue 48
Photobrightening in Lead Halide Perovskites: Observations, Mechanisms, and Future Potential
journal, April 2020
- Andaji‐Garmaroudi, Zahra; Anaya, Miguel; Pearson, Andrew J.
- Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 10, Issue 13
X‐Ray Microscopy of Halide Perovskites: Techniques, Applications, and Prospects
journal, January 2020
- Kodur, Moses; Kumar, Rishi E.; Luo, Yanqi
- Advanced Energy Materials
Role of Water and Defects in Photo‐Oxidative Degradation of Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite
journal, April 2019
- Ouyang, Yixin; Shi, Li; Li, Qiang
- Small Methods, Vol. 3, Issue 7
Heterogeneity at multiple length scales in halide perovskite semiconductors
journal, July 2019
- Tennyson, Elizabeth M.; Doherty, Tiarnan A. S.; Stranks, Samuel D.
- Nature Reviews Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 9
Butyldithiocarbamate acid solution processing: its fundamentals and applications in chalcogenide thin film solar cells
journal, January 2019
- Liu, Yuhao; Chen, Chao; Zhou, Ying
- Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 7, Issue 36
Balanced strain-dependent carrier dynamics in flexible organic–inorganic hybrid perovskites
journal, January 2020
- Wang, Cheng; Ma, Lin; Guo, Deqiang
- Journal of Materials Chemistry C, Vol. 8, Issue 10
Beneficial impact of materials with reduced dimensionality on the stability of perovskite-based photovoltaics
journal, August 2019
- Petrović, Miloš; Rogdakis, Konstantinos; Kymakis, Emmanuel
- Journal of Physics: Energy, Vol. 1, Issue 4
First Proof-of-Principle of Inorganic Lead Halide Perovskites Deposition by Magnetron-Sputtering
journal, December 2019
- Borri, Claudia; Calisi, Nicola; Galvanetto, Emanuele
- Nanomaterials, Vol. 10, Issue 1
Synergistic Effect of Elevated Device Temperature and Excess Charge Carriers on the Rapid Light-Induced Degradation of Perovskite Solar Cells
text, January 2019
- Y., Liu,; J., Song,; J., Huang,
- The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill University Libraries
Heterogeneity at multiple length scales in halide perovskite semiconductors
text, January 2019
- Tennyson, Beth; Doherty, Tas; Stranks, Samuel
- Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Photobrightening in Lead Halide Perovskites: Observations, Mechanisms, and Future Potential
text, January 2020
- Andaji-Garmaroudi, Z.; Anaya, M.; Pearson, Aj
- Apollo - University of Cambridge Repository
Regulating strain in perovskite thin films through charge-transport layers
journal, March 2020
- Xue, Ding-Jiang; Hou, Yi; Liu, Shun-Chang
- Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1