The Geomagnetic Tail

BIRN, JOACHIM

doi:10.1002/rog.1991.29.s2.1049

Title: The Geomagnetic Tail

Journal Article · 30 September 2017 · Reviews of Geophysics (1985)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/rog.1991.29.s2.1049 · OSTI ID:1464327

BIRN, JOACHIM ^[1]

Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545

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Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

OSTI ID:: 1464327

Journal Information:: Reviews of Geophysics (1985), Journal Name: Reviews of Geophysics (1985) Vol. 29 Journal Issue: S2; ISSN 8755-1209

Publisher:: Wiley Blackwell (John Wiley & Sons)Copyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Cited by: 11 works

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References (180)

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A 2½-dimensional magnetic field model of plasmoids Moldwin, Mark B.; Hughes, W. J. Physics of Magnetic Flux Ropes https://doi.org/10.1029/GM058p0663	book	January 1990
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Self-consistent magnetotail theory: Equilibrium structures including arbitrary variation along the tail axis Zwingmann, Wolfgang Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 88, Issue A11 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA088iA11p09101	journal	November 1983
Current sheet thickness in the near-earth plasma sheet during substorm growth phase as inferred from simultaneous magnetotail and ground-based observations Sergeev, V. A.; Tanskanen, P.; Mursula, K. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 8, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(88)90121-4	journal	January 1988
Average plasma properties in the central plasma sheet Baumjohann, W.; Paschmann, G.; Cattell, C. A. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 94, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA094iA06p06597	journal	June 1989
Dynamics of the near-earth magnetotail—Recent Observations Frank, L. A. Modeling Magnetospheric Plasma https://doi.org/10.1029/GM044p0261	book	January 1988
Magnetic flux ropes in 3-Dimensional MHD simulations Ogino, Tatsuki; Walker, Raymond J.; Ashour-Abdalla, Maha Physics of Magnetic Flux Ropes https://doi.org/10.1029/GM058p0669	book	January 1990
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Current carriers in the near-Earth cross-tail current sheet during substorm growth phase Mitchell, D. G.; Williams, D. J.; Huang, C. Y. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i005p00583	journal	April 1990
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ISEE 1 and 2 observations of ion distributions at the plasma sheet-tail lobe boundary Takahashi, K.; Hones, E. W. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 93, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA08p08558	journal	January 1988
Representations of currents and magnetic fields in isotropic magnetohydrostatic plasma Heinemann, M.; Pontius, D. H. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A1 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA01p00251	journal	January 1990
Plasma sheet convection and the stability of the magnetotail Pritchett, P. L.; Coroniti, F. V. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i012p02233	journal	November 1990
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Tail-like reconfiguration of the plasma sheet during the substorm growth phase Kan, J. R. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i013p02309	journal	December 1990
Where do field lines go in the quiet magnetosphere? Stern, David P.; Alexeev, Igor I. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/RG026i004p00782	journal	November 1988
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Physics of the quiet magnetosphere Stern, David P. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/RG026i004p00781	journal	November 1988
Representations of currents and magnetic fields in anisotropic magnetohydrostatic plasma Heinemann, M. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA06p07789	journal	January 1990
Response of magnetosphere-ionosphere current systems to changes in the interplanetary magnetic field Rostoker, G.; Savoie, D.; Phan, T. D. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 93, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA08p08633	journal	January 1988
Distant (200–238 Re) magnetotail lobe characteristics during quiet solar wind conditions Tsurutani, Bruce T.; Burton, Marcia E.; Smith, Edward J. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(87)90154-1	journal	March 1987
Quasi-static magnetospheric MHD processes and the “ground state” of the magnetosphere Voigt, G. -H.; Wolf, R. A. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/RG026i004p00823	journal	November 1988
Current sheet thickness in the near-Earth plasma sheet during substorm growth phase Sergeev, V. A.; Tanskanen, P.; Mursula, K. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A4 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA04p03819	journal	January 1990
The effects of plasma sheet boundary flow and plasma mantle flow on the ion tearing instability Lakhina, G. S.; Schindler, K. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 93, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA08p08591	journal	January 1988
Average patterns of precipitation and plasma flow in the plasma sheet flux tubes during steady magnetospheric convection Sergeev, V. A.; Lennartsson, W.; Pellinen, R. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 38, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(90)90101-U	journal	March 1990
Self-consistent neutral point current and fields from single particle dynamics Martin, R. F. Modeling Magnetospheric Plasma https://doi.org/10.1029/GM044p0055	book	January 1988
A theoretical foundation of general magnetic reconnection Hesse, M.; Schindler, K. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 93, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA06p05559	journal	January 1988
A current disruption mechanism in the neutral sheet: A possible trigger for substorm expansions Lui, A. T. Y.; Mankofsky, A.; Chang, C. -L. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i006p00745	journal	May 1990
Static magnetic field models consistent with nearly isotropic plasma pressure Spence, Harlan E.; Kivelson, Margaret G.; Walker, Raymond J. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL014i008p00872	journal	August 1987
Electron distributions in the plasma sheet boundary layer: Time-of-flight effects Onsager, T. G.; Thomsen, M. F.; Gosling, J. T. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i011p01837	journal	October 1990
Magnetic reconnection in a collisionless plasma: Evidence for the current sheet acceleration Lee, L. C.; Ding, D. Q. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL014i010p01003	journal	October 1987
A statistical study of the central plasma sheet: Implications for substorm models Huang, C. Y.; Frank, L. A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 13, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL013i007p00652	journal	July 1986
Transient flux tubes in the terrestrial magnetosphere Pontius, D. H.; Wolf, R. A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i001p00049	journal	January 1990
On the generation of field-aligned plasma flow at the boundary of the plasma sheet Schindler, K.; Birn, J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, Issue A1 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA01p00095	journal	January 1987
Pressure balance between lobe and plasma sheet Baumjohann, Wolfgang; Paschmann, Götz; Lühr, Hermann Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i001p00045	journal	January 1990
Transition regions in solar system and astrophysical plasmas Eastman, T. E. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, Vol. 18, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/27.45498	journal	January 1990
On the threshold for triggering substorms Kivelson, Margaret G.; Hughes, W. Jeffrey Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 38, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(90)90085-5	journal	February 1990
Magnetotail acceleration using generalized drift theory: A kinetic merging scenario Whipple, E. G.; Rosenberg, M.; Brittnacher, M. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i008p01045	journal	July 1990
Average plasma and magnetic field variations in the distant magnetotail associated with near-Earth substorm effects Baker, D. N.; Anderson, R. C.; Zwickl, R. D. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, Issue A1 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA01p00071	journal	January 1987
Fractal boundaries in magnetotail particle dynamics Chen, J.; Rexford, J. L.; Lee, Y. C. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i008p01049	journal	July 1990
Magnetic reconnection in the magnetotail current sheet for varying cross-tail magnetic field Hesse, Michael; Birn, Joachim Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i011p02019	journal	October 1990
A multisatellite case study of the expansion of a substorm current wedge in the near-Earth magnetotail Lopez, R. E.; Lui, A. T. Y. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA06p08009	journal	January 1990
Observational determination of the adiabatic index in the quiet time plasma sheet Huang, C. Y.; Goertz, C. K.; Frank, L. A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL016i006p00563	journal	June 1989
Numerical simulations on the structure of plasmoids in the deep tail Hautz, R.; Scholer, M. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 14, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL014i009p00969	journal	September 1987
A theory of substorms: Onset and subsidence Kan, J. R.; Zhu, L.; Akasofu, S. -I. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 93, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA06p05624	journal	January 1988
Ionospheric outflow of plasma and compression relationship in the plasma sheet Liu, W. W.; Rostoker, G. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i011p01849	journal	October 1990
The amplitude distribution of field-aligned currents at northern high latitudes observed by Triad Iijima, Takesi; Potemra, T. A. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 81, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA081i013p02165	journal	May 1976
Trapped-particle evacuation: Source of magnetotail bursts and tailward flows? Lyons, L. R.; Schulz, M.; Fennell, J. F. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL016i005p00353	journal	May 1989
The energetic ion substorm injection boundary Lopez, R. E.; Sibeck, D. G.; McEntire, R. W. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A1 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA01p00109	journal	January 1990
Ultra-low-frequency wave power in the magnetotail lobes 1. Relation to substorm Onsets and the auroral electrojet index Smith, R. A.; Goldstein, M. L.; Sands, M. R. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL017i011p01845	journal	October 1990
The CDAW-8 substorm event on 28 January 1983: A detailed global study Baker, D. N.; Craven, J. D.; Elphic, R. C. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 8, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(88)90119-6	journal	January 1988
A model of the magnetospheric tail with current-free lobes Stern, David P. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 38, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(90)90089-9	journal	February 1990
Observations of the ion distribution in the nightside magnetosphere during substorm-associated dropout events Daglis, I. A.; Kremser, G.; Stüdemann, W. Advances in Space Research, Vol. 8, Issue 9-10 https://doi.org/10.1016/0273-1177(88)90115-9	journal	January 1988
Enhancements of energetic ions associated with travelling compression regions in the deep geomagnetic tail Murphy, N.; Slavin, J. A.; Baker, D. N. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, Issue A1 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA01p00064	journal	January 1987
Magnetospheric plasma pressures in the midnight meridian: Observations from 2.5 to 35 R _E Spence, Harlan E.; Kivelson, Margaret G.; Walker, Raymond J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 94, Issue A5 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA094iA05p05264	journal	January 1989
A possible case of radially antisunward propagating substorm onset in the near-Earth magnetotail Lopez, R. E.; McEntire, R. W.; Potemra, T. A. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 38, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(90)90036-P	journal	June 1990
Global quantitative models of the geomagnetic field in the cislunar magnetosphere for different disturbance levels Tsyganenko, N. A. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 35, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(87)90046-8	journal	November 1987
Structure of reconnection boundary layers in incompressible MHD Sonnerup, B. U. Ö; Wang, D. -J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA08p08621	journal	January 1987
Current sheet crossings in the distant magnetotail Heikkila, W. J. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 15, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL015i004p00299	journal	April 1988
A magnetospheric substorm observed at Sanae, Antarctica Gledhill, J. A.; Dore, I. S.; Goertz, C. K. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, Issue A3 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA03p02461	journal	January 1987
Effect of field-aligned potential drop in a global magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling model Kan, J. R.; Cao, F. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 93, Issue A7 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA07p07571	journal	January 1988
Is steady convection possible in the Earth's magnetotail? Erickson, G. M.; Wolf, R. A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 7, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL007i011p00897	journal	November 1980
The distortion of the magnetotail equilibrium structure by a net cross-tail magnetic field Birn, J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 95, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA095iA06p08019	journal	January 1990
Structure of a slow mode shock observed in the plasma sheet boundary layer Feldman, W. C.; Tokar, R. L.; Birn, J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, Issue A1 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA01p00083	journal	January 1987
Statistical properties of magnetic field fluctuations in the distant plasmasheet Tsurutani, Bruce T.; Burton, Marcia E.; Smith, Eward J. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 35, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(87)90155-3	journal	March 1987
Filamentary structures in the magnetotail lobes Huang, C. Y.; Frank, L. A.; Peterson, W. K. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, Issue A3 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA03p02349	journal	January 1987
Substorm processes in the magnetotail: Comments on ‘On hot tenuous plasmas, fireballs, and boundary layers in the Earth's magnetotail’ by L. A. Frank, K. L. Ackerson, and R. P. Lepping Hones, E. W. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 82, Issue 35 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA082i035p05633	journal	December 1977
Parallel electric fields in a simulation of magnetotail reconnection and plasmoid evolution Hesse, M.; Birn, J. Physics of Magnetic Flux Ropes https://doi.org/10.1029/GM058p0679	book	January 1990
Substorm related changes in the geomagnetic tail: the growth phase McPherron, R. L. Planetary and Space Science, Vol. 20, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/0032-0633(72)90054-2	journal	September 1972
The substorm current wedge and field-aligned currents in MHD simulations of magnetotail reconnection Birn, J.; Hesse, M. Journal of Geophysical Research: Space Physics, Vol. 96, Issue A2 https://doi.org/10.1029/90JA01762	journal	February 1991
Magnetospheric convection during quiet or moderately disturbed times Caudal, G.; Blanc, M. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 26, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1029/RG026i004p00809	journal	November 1988
Satellite studies of magnetospheric substorms on August 15, 1968: 9. Phenomenological model for substorms McPherron, R. L.; Russell, C. T.; Aubry, M. P. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 78, Issue 16 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA078i016p03131	journal	June 1973
Assessment of the boundary layer model of the magnetospheric substorm Nishida, A.; Bame, S. J.; Baker, D. N. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 93, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA093iA06p05579	journal	January 1988
Effect of a localized minimum in equatorial field strength on resistive tearing instability in the geomagnetotail Hau, L. -N.; Wolf, R. A. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 92, Issue A5 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA092iA05p04745	journal	January 1987
Three-dimensional kinematic reconnection in the presence of field nulls and closed field lines Lau, Yun-Tung; Finn, John M. The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 350 https://doi.org/10.1086/168419	journal	February 1990
Detailed observations of the plasma sheet during a substorm on April 24, 1979 Hones, E. W.; Fritz, T. A.; Birn, J. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 91, Issue A6 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA091iA06p06845	journal	January 1986
The horse-collar aurora: A frequent pattern of the aurora in quiet times Hones, E. W.; Craven, J. D.; Frank, L. A. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL016i001p00037	journal	January 1989
Three-dimensional computer modeling of dynamic reconnection in the geomagnetic tail Birn, Joachim; Hones, Edward W. Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol. 86, Issue A8 https://doi.org/10.1029/JA086iA08p06802	journal	January 1981
A comparison of analytical and numerical models for steadily driven magnetic reconnection Forbes, T. G.; Priest, E. R. Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 25, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1029/RG025i008p01583	journal	January 1987
Collisionless reconnection in a quasi-neutral sheet near marginal stability Pritchett, P. L.; Coroniti, F. V.; Pellat, R. Geophysical Research Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1029/GL016i011p01269	journal	November 1989

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