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Title: Precision Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Nitrogen and its Primary and Secondary Components with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station

Abstract

A precision measurement of the nitrogen flux with rigidity (momentum per unit charge) from 2.2 GV to 3.3 TV based on 2.2 × 10$^6$ events is presented. The detailed rigidity dependence of the nitrogen flux spectral index is presented for the first time. The spectral index rapidly hardens at high rigidities and becomes identical to the spectral indices of primary He, C, and O cosmic rays above ~ 700 GV . We observed that the nitrogen flux $$Φ_N$$ can be presented as the sum of its primary component $$Φ^P_N$$ and secondary component $$Φ^S_N$$ , $$Φ_N$$ = $$Φ^P_N$$ + $$Φ^S_N$$ , and we found $$Φ_N$$ is well described by the weighted sum of the oxygen flux $$Φ_O$$ (primary cosmic rays) and the boron flux $$Φ_B$$ (secondary cosmic rays), with $$Φ^P_N$$ = (0.090 ± 0.002) × $$Φ_O$$ and $$Φ^S_N$$ = (0.62 ± 0.02) × $$Φ_B$$ over the entire rigidity range. This corresponds to a change of the contribution of the secondary cosmic ray component in the nitrogen flux from 70% at a few GV to < 30 % above 1 TV.

Authors:
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Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
Contributing Org.:
AMS Collaboration
OSTI Identifier:
1462307
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1544242
Grant/Contract Number:  
AC02-06CH11357; 2014/19149-7; 2015/50378-5; 2016/10222-9; 707543-MAtISSE; 40361/01; 40518/03; 258963; 50OO1403; 2013-002-R.0; 2014-037-R.0; PTDC/FIS/122567/2010; ESP2015-71662-C2-(1-P/2-P); SEV-2015-0548; MDM-2015-0509; RyC-2013-14660; 103-2112-M-006-018-MY3; 105-2112-M-001-003; CDA-105-M06; 2017TAEK(CERN)A5.H6.F2-15; 14255202; 1551980; HELIO15F-0005; AC02-05CH11231; JARA0052; 2014/T72497
Resource Type:
Published Article
Journal Name:
Physical Review Letters
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Physical Review Letters Journal Volume: 121 Journal Issue: 5; Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007
Publisher:
American Physical Society
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS

Citation Formats

Aguilar, M., Ali Cavasonza, L., Alpat, B., Ambrosi, G., Arruda, L., Attig, N., Aupetit, S., Azzarello, P., Bachlechner, A., Barao, F., Barrau, A., Barrin, L., Bartoloni, A., Basara, L., Başeğmez-du Pree, S., Battarbee, M., Battiston, R., Becker, U., Behlmann, M., Beischer, B., Berdugo, J., Bertucci, B., Bindel, K. F., Bindi, V., de Boer, W., Bollweg, K., Bonnivard, V., Borgia, B., Boschini, M. J., Bourquin, M., Bueno, E. F., Burger, J., Burger, W. J., Cai, X. D., Capell, M., Caroff, S., Casaus, J., Castellini, G., Cervelli, F., Chang, Y. H., Chen, A. I., Chen, G. M., Chen, H. S., Chen, Y., Cheng, L., Chou, H. Y., Choumilov, E., Choutko, V., Chung, C. H., Clark, C., Clavero, R., Coignet, G., Consolandi, C., Contin, A., Corti, C., Creus, W., Crispoltoni, M., Cui, Z., Dadzie, K., Dai, Y. M., Datta, A., Delgado, C., Della Torre, S., Demirköz, M. B., Derome, L., Di Falco, S., Dimiccoli, F., Díaz, C., von Doetinchem, P., Dong, F., Donnini, F., Duranti, M., Egorov, A., Eline, A., Eronen, T., Feng, J., Fiandrini, E., Fisher, P., Formato, V., Galaktionov, Y., Gallucci, G., García-López, R. J., Gargiulo, C., Gast, H., Gebauer, I., Gervasi, M., Ghelfi, A., Giovacchini, F., Gómez-Coral, D. M., Gong, J., Goy, C., Grabski, V., Grandi, D., Graziani, M., Guo, K. H., Haino, S., Han, K. C., He, Z. H., Heil, M., Hsieh, T. H., Huang, H., Huang, Z. C., Incagli, M., Jia, Yi, Jinchi, H., Kanishev, K., Khiali, B., Kirn, Th., Konak, C., Kounina, O., Kounine, A., Koutsenko, V., Kulemzin, A., La Vacca, G., Laudi, E., Laurenti, G., Lazzizzera, I., Lebedev, A., Lee, H. T., Lee, S. C., Leluc, C., Li, H. S., Li, J. Q., Li, Q., Li, T. X., Li, Z. H., Li, Z. Y., Lin, C. H., Lipari, P., Lippert, T., Liu, D., Liu, Hu, Liu, Z., Lordello, V. D., Lu, S. Q., Lu, Y. S., Luebelsmeyer, K., Luo, F., Luo, J. Z., Lyu, S. S., Machate, F., Mañá, C., Marín, J., Martin, T., Martínez, G., Masi, N., Maurin, D., Menchaca-Rocha, A., Meng, Q., Mikuni, V. M., Mo, D. C., Mott, P., Mussolin, L., Nelson, T., Ni, J. Q., Nikonov, N., Nozzoli, F., Oliva, A., Orcinha, M., Palermo, M., Palmonari, F., Palomares, C., Paniccia, M., Pauluzzi, M., Pensotti, S., Perrina, C., Phan, H. D., Picot-Clemente, N., Pilo, F., Plyaskin, V., Pohl, M., Poireau, V., Quadrani, L., Qi, X. M., Qin, X., Qu, Z. Y., Räihä, T., Rancoita, P. G., Rapin, D., Ricol, J. S., Rosier-Lees, S., Rozhkov, A., Rozza, D., Sagdeev, R., Schael, S., Schmidt, S. M., Schulz von Dratzig, A., Schwering, G., Seo, E. S., Shan, B. S., Shi, J. Y., Siedenburg, T., Song, J. W., Tacconi, M., Tang, X. W., Tang, Z. C., Tescaro, D., Tian, J., Ting, Samuel C. C., Ting, S. M., Tomassetti, N., Torsti, J., Urban, T., Vagelli, V., Valente, E., Valtonen, E., Vázquez Acosta, M., Vecchi, M., Velasco, M., Vialle, J. P., Wang, L. Q., Wang, N. H., Wang, Q. L., Wang, X., Wang, X. Q., Wang, Z. X., Wei, C. C., Wei, J., Weng, Z. L., Whitman, K., Wu, H., Xiong, R. Q., Xu, W., Yan, Q., Yang, M., Yang, Y., Yi, H., Yu, Y. J., Yu, Z. Q., Zannoni, M., Zeissler, S., Zhang, C., Zhang, F., Zhang, J., Zhang, J. H., Zhang, S. W., Zhang, Z., Zheng, Z. M., Zhuang, H. L., Zhukov, V., Zichichi, A., Zimmermann, N., Zuccon, P., and AMS Collaboration. Precision Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Nitrogen and its Primary and Secondary Components with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. United States: N. p., 2018. Web. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051103.
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Aguilar, M., Ali Cavasonza, L., Alpat, B., Ambrosi, G., Arruda, L., Attig, N., Aupetit, S., Azzarello, P., Bachlechner, A., Barao, F., Barrau, A., Barrin, L., Bartoloni, A., Basara, L., Başeğmez-du Pree, S., Battarbee, M., Battiston, R., Becker, U., Behlmann, M., Beischer, B., Berdugo, J., Bertucci, B., Bindel, K. F., Bindi, V., de Boer, W., Bollweg, K., Bonnivard, V., Borgia, B., Boschini, M. J., Bourquin, M., Bueno, E. F., Burger, J., Burger, W. J., Cai, X. D., Capell, M., Caroff, S., Casaus, J., Castellini, G., Cervelli, F., Chang, Y. H., Chen, A. I., Chen, G. M., Chen, H. S., Chen, Y., Cheng, L., Chou, H. Y., Choumilov, E., Choutko, V., Chung, C. H., Clark, C., Clavero, R., Coignet, G., Consolandi, C., Contin, A., Corti, C., Creus, W., Crispoltoni, M., Cui, Z., Dadzie, K., Dai, Y. M., Datta, A., Delgado, C., Della Torre, S., Demirköz, M. B., Derome, L., Di Falco, S., Dimiccoli, F., Díaz, C., von Doetinchem, P., Dong, F., Donnini, F., Duranti, M., Egorov, A., Eline, A., Eronen, T., Feng, J., Fiandrini, E., Fisher, P., Formato, V., Galaktionov, Y., Gallucci, G., García-López, R. J., Gargiulo, C., Gast, H., Gebauer, I., Gervasi, M., Ghelfi, A., Giovacchini, F., Gómez-Coral, D. M., Gong, J., Goy, C., Grabski, V., Grandi, D., Graziani, M., Guo, K. H., Haino, S., Han, K. C., He, Z. H., Heil, M., Hsieh, T. H., Huang, H., Huang, Z. C., Incagli, M., Jia, Yi, Jinchi, H., Kanishev, K., Khiali, B., Kirn, Th., Konak, C., Kounina, O., Kounine, A., Koutsenko, V., Kulemzin, A., La Vacca, G., Laudi, E., Laurenti, G., Lazzizzera, I., Lebedev, A., Lee, H. T., Lee, S. C., Leluc, C., Li, H. S., Li, J. Q., Li, Q., Li, T. X., Li, Z. H., Li, Z. Y., Lin, C. H., Lipari, P., Lippert, T., Liu, D., Liu, Hu, Liu, Z., Lordello, V. D., Lu, S. Q., Lu, Y. S., Luebelsmeyer, K., Luo, F., Luo, J. Z., Lyu, S. S., Machate, F., Mañá, C., Marín, J., Martin, T., Martínez, G., Masi, N., Maurin, D., Menchaca-Rocha, A., Meng, Q., Mikuni, V. M., Mo, D. C., Mott, P., Mussolin, L., Nelson, T., Ni, J. Q., Nikonov, N., Nozzoli, F., Oliva, A., Orcinha, M., Palermo, M., Palmonari, F., Palomares, C., Paniccia, M., Pauluzzi, M., Pensotti, S., Perrina, C., Phan, H. D., Picot-Clemente, N., Pilo, F., Plyaskin, V., Pohl, M., Poireau, V., Quadrani, L., Qi, X. M., Qin, X., Qu, Z. Y., Räihä, T., Rancoita, P. G., Rapin, D., Ricol, J. S., Rosier-Lees, S., Rozhkov, A., Rozza, D., Sagdeev, R., Schael, S., Schmidt, S. M., Schulz von Dratzig, A., Schwering, G., Seo, E. S., Shan, B. S., Shi, J. Y., Siedenburg, T., Song, J. W., Tacconi, M., Tang, X. W., Tang, Z. C., Tescaro, D., Tian, J., Ting, Samuel C. C., Ting, S. M., Tomassetti, N., Torsti, J., Urban, T., Vagelli, V., Valente, E., Valtonen, E., Vázquez Acosta, M., Vecchi, M., Velasco, M., Vialle, J. P., Wang, L. Q., Wang, N. H., Wang, Q. L., Wang, X., Wang, X. Q., Wang, Z. X., Wei, C. C., Wei, J., Weng, Z. L., Whitman, K., Wu, H., Xiong, R. Q., Xu, W., Yan, Q., Yang, M., Yang, Y., Yi, H., Yu, Y. J., Yu, Z. Q., Zannoni, M., Zeissler, S., Zhang, C., Zhang, F., Zhang, J., Zhang, J. H., Zhang, S. W., Zhang, Z., Zheng, Z. M., Zhuang, H. L., Zhukov, V., Zichichi, A., Zimmermann, N., Zuccon, P., & AMS Collaboration. Precision Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Nitrogen and its Primary and Secondary Components with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station. United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051103
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Aguilar, M., Ali Cavasonza, L., Alpat, B., Ambrosi, G., Arruda, L., Attig, N., Aupetit, S., Azzarello, P., Bachlechner, A., Barao, F., Barrau, A., Barrin, L., Bartoloni, A., Basara, L., Başeğmez-du Pree, S., Battarbee, M., Battiston, R., Becker, U., Behlmann, M., Beischer, B., Berdugo, J., Bertucci, B., Bindel, K. F., Bindi, V., de Boer, W., Bollweg, K., Bonnivard, V., Borgia, B., Boschini, M. J., Bourquin, M., Bueno, E. F., Burger, J., Burger, W. J., Cai, X. D., Capell, M., Caroff, S., Casaus, J., Castellini, G., Cervelli, F., Chang, Y. H., Chen, A. I., Chen, G. M., Chen, H. S., Chen, Y., Cheng, L., Chou, H. Y., Choumilov, E., Choutko, V., Chung, C. H., Clark, C., Clavero, R., Coignet, G., Consolandi, C., Contin, A., Corti, C., Creus, W., Crispoltoni, M., Cui, Z., Dadzie, K., Dai, Y. M., Datta, A., Delgado, C., Della Torre, S., Demirköz, M. B., Derome, L., Di Falco, S., Dimiccoli, F., Díaz, C., von Doetinchem, P., Dong, F., Donnini, F., Duranti, M., Egorov, A., Eline, A., Eronen, T., Feng, J., Fiandrini, E., Fisher, P., Formato, V., Galaktionov, Y., Gallucci, G., García-López, R. J., Gargiulo, C., Gast, H., Gebauer, I., Gervasi, M., Ghelfi, A., Giovacchini, F., Gómez-Coral, D. M., Gong, J., Goy, C., Grabski, V., Grandi, D., Graziani, M., Guo, K. H., Haino, S., Han, K. C., He, Z. H., Heil, M., Hsieh, T. H., Huang, H., Huang, Z. C., Incagli, M., Jia, Yi, Jinchi, H., Kanishev, K., Khiali, B., Kirn, Th., Konak, C., Kounina, O., Kounine, A., Koutsenko, V., Kulemzin, A., La Vacca, G., Laudi, E., Laurenti, G., Lazzizzera, I., Lebedev, A., Lee, H. T., Lee, S. C., Leluc, C., Li, H. S., Li, J. Q., Li, Q., Li, T. X., Li, Z. H., Li, Z. Y., Lin, C. H., Lipari, P., Lippert, T., Liu, D., Liu, Hu, Liu, Z., Lordello, V. D., Lu, S. Q., Lu, Y. S., Luebelsmeyer, K., Luo, F., Luo, J. Z., Lyu, S. S., Machate, F., Mañá, C., Marín, J., Martin, T., Martínez, G., Masi, N., Maurin, D., Menchaca-Rocha, A., Meng, Q., Mikuni, V. M., Mo, D. C., Mott, P., Mussolin, L., Nelson, T., Ni, J. Q., Nikonov, N., Nozzoli, F., Oliva, A., Orcinha, M., Palermo, M., Palmonari, F., Palomares, C., Paniccia, M., Pauluzzi, M., Pensotti, S., Perrina, C., Phan, H. D., Picot-Clemente, N., Pilo, F., Plyaskin, V., Pohl, M., Poireau, V., Quadrani, L., Qi, X. M., Qin, X., Qu, Z. Y., Räihä, T., Rancoita, P. G., Rapin, D., Ricol, J. S., Rosier-Lees, S., Rozhkov, A., Rozza, D., Sagdeev, R., Schael, S., Schmidt, S. M., Schulz von Dratzig, A., Schwering, G., Seo, E. S., Shan, B. S., Shi, J. Y., Siedenburg, T., Song, J. W., Tacconi, M., Tang, X. W., Tang, Z. C., Tescaro, D., Tian, J., Ting, Samuel C. C., Ting, S. M., Tomassetti, N., Torsti, J., Urban, T., Vagelli, V., Valente, E., Valtonen, E., Vázquez Acosta, M., Vecchi, M., Velasco, M., Vialle, J. P., Wang, L. Q., Wang, N. H., Wang, Q. L., Wang, X., Wang, X. Q., Wang, Z. X., Wei, C. C., Wei, J., Weng, Z. L., Whitman, K., Wu, H., Xiong, R. Q., Xu, W., Yan, Q., Yang, M., Yang, Y., Yi, H., Yu, Y. J., Yu, Z. Q., Zannoni, M., Zeissler, S., Zhang, C., Zhang, F., Zhang, J., Zhang, J. H., Zhang, S. W., Zhang, Z., Zheng, Z. M., Zhuang, H. L., Zhukov, V., Zichichi, A., Zimmermann, N., Zuccon, P., and AMS Collaboration. Tue . "Precision Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Nitrogen and its Primary and Secondary Components with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station". United States. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051103.
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@article{osti_1462307,
title = {Precision Measurement of Cosmic-Ray Nitrogen and its Primary and Secondary Components with the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station},
author = {Aguilar, M. and Ali Cavasonza, L. and Alpat, B. and Ambrosi, G. and Arruda, L. and Attig, N. and Aupetit, S. and Azzarello, P. and Bachlechner, A. and Barao, F. and Barrau, A. and Barrin, L. and Bartoloni, A. and Basara, L. and Başeğmez-du Pree, S. and Battarbee, M. and Battiston, R. and Becker, U. and Behlmann, M. and Beischer, B. and Berdugo, J. and Bertucci, B. and Bindel, K. F. and Bindi, V. and de Boer, W. and Bollweg, K. and Bonnivard, V. and Borgia, B. and Boschini, M. J. and Bourquin, M. and Bueno, E. F. and Burger, J. and Burger, W. J. and Cai, X. D. and Capell, M. and Caroff, S. and Casaus, J. and Castellini, G. and Cervelli, F. and Chang, Y. H. and Chen, A. I. and Chen, G. M. and Chen, H. S. and Chen, Y. and Cheng, L. and Chou, H. Y. and Choumilov, E. and Choutko, V. and Chung, C. H. and Clark, C. and Clavero, R. and Coignet, G. and Consolandi, C. and Contin, A. and Corti, C. and Creus, W. and Crispoltoni, M. and Cui, Z. and Dadzie, K. and Dai, Y. M. and Datta, A. and Delgado, C. and Della Torre, S. and Demirköz, M. B. and Derome, L. and Di Falco, S. and Dimiccoli, F. and Díaz, C. and von Doetinchem, P. and Dong, F. and Donnini, F. and Duranti, M. and Egorov, A. and Eline, A. and Eronen, T. and Feng, J. and Fiandrini, E. and Fisher, P. and Formato, V. and Galaktionov, Y. and Gallucci, G. and García-López, R. J. and Gargiulo, C. and Gast, H. and Gebauer, I. and Gervasi, M. and Ghelfi, A. and Giovacchini, F. and Gómez-Coral, D. M. and Gong, J. and Goy, C. and Grabski, V. and Grandi, D. and Graziani, M. and Guo, K. H. and Haino, S. and Han, K. C. and He, Z. H. and Heil, M. and Hsieh, T. H. and Huang, H. and Huang, Z. C. and Incagli, M. and Jia, Yi and Jinchi, H. and Kanishev, K. and Khiali, B. and Kirn, Th. and Konak, C. and Kounina, O. and Kounine, A. and Koutsenko, V. and Kulemzin, A. and La Vacca, G. and Laudi, E. and Laurenti, G. and Lazzizzera, I. and Lebedev, A. and Lee, H. T. and Lee, S. C. and Leluc, C. and Li, H. S. and Li, J. Q. and Li, Q. and Li, T. X. and Li, Z. H. and Li, Z. Y. and Lin, C. H. and Lipari, P. and Lippert, T. and Liu, D. and Liu, Hu and Liu, Z. and Lordello, V. D. and Lu, S. Q. and Lu, Y. S. and Luebelsmeyer, K. and Luo, F. and Luo, J. Z. and Lyu, S. S. and Machate, F. and Mañá, C. and Marín, J. and Martin, T. and Martínez, G. and Masi, N. and Maurin, D. and Menchaca-Rocha, A. and Meng, Q. and Mikuni, V. M. and Mo, D. C. and Mott, P. and Mussolin, L. and Nelson, T. and Ni, J. Q. and Nikonov, N. and Nozzoli, F. and Oliva, A. and Orcinha, M. and Palermo, M. and Palmonari, F. and Palomares, C. and Paniccia, M. and Pauluzzi, M. and Pensotti, S. and Perrina, C. and Phan, H. D. and Picot-Clemente, N. and Pilo, F. and Plyaskin, V. and Pohl, M. and Poireau, V. and Quadrani, L. and Qi, X. M. and Qin, X. and Qu, Z. Y. and Räihä, T. and Rancoita, P. G. and Rapin, D. and Ricol, J. S. and Rosier-Lees, S. and Rozhkov, A. and Rozza, D. and Sagdeev, R. and Schael, S. and Schmidt, S. M. and Schulz von Dratzig, A. and Schwering, G. and Seo, E. S. and Shan, B. S. and Shi, J. Y. and Siedenburg, T. and Song, J. W. and Tacconi, M. and Tang, X. W. and Tang, Z. C. and Tescaro, D. and Tian, J. and Ting, Samuel C. C. and Ting, S. M. and Tomassetti, N. and Torsti, J. and Urban, T. and Vagelli, V. and Valente, E. and Valtonen, E. and Vázquez Acosta, M. and Vecchi, M. and Velasco, M. and Vialle, J. P. and Wang, L. Q. and Wang, N. H. and Wang, Q. L. and Wang, X. and Wang, X. Q. and Wang, Z. X. and Wei, C. C. and Wei, J. and Weng, Z. L. and Whitman, K. and Wu, H. and Xiong, R. Q. and Xu, W. and Yan, Q. and Yang, M. and Yang, Y. and Yi, H. and Yu, Y. J. and Yu, Z. Q. and Zannoni, M. and Zeissler, S. and Zhang, C. and Zhang, F. and Zhang, J. and Zhang, J. H. and Zhang, S. W. and Zhang, Z. and Zheng, Z. M. and Zhuang, H. L. and Zhukov, V. and Zichichi, A. and Zimmermann, N. and Zuccon, P. and AMS Collaboration},
abstractNote = {A precision measurement of the nitrogen flux with rigidity (momentum per unit charge) from 2.2 GV to 3.3 TV based on 2.2 × 10$^6$ events is presented. The detailed rigidity dependence of the nitrogen flux spectral index is presented for the first time. The spectral index rapidly hardens at high rigidities and becomes identical to the spectral indices of primary He, C, and O cosmic rays above ~ 700 GV . We observed that the nitrogen flux $Φ_N$ can be presented as the sum of its primary component $Φ^P_N$ and secondary component $Φ^S_N$ , $Φ_N$ = $Φ^P_N$ + $Φ^S_N$ , and we found $Φ_N$ is well described by the weighted sum of the oxygen flux $Φ_O$ (primary cosmic rays) and the boron flux $Φ_B$ (secondary cosmic rays), with $Φ^P_N$ = (0.090 ± 0.002) × $Φ_O$ and $Φ^S_N$ = (0.62 ± 0.02) × $Φ_B$ over the entire rigidity range. This corresponds to a change of the contribution of the secondary cosmic ray component in the nitrogen flux from 70% at a few GV to < 30 % above 1 TV.},
doi = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.051103},
journal = {Physical Review Letters},
number = 5,
volume = 121,
place = {United States},
year = {2018},
month = {7}
}
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  • DOI: 10.1086/158157

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    Works referencing / citing this record:

    The origin of galactic cosmic rays
    journal, November 2013

    Where to stick your data points: The treatment of measurements within wide bins
    journal, February 1995

    • Lafferty, G. D.; Wyatt, T. R.
    • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 355, Issue 2-3
    • DOI: 10.1016/0168-9002(94)01112-5

    KASCADE measurements of energy spectra for elemental groups of cosmic rays: Results and open problems
    journal, September 2005

    Measurements of cosmic-ray secondary nuclei at high energies with the first flight of the CREAM balloon-borne experiment
    journal, October 2008

    GALPROP WebRun: An internet-based service for calculating galactic cosmic ray propagation and associated photon emissions
    journal, May 2011

    • Vladimirov, A. E.; Digel, S. W.; Jóhannesson, G.
    • Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 182, Issue 5
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.cpc.2011.01.017

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    • Battiston, Roberto
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    • DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2008.01.044

    The internal alignment and position resolution of the AMS-02 silicon tracker determined with cosmic-ray muons
    journal, February 2010

    • Alpat, B.; Ambrosi, G.; Azzarello, Ph.
    • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 613, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2009.11.065

    Upgrade of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS-02) for long term operation on the International Space Station (ISS)
    journal, October 2011

    • Lübelsmeyer, K.; Schultz von Dratzig, A.; Wlochal, M.
    • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 654, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2011.06.051

    Calibration and performance of the AMS-02 time of flight detector in space
    journal, April 2014

    • Bindi, V.; Chen, G. M.; Chen, H. S.
    • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 743
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2014.01.002

    Recent developments in Geant4
    journal, November 2016

    • Allison, J.; Amako, K.; Apostolakis, J.
    • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 835
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2016.06.125

    The spatial resolution of the silicon tracker of the Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer
    journal, October 2017

    • Ambrosi, G.; Choutko, V.; Delgado, C.
    • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 869
    • DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2017.07.014

    The Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer on the International Space Station
    journal, October 2013

    Geant4—a simulation toolkit
    journal, July 2003

    • Agostinelli, S.; Allison, J.; Amako, K.
    • Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 506, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1016/s0168-9002(03)01368-8

    Leptons in near earth orbit
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    A database of charged cosmic rays
    journal, September 2014

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    • Incagli, Marco; Cecchi, Claudia; Ciprini, Stefano
    • SCIENCE WITH THE NEW GENERATION OF HIGH ENERGY GAMMA-RAY EXPERIMENTS: Proceedings of the 7th Workshop on Gamma-Ray Physics in the LHC Era, AIP Conference Proceedings
    • DOI: 10.1063/1.3395995

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    • Juliusson, Einar
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 191
    • DOI: 10.1086/152972

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    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 226
    • DOI: 10.1086/156692

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    journal, July 1980

    • Simon, M.; Spiegelhauer, H.; Schmidt, W. K. H.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 239
    • DOI: 10.1086/158157

    Relative abundances of secondary and primary cosmic rays at high energies
    journal, January 1990

    • Swordy, Simon P.; Mueller, Dietrich; Meyer, Peter
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 349
    • DOI: 10.1086/168349

    On the Cosmic Origins of Carbon and Nitrogen
    journal, October 2000

    • Henry, R. B. C.; Edmunds, M. G.; Koppen, J.
    • The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 541, Issue 2
    • DOI: 10.1086/309471

    Constraints on Cosmic-Ray Propagation Models from a Global Bayesian Analysis
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    Nitrogen and oxygen abundances in the Local Universe
    journal, March 2016

    • Vincenzo, F.; Belfiore, F.; Maiolino, R.
    • Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, Vol. 458, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1093/mnras/stw532

    International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the eleventh generation: IGRF-11
    journal, October 2010

    The Nine Lives of Cosmic Rays in Galaxies
    journal, August 2015

    Cosmic-Ray Propagation and Interactions in the Galaxy
    journal, November 2007

    International Geomagnetic Reference Field: the 12th generation
    journal, May 2015

    • Thébault, Erwan; Finlay, Christopher C.; Beggan, Ciarán D.
    • Earth, Planets and Space, Vol. 67, Issue 1
    • DOI: 10.1186/s40623-015-0228-9

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    Modulation of Galactic Cosmic Rays from Helium to Nickel in the Inner Heliosphere
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    • Boschini, M. J.; Torre, S. Della; Gervasi, M.
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