A practical field guide to thermoelectrics: Fundamentals, synthesis, and characterization

Zevalkink, Alex; Smiadak, David M.; Blackburn, Jeff L.; Ferguson, Andrew J.; Chabinyc, Michael L.; Delaire, Olivier; Wang, Jian; Kovnir, Kirill; Martin, Joshua; Schelhas, Laura T.; Sparks, Taylor D.; Kang, Stephen D.; Dylla, Maxwell T.; Snyder, G. Jeffrey; Ortiz, Brenden R.; Toberer, Eric S.

doi:10.1063/1.5021094

Title: A practical field guide to thermoelectrics: Fundamentals, synthesis, and characterization

Abstract

The study of thermoelectric materials spans condensed matter physics, materials science and engineering, and solid-state chemistry. The diversity of the participants and the inherent complexity of the topic mean that it is difficult, if not impossible, for a researcher to be fluent in all aspects of the field. This review, which grew out of a one-week summer school for graduate students, aims to provide an introduction and practical guidance for selected conceptual, synthetic, and characterization approaches and to craft a common umbrella of language, theory, and experimental practice for those engaged in the field of thermoelectric materials. This work does not attempt to cover all major aspects of thermoelectric materials research or review state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials. Rather, the topics discussed herein reflect the expertise and experience of the authors. We begin by discussing a universal approach to modeling electronic transport using Landauer theory. The core sections of the review are focused on bulk inorganic materials and include a discussion of effective strategies for powder and single crystal synthesis, the use of national synchrotron sources to characterize crystalline materials, error analysis, and modeling of transport data using an effective mass model, and characterization of phonon behavior using inelastic neutron scattering andmore »« less

Authors:

Zevalkink, Alex ^[1]; Smiadak, David M. ^[1];

^[2]; Ferguson, Andrew J. ^[2];

^[3]; Delaire, Olivier ^[4];

^[5]; Kovnir, Kirill ^[5]; Martin, Joshua ^[6];

^[7];

^[8];

^[9]; Dylla, Maxwell T. ^[9]; Snyder, G. Jeffrey ^[9]; Ortiz, Brenden R. ^[10]; Toberer, Eric S. ^[10]

Michigan State Univ., East Lansing, MI (United States). Chemical Engineering and Materials Science Dept.
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Chemistry and Nanoscience Center
Univ. of California, Santa Barbara, CA (United States). Materials Dept.
Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States). Dept. of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science; Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States). Materials Science and Technology Division
Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States). Dept. of Chemistry; Ames Lab., Ames, IA (United States)
National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD (United States)
SLAC National Accelerator Lab., Menlo Park, CA (United States). Applied Energy Programs
Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States). Materials Science and Engineering
Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States). Dept. of Physics

Publication Date:: Wed Jun 27 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Energy Frontier Research Centers (EFRC) (United States). Solid-State Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion Center (S3TEC); SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (SLAC), Menlo Park, CA (United States); National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL), Golden, CO (United States); Argonne National Laboratory (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22) Materials Sciences & Engineering Division; USDOE Laboratory Directed Research and Development (LDRD) Program; National Science Foundation (NSF); Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States). Solid-State Solar-Thermal Energy Conversion Center (S3TEC)

OSTI Identifier:: 1461838

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1457477

Report Number(s):: NREL/JA-5900-70744
Journal ID: ISSN 1931-9401; TRN: US1902058

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-76SF00515; 1651668; 1334713; 1709158; 1729487; AC36-08GO28308; FG02-09ER46577; SC0001299; SC0008931; SC0016390

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Applied Physics Reviews

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 5; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1931-9401

Publisher:: American Institute of Physics (AIP)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 75 CONDENSED MATTER PHYSICS, SUPERCONDUCTIVITY AND SUPERFLUIDITY; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 42 ENGINEERING; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; electronic transport; ultrasonics; phonons; materials science; synchrotrons; acoustical measurements; neutron scattering

Citation Formats


                    Zevalkink, Alex, Smiadak, David M., Blackburn, Jeff L., Ferguson, Andrew J., Chabinyc, Michael L., Delaire, Olivier, Wang, Jian, Kovnir, Kirill, Martin, Joshua, Schelhas, Laura T., Sparks, Taylor D., Kang, Stephen D., Dylla, Maxwell T., Snyder, G. Jeffrey, Ortiz, Brenden R., and Toberer, Eric S. A practical field guide to thermoelectrics: Fundamentals, synthesis, and characterization.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1063/1.5021094.

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                    Zevalkink, Alex, Smiadak, David M., Blackburn, Jeff L., Ferguson, Andrew J., Chabinyc, Michael L., Delaire, Olivier, Wang, Jian, Kovnir, Kirill, Martin, Joshua, Schelhas, Laura T., Sparks, Taylor D., Kang, Stephen D., Dylla, Maxwell T., Snyder, G. Jeffrey, Ortiz, Brenden R., & Toberer, Eric S. A practical field guide to thermoelectrics: Fundamentals, synthesis, and characterization.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5021094

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                    Zevalkink, Alex, Smiadak, David M., Blackburn, Jeff L., Ferguson, Andrew J., Chabinyc, Michael L., Delaire, Olivier, Wang, Jian, Kovnir, Kirill, Martin, Joshua, Schelhas, Laura T., Sparks, Taylor D., Kang, Stephen D., Dylla, Maxwell T., Snyder, G. Jeffrey, Ortiz, Brenden R., and Toberer, Eric S. Wed .  
"A practical field guide to thermoelectrics: Fundamentals, synthesis, and characterization".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5021094.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1461838.

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@article{osti_1461838,

  title        = {A practical field guide to thermoelectrics: Fundamentals, synthesis, and characterization},

  author       = {Zevalkink, Alex and Smiadak, David M. and Blackburn, Jeff L. and Ferguson, Andrew J. and Chabinyc, Michael L. and Delaire, Olivier and Wang, Jian and Kovnir, Kirill and Martin, Joshua and Schelhas, Laura T. and Sparks, Taylor D. and Kang, Stephen D. and Dylla, Maxwell T. and Snyder, G. Jeffrey and Ortiz, Brenden R. and Toberer, Eric S.},

  abstractNote = {The study of thermoelectric materials spans condensed matter physics, materials science and engineering, and solid-state chemistry. The diversity of the participants and the inherent complexity of the topic mean that it is difficult, if not impossible, for a researcher to be fluent in all aspects of the field. This review, which grew out of a one-week summer school for graduate students, aims to provide an introduction and practical guidance for selected conceptual, synthetic, and characterization approaches and to craft a common umbrella of language, theory, and experimental practice for those engaged in the field of thermoelectric materials. This work does not attempt to cover all major aspects of thermoelectric materials research or review state-of-the-art thermoelectric materials. Rather, the topics discussed herein reflect the expertise and experience of the authors. We begin by discussing a universal approach to modeling electronic transport using Landauer theory. The core sections of the review are focused on bulk inorganic materials and include a discussion of effective strategies for powder and single crystal synthesis, the use of national synchrotron sources to characterize crystalline materials, error analysis, and modeling of transport data using an effective mass model, and characterization of phonon behavior using inelastic neutron scattering and ultrasonic speed of sound measurements. The final core section discusses the challenges faced when synthesizing carbon-based samples and the measuring or interpretation of their transport properties. We conclude this review with a brief discussion of some of the grand challenges and opportunities that remain to be addressed in the study of thermoelectrics.},

  doi          = {10.1063/1.5021094},

  journal      = {Applied Physics Reviews},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 5,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Wed Jun 27 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Wed Jun 27 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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Influence of the La/M Network on Magnetic Properties of Mn 4 Tetrahedra in Intermetallic Compounds La 21−δ Mn 8 M 7 C 12 (M = Ge, Sn, Sb, Te, Bi) journal, April 2011

Solid state metathesis reactions as a conceptual tool in the synthesis of new materials journal, January 2010

Modeling non-harmonic behavior of materials from experimental inelastic neutron scattering and thermal expansion measurements journal, July 2016

High Lattice Thermal Conductivity Solids book, January 2006

Thermopower enhancement by encapsulating cerium in clathrate cages journal, September 2013

Effect of quantum-well structures on the thermoelectric figure of merit journal, May 1993

Engineered doping of organic semiconductors for enhanced thermoelectric efficiency journal, May 2013

Protocols for the high temperature measurement of the Seebeck coefficient in thermoelectric materials journal, July 2013

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future journal, April 2000

Monitoring a Silent Phase Transition in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Solar Cells via Operando X-ray Diffraction journal, October 2016

Characterization of Lorenz number with Seebeck coefficient measurement journal, April 2015

Thermoelectricity in polymer composites due to fluctuation-induced tunneling journal, January 2015

Some applications of laser ultrasound journal, July 1989

Flexible and Robust Thermoelectric Generators Based on All-Carbon Nanotube Yarn without Metal Electrodes journal, July 2017

n-Doping of Organic Electronic Materials using Air-Stable Organometallics journal, November 2011

Printed thermoelectric materials and devices: Fabrication techniques, advantages, and challenges: REVIEW journal, September 2016

Spin caloritronics journal, January 2014

CrSe2, a new layered dichalcogenide journal, January 1980

Frequency response of different couplant materials for mounting transducers journal, April 2005

Overcoming Film Quality Issues for Conjugated Polymers Doped with F 4 TCNQ by Solution Sequential Processing: Hall Effect, Structural, and Optical Measurements journal, November 2015

Recent developments in the photophysics of single-walled carbon nanotubes for their use as active and passive material elements in thin film photovoltaics journal, January 2013

Progress towards monodisperse single-walled carbon nanotubes journal, May 2008

Clathrate thermoelectrics journal, October 2016

Stability, thermal and mechanical properties of PtxAly compounds journal, June 2011

Effect of Intertube Junctions on the Thermoelectric Power of Monodispersed Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks journal, November 2014

Thermoelectric Properties of Polymeric Mixed Conductors journal, July 2016

Diameter dependence of thermoelectric power of semiconducting carbon nanotubes journal, October 2015

Atomic and electronic structure of polymer organic semiconductors: P3HT, PQT, and PBTTT journal, December 2007

Tuning Ferro- and Metamagnetic Transitions in Rare-Earth Cobalt Phosphides La 1− x Pr x Co 2 P 2 journal, March 2010

Significant Electronic Thermal Transport in the Conducting Polymer Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) journal, February 2015

A guest-free germanium clathrate journal, September 2006

Nitridoborates of the Lanthanides: Synthesis, Structure Principles, and Properties of a New Class of Compounds journal, September 2002

Solitons in conducting polymers journal, July 1988

Achieving zT > 1 in Inexpensive Zintl Phase Ca 9 Zn 4+ x Sb 9 by Phase Boundary Mapping journal, March 2017

Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems book, January 2013

Redox Sorting of Carbon Nanotubes journal, February 2015

Charge-transport model for conducting polymers journal, November 2016

Nonlocal Thermoelectric Effects and Nonlocal Onsager relations in a Three-Terminal Proximity-Coupled Superconductor-Ferromagnet Device journal, January 2013

Synthesis of ThCr2Si2-type arsenides from Bi flux journal, January 2011

Organic thermoelectric materials for energy harvesting and temperature control journal, August 2016

Effects of structural order in the pristine state on the thermoelectric power-factor of doped PBTTT films journal, June 2012

The Density of States and the Transport Effective Mass in a Highly Oriented Semiconducting Polymer: Electronic Delocalization in 1D journal, October 2015

Simple Salt-Coordinated n-Type Nanocarbon Materials Stable in Air journal, April 2016

Organic Thermoelectric Materials and Devices Based on p- and n-Type Poly(metal 1,1,2,2-ethenetetrathiolate)s journal, January 2012

Convergence of multi-valley bands as the electronic origin of high thermoelectric performance in CoSb3 skutterudites journal, October 2015

Increasing the Thermoelectric Power Factor of a Semiconducting Polymer by Doping from the Vapor Phase journal, February 2016

Improved thermoelectric properties in Zn-doped Ca5Ga2Sb6 journal, January 2013

Ultralow thermal conductivity of fullerene derivatives journal, August 2013

Giant Seebeck coefficient in semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotube film journal, January 2014

Two-dimensional metal NaCu 6.3 Sb 3 and solid-state transformations of sodium copper antimonides journal, January 2017

Carbon-Nanotube-Based Thermoelectric Materials and Devices
journal, January 2018

Flexible PEDOT electrodes with large thermoelectric power factors to generate electricity by the touch of fingertips
journal, January 2013

Polymer-Free Carbon Nanotube Thermoelectrics with Improved Charge Carrier Transport and Power Factor
journal, November 2016

Crystal Structures of Thermoelectric n- and p -type Ba ₈ Ga ₁₆ Ge ₃₀ Studied by Single Crystal, Multitemperature, Neutron Diffraction, Conventional X-ray Diffraction and Resonant Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction
journal, December 2006

The Thermoelectric Figure of Merit and its Relation to Thermoelectric Generators†
journal, July 1959

Ultrasonic velocity measurements for estimation of grain size in austenitic stainless steel
journal, January 1995

Thermoelectric properties of conducting polymers: The case of poly(3-hexylthiophene)
journal, September 2010

The effect of sub-oxide phases on the transparency of tin-doped gallium oxide
journal, October 2016

Elastic constants of chrome-diopside: application of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy to monoclinic single-crystals
journal, August 2003

Synthesis and characterization of Mg2Si/Si nanocomposites prepared from MgH2 and silicon, and their thermoelectric properties
journal, January 2012

Realizing High Figure of Merit in Phase-Separated Polycrystalline Sn _{1– x} Pb _x Se
journal, October 2016

Hardness and fracture toughness of thermoelectric La3−x Te4
journal, October 2013

Thermal Conductivity
book, January 2004

Ruthenium Intermetallics Grown from La−Ni Flux: Synthesis, Structure, and Physical Properties
journal, March 2010

GeAs: Highly Anisotropic van der Waals Thermoelectric Material
journal, April 2016

The Metal Flux: A Preparative Tool for the Exploration of Intermetallic Compounds
journal, November 2005

Complete determination of elastic moduli of interpenetrating metal/ceramic composites using ultrasonic techniques and micromechanical modelling
journal, October 2011

Conductivity, thermoelectric power and field-effect mobility in self-assembled films of polyanilines and oligoanilines
journal, February 1995

Multilayered Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Composite Based Thermoelectric Fabrics
journal, February 2012

Thermoelectric power and conductivity of heterogeneous conducting polymers
journal, August 1989

A remote laser system for ultrasonic velocity measurement at high temperatures
journal, February 1988

Tuning the driving force for exciton dissociation in single-walled carbon nanotube heterojunctions
journal, April 2016

Defect Engineering in π-Conjugated Polymers
journal, October 2009

Solid state metathesis reaction for metal borides, silicides, pnictides and chalcogenides: ionic or elemental pathways
journal, January 1996

Laser characterization of ultrasonic wave propagation in random media
journal, April 2003

25th Anniversary Article: Organic Field-Effect Transistors: The Path Beyond Amorphous Silicon
journal, January 2014

Thermal transport in organic semiconducting polymers
journal, June 2013

Influence of the La/M Network on Magnetic Properties of Mn ₄ Tetrahedra in Intermetallic Compounds La _21−δ Mn ₈ M ₇ C ₁₂ (M = Ge, Sn, Sb, Te, Bi)
journal, April 2011

Solid state metathesis reactions as a conceptual tool in the synthesis of new materials
journal, January 2010

Modeling non-harmonic behavior of materials from experimental inelastic neutron scattering and thermal expansion measurements
journal, July 2016

High Lattice Thermal Conductivity Solids
book, January 2006

Thermopower enhancement by encapsulating cerium in clathrate cages
journal, September 2013

Effect of quantum-well structures on the thermoelectric figure of merit
journal, May 1993

Engineered doping of organic semiconductors for enhanced thermoelectric efficiency
journal, May 2013

Protocols for the high temperature measurement of the Seebeck coefficient in thermoelectric materials
journal, July 2013

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) and Its Derivatives: Past, Present, and Future
journal, April 2000

Monitoring a Silent Phase Transition in CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ Solar Cells via Operando X-ray Diffraction
journal, October 2016

Characterization of Lorenz number with Seebeck coefficient measurement
journal, April 2015

Thermoelectricity in polymer composites due to fluctuation-induced tunneling
journal, January 2015

Some applications of laser ultrasound
journal, July 1989

Flexible and Robust Thermoelectric Generators Based on All-Carbon Nanotube Yarn without Metal Electrodes
journal, July 2017

n-Doping of Organic Electronic Materials using Air-Stable Organometallics
journal, November 2011

Printed thermoelectric materials and devices: Fabrication techniques, advantages, and challenges: REVIEW
journal, September 2016

Spin caloritronics
journal, January 2014

CrSe2, a new layered dichalcogenide
journal, January 1980

Frequency response of different couplant materials for mounting transducers
journal, April 2005

Overcoming Film Quality Issues for Conjugated Polymers Doped with F ₄ TCNQ by Solution Sequential Processing: Hall Effect, Structural, and Optical Measurements
journal, November 2015

Recent developments in the photophysics of single-walled carbon nanotubes for their use as active and passive material elements in thin film photovoltaics
journal, January 2013

Progress towards monodisperse single-walled carbon nanotubes
journal, May 2008

Clathrate thermoelectrics
journal, October 2016

Stability, thermal and mechanical properties of PtxAly compounds
journal, June 2011

Effect of Intertube Junctions on the Thermoelectric Power of Monodispersed Single Walled Carbon Nanotube Networks
journal, November 2014

Thermoelectric Properties of Polymeric Mixed Conductors
journal, July 2016

Diameter dependence of thermoelectric power of semiconducting carbon nanotubes
journal, October 2015

Atomic and electronic structure of polymer organic semiconductors: P3HT, PQT, and PBTTT
journal, December 2007

Tuning Ferro- and Metamagnetic Transitions in Rare-Earth Cobalt Phosphides La _{1− x} Pr _x Co ₂ P ₂
journal, March 2010

Significant Electronic Thermal Transport in the Conducting Polymer Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)
journal, February 2015

A guest-free germanium clathrate
journal, September 2006

Nitridoborates of the Lanthanides: Synthesis, Structure Principles, and Properties of a New Class of Compounds
journal, September 2002

Solitons in conducting polymers
journal, July 1988

Achieving zT > 1 in Inexpensive Zintl Phase Ca ₉ Zn ₄₊ _x Sb ₉ by Phase Boundary Mapping
journal, March 2017

Electronic Transport in Mesoscopic Systems
book, January 2013

Redox Sorting of Carbon Nanotubes
journal, February 2015

Charge-transport model for conducting polymers
journal, November 2016

Nonlocal Thermoelectric Effects and Nonlocal Onsager relations in a Three-Terminal Proximity-Coupled Superconductor-Ferromagnet Device
journal, January 2013

Synthesis of ThCr2Si2-type arsenides from Bi flux
journal, January 2011

Organic thermoelectric materials for energy harvesting and temperature control
journal, August 2016

Effects of structural order in the pristine state on the thermoelectric power-factor of doped PBTTT films
journal, June 2012

The Density of States and the Transport Effective Mass in a Highly Oriented Semiconducting Polymer: Electronic Delocalization in 1D
journal, October 2015

Simple Salt-Coordinated n-Type Nanocarbon Materials Stable in Air
journal, April 2016

Organic Thermoelectric Materials and Devices Based on p- and n-Type Poly(metal 1,1,2,2-ethenetetrathiolate)s
journal, January 2012

Convergence of multi-valley bands as the electronic origin of high thermoelectric performance in CoSb3 skutterudites
journal, October 2015

Increasing the Thermoelectric Power Factor of a Semiconducting Polymer by Doping from the Vapor Phase
journal, February 2016

Improved thermoelectric properties in Zn-doped Ca5Ga2Sb6
journal, January 2013

Ultralow thermal conductivity of fullerene derivatives
journal, August 2013

Giant Seebeck coefficient in semiconducting single-wall carbon nanotube film
journal, January 2014

Two-dimensional metal NaCu _6.3 Sb ₃ and solid-state transformations of sodium copper antimonides
journal, January 2017

Clathrate Structure of Silicon Na8Si46 and NaxSi136 (x < 11)
journal, December 1965

On the normal modes of free vibration of inhomogeneous and anisotropic elastic objects
journal, October 1991

Thermoelectrics
book, January 2001