Roadmap on transformation optics

McCall, Martin; Pendry, John B.; Galdi, Vincenzo; Lai, Yun; Horsley, S. A. R.; Li, Jensen; Zhu, Jian; Mitchell-Thomas, Rhiannon C.; Quevedo-Teruel, Oscar; Tassin, Philippe; Ginis, Vincent; Martini, Enrica; Minatti, Gabriele; Maci, Stefano; Ebrahimpouri, Mahsa; Hao, Yang; Kinsler, Paul; Gratus, Jonathan; Lukens, Joseph M.; Weiner, Andrew M.; Leonhardt, Ulf; Smolyaninov, Igor I.; Smolyaninova, Vera N.; Thompson, Robert T.; Wegener, Martin; Kadic, Muamer; Cummer, Steven A.

doi:10.1088/2040-8986/aab976

Title: Roadmap on transformation optics

Journal Article · 21 May 2018 · Journal of Optics

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2040-8986/aab976 · OSTI ID:1460230

McCall, Martin ^[1]; Pendry, John B. ^[1];

^[2]; Lai, Yun ^[3]; Horsley, S. A. R. ^[4];

^[5]; Zhu, Jian ^[5]; Mitchell-Thomas, Rhiannon C. ^[4];

^[6]; Tassin, Philippe ^[7]; Ginis, Vincent ^[8]; Martini, Enrica ^[9]; Minatti, Gabriele ^[9]; Maci, Stefano ^[9]; Ebrahimpouri, Mahsa ^[6];

^[10];

^[11];

^[12];

^[13];

^[14] more »

Imperial College, London (United Kingdom)
University of Sannio, Benevento (Italy)
Nanjing Univ. (China)
Univ. of Exeter, Devon (United Kingdom)
Univ. of Birmingham (United Kingdom)
KTH Royal Inst. of Technology, Stockholm (Sweden)
Chalmers University, Göteborg (Sweden)
Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Brussels (Belgium)
Univ. of Siena (Italy)
Queen Mary Univ. of London (United Kingdom)
Lancaster Univ., Bailrigg (United Kingdom)
Lancaster Univ., Bailrigg (United Kingdom); Sci-Tech Daresbury (United Kingdom)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Purdue Univ., West Lafayette, IN (United States)
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot (Israel)
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States)
Towson University, MD (United States)
Karlsruhe Inst. of Technology (KIT) (Germany)
Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States)

Transformation optics asks, using Maxwell's equations, what kind of electromagnetic medium recreates some smooth deformation of space? The guiding principle is Einstein's principle of covariance: that any physical theory must take the same form in any coordinate system. This requirement fixes very precisely the required electromagnetic medium. The impact of this insight cannot be overestimated. Many practitioners were used to thinking that only a few analytic solutions to Maxwell's equations existed, such as the monochromatic plane wave in a homogeneous, isotropic medium. At a stroke, transformation optics increases that landscape from 'few' to 'infinity', and to each of the infinitude of analytic solutions dreamt up by the researcher, there corresponds an electromagnetic medium capable of reproducing that solution precisely. The most striking example is the electromagnetic cloak, thought to be an unreachable dream of science fiction writers, but realised in the laboratory a few months after the papers proposing the possibility were published. But the practical challenges are considerable, requiring meta-media that are at once electrically and magnetically inhomogeneous and anisotropic. How far have we come since the first demonstrations over a decade ago? And what does the future hold? If the wizardry of perfect macroscopic optical invisibility still eludes us in practice, then what compromises still enable us to create interesting, useful, devices? While three-dimensional (3D) cloaking remains a significant technical challenge, much progress has been made in two dimensions. Carpet cloaking, wherein an object is hidden under a surface that appears optically flat, relaxes the constraints of extreme electromagnetic parameters. Surface wave cloaking guides sub-wavelength surface waves, making uneven surfaces appear flat. Two dimensions is also the setting in which conformal and complex coordinate transformations are realisable, and the possibilities in this restricted domain do not appear to have been exhausted yet. Beyond cloaking, the enhanced electromagnetic landscape provided by transformation optics has shown how fully analytic solutions can be found to a number of physical scenarios such as plasmonic systems used in electron energy loss spectroscopy and cathodoluminescence. Are there further fields to be enriched? A new twist to transformation optics was the extension to the spacetime domain. By applying transformations to spacetime, rather than just space, it was shown that events rather than objects could be hidden from view; transformation optics had provided a means of effectively redacting events from history. The hype quickly settled into serious nonlinear optical experiments that demonstrated the soundness of the idea, and it is now possible to consider the practical implications, particularly in optical signal processing, of having an 'interrupt-without-interrupt' facility that the so-called temporal cloak provides. Inevitable issues of dispersion in actual systems have only begun to be addressed. Now that time is included in the programme of transformation optics, it is natural to ask what role ideas from general relativity can play in shaping the future of transformation optics. Indeed, one of the earliest papers on transformation optics was provocatively titled 'General Relativity in Electrical Engineering'. The answer that curvature does not enter directly into transformation optics merely encourages us to speculate on the role of transformation optics in defining laboratory analogues. Quite why Maxwell's theory defines a 'perfect' transformation theory, while other areas of physics such as acoustics are not apparently quite so amenable, is a deep question whose precise, mathematical answer will help inform us of the extent to which similar ideas can be extended to other fields. Here, the contributors to this Roadmap, who are all renowned practitioners or inventors of transformation optics, will give their perspectives into the field's status and future development.

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Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1460230

Journal Information:: Journal of Optics, Journal Name: Journal of Optics Journal Issue: 6 Vol. 20; ISSN 2040-8978

Publisher:: IOP PublishingCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

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Scalar and Tensor Holographic Artificial Impedance Surfaces Fong, Bryan H.; Colburn, Joseph S.; Ottusch, John J. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 58, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2010.2055812	journal	October 2010
Discrete Coordinate Transformation for Designing All-Dielectric Flat Antennas Tang, Wenxuan; Argyropoulos, Christos; Kallos, Efthymios IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 58, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2010.2078475	journal	December 2010
Spiral Leaky-Wave Antennas Based on Modulated Surface Impedance Minatti, Gabriele; Caminita, Francesco; Casaletti, Massimiliano IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 59, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2011.2165691	journal	December 2011
Transformation Optics Inspired Multibeam Lens Antennas for Broadband Directive Radiation Wu, Qi; Jiang, Zhi Hao; Quevedo-Teruel, Oscar IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 61, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2013.2282905	journal	December 2013
Flat Luneburg Lens via Transformation Optics for Directive Antenna Applications Mateo-Segura, Carolina; Dyke, Amy; Dyke, Hazel IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2014.2302004	journal	April 2014
Passive Lossless Huygens Metasurfaces for Conversion of Arbitrary Source Field to Directive Radiation Epstein, Ariel; Eleftheriades, George V. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 62, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2014.2354419	journal	November 2014
Modulated Metasurface Antennas for Space: Synthesis, Analysis and Realizations Minatti, Gabriele; Faenzi, Marco; Martini, Enrica IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 63, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2014.2377718	journal	April 2015
Flat Optics for Surface Waves Martini, Enrica; Mencagli, Mario; Gonzalez-Ovejero, David IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 64, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2015.2500259	journal	January 2016
Dual Circularly Polarized Broadside Beam Metasurface Antenna Tellechea Pereda, Amagoia; Caminita, Francesco; Martini, Enrica IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 64, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2016.2562662	journal	July 2016
Surface Waveguides Supporting Both TM Mode and TE Mode With the Same Phase Velocity Li, Mei; Xiao, Shaoqiu; Long, Jiang IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 64, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2016.2583471	journal	September 2016
Bespoke Lenses Based on Quasi-Conformal Transformation Optics Technique Ebrahimpouri, Mahsa; Quevedo-Teruel, Oscar IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2017.2679494	journal	May 2017
Nonreciprocal Nongyrotropic Magnetless Metasurface Taravati, Sajjad; Khan, Bakhtiar A.; Gupta, Shulabh IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, Vol. 65, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1109/TAP.2017.2702712	journal	July 2017
Controlling Electromagnetic Fields Pendry, J. B.; Schurig, D.; Smith, D. R. Science, Vol. 312, Issue 5781, p. 1780-1782 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1125907	journal	June 2006
Optical Conformal Mapping Leonhardt, U. Science, Vol. 312, Issue 5781 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1126493	journal	June 2006
Metamaterial Electromagnetic Cloak at Microwave Frequencies Schurig, D.; Mock, J. J.; Justice, B. J. Science, Vol. 314, Issue 5801 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1133628	journal	November 2006
Three-Dimensional Invisibility Cloak at Optical Wavelengths Ergin, T.; Stenger, N.; Brenner, P. Science, Vol. 328, Issue 5976, p. 337-339 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1186351	journal	March 2010
Transformation Optics Using Graphene Vakil, A.; Engheta, N. Science, Vol. 332, Issue 6035 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1202691	journal	June 2011
Light Propagation with Phase Discontinuities: Generalized Laws of Reflection and Refraction Yu, N.; Genevet, P.; Kats, M. A. Science, Vol. 334, Issue 6054 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1210713	journal	September 2011
Transformation Optics and Subwavelength Control of Light Pendry, J. B.; Aubry, A.; Smith, D. R. Science, Vol. 337, Issue 6094 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1220600	journal	August 2012
Probing the Ultimate Limits of Plasmonic Enhancement Ciraci, C.; Hill, R. T.; Mock, J. J. Science, Vol. 337, Issue 6098 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1224823	journal	August 2012
Performing Mathematical Operations with Metamaterials Silva, A.; Monticone, F.; Castaldi, G. Science, Vol. 343, Issue 6167 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1242818	journal	January 2014
Invisibility cloaking in a diffusive light scattering medium Schittny, R.; Kadic, M.; Buckmann, T. Science, Vol. 345, Issue 6195 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1254524	journal	June 2014
Transforming the optical landscape Pendry, J. B.; Luo, Y.; Zhao, R. Science, Vol. 348, Issue 6234 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1261244	journal	April 2015
An ultrathin invisibility skin cloak for visible light Ni, X.; Wong, Z. J.; Mrejen, M. Science, Vol. 349, Issue 6254, p. 1310-1314 https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9411	journal	September 2015
Modeling of time with metamaterials Smolyaninov, Igor I.; Hung, Yu-Ju Journal of the Optical Society of America B, Vol. 28, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1364/JOSAB.28.001591	journal	January 2011
Optical lens compression via transformation optics Roberts, D. A.; Kundtz, N.; Smith, D. R. Optics Express, Vol. 17, Issue 19 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.17.016535	journal	January 2009
Scaling two-dimensional photonic crystals for transformation optics Liang, Zixian; Li, Jensen Optics Express, Vol. 19, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.19.016821	journal	January 2011
Planar, flattened Luneburg lens at infrared wavelengths Hunt, John; Tyler, Talmage; Dhar, Sulochana Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.001706	journal	January 2012
Transformation thermodynamics: cloaking and concentrating heat flux Guenneau, Sebastien; Amra, Claude; Veynante, Denis Optics Express, Vol. 20, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.20.008207	journal	January 2012
Experimental demonstration of metamaterial “multiverse” in a ferrofluid Smolyaninov, Igor I.; Yost, Bradley; Bates, Evan Optics Express, Vol. 21, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.21.014918	journal	January 2013
Topology optimized all-dielectric cloak: design, performances and modal picture of the invisibility effect Vial, Benjamin; Hao, Yang Optics Express, Vol. 23, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.23.023551	journal	January 2015
50-GHz-spaced comb of high-dimensional frequency-bin entangled photons from an on-chip silicon nitride microresonator Imany, Poolad; Jaramillo-Villegas, Jose A.; Odele, Ogaga D. Optics Express, Vol. 26, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1364/OE.26.001825	journal	January 2018
Lenses on curved surfaces Mitchell-Thomas, R. C.; Quevedo-Teruel, O.; McManus, T. M. Optics Letters, Vol. 39, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.39.003551	journal	January 2014
Diffuse-light all-solid-state invisibility cloak Schittny, Robert; Niemeyer, Andreas; Kadic, Muamer Optics Letters, Vol. 40, Issue 18 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.40.004202	journal	January 2015
Photonic crystals with broadband, wide-angle, and polarization-insensitive transparency Yao, Zhongqi; Luo, Jie; Lai, Yun Optics Letters, Vol. 41, Issue 21 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.41.005106	journal	January 2016
Extended temporal cloak based on the inverse temporal Talbot effect Li, Bowen; Wang, Xie; Kang, Jiqiang Optics Letters, Vol. 42, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1364/OL.42.000767	journal	January 2017
Temporal cloaking for data suppression and retrieval Lukens, Joseph M.; Metcalf, Andrew J.; Leaird, Daniel E. Optica, Vol. 1, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.1.000372	journal	January 2014
Cloaked contact grids on solar cells by coordinate transformations: designs and prototypes Schumann, Martin F.; Wiesendanger, Samuel; Goldschmidt, Jan Christoph Optica, Vol. 2, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.2.000850	journal	January 2015
Dispersion engineering via nonlocal transformation optics Moccia, Massimo; Castaldi, Giuseppe; Galdi, Vincenzo Optica, Vol. 3, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.3.000179	journal	January 2016
Digital integral cloaking Choi, Joseph S.; Howell, John C. Optica, Vol. 3, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.3.000536	journal	January 2016
Frequency-encoded photonic qubits for scalable quantum information processing Lukens, Joseph M.; Lougovski, Pavel Optica, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1364/OPTICA.4.000008	journal	December 2016

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