DOE PAGES title logo U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Scientific and Technical Information

Title: DCMIP2016: a review of non-hydrostatic dynamical core design and intercomparison of participating models

Abstract

Abstract. Atmospheric dynamical cores are a fundamental component of global atmospheric modeling systems and are responsible for capturing the dynamical behavior of the Earth's atmosphere via numerical integration of the Navier–Stokes equations. These systems have existed in one form or another for over half of a century, with the earliest discretizations having now evolved into a complex ecosystem of algorithms and computational strategies. In essence, no two dynamical cores are alike, and their individual successes suggest that no perfect model exists. To better understand modern dynamical cores, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of 11 non-hydrostatic dynamical cores, drawn from modeling centers and groups that participated in the 2016 Dynamical Core Model Intercomparison Project (DCMIP) workshop and summer school. This review includes a choice of model grid, variable placement, vertical coordinate, prognostic equations, temporal discretization, and the diffusion, stabilization, filters, and fixers employed by each system.

Authors:
; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ; ; more »; ORCiD logo; ORCiD logo; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; « less
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC)
OSTI Identifier:
1460004
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1511005
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0016015
Resource Type:
Published Article
Journal Name:
Geoscientific Model Development (Online)
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Geoscientific Model Development (Online) Journal Volume: 10 Journal Issue: 12; Journal ID: ISSN 1991-9603
Publisher:
Copernicus Publications, EGU
Country of Publication:
Germany
Language:
English
Subject:
54 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES

Citation Formats

Ullrich, Paul A., Jablonowski, Christiane, Kent, James, Lauritzen, Peter H., Nair, Ramachandran, Reed, Kevin A., Zarzycki, Colin M., Hall, David M., Dazlich, Don, Heikes, Ross, Konor, Celal, Randall, David, Dubos, Thomas, Meurdesoif, Yann, Chen, Xi, Harris, Lucas, Kühnlein, Christian, Lee, Vivian, Qaddouri, Abdessamad, Girard, Claude, Giorgetta, Marco, Reinert, Daniel, Klemp, Joseph, Park, Sang-Hun, Skamarock, William, Miura, Hiroaki, Ohno, Tomoki, Yoshida, Ryuji, Walko, Robert, Reinecke, Alex, and Viner, Kevin. DCMIP2016: a review of non-hydrostatic dynamical core design and intercomparison of participating models. Germany: N. p., 2017. Web. doi:10.5194/gmd-10-4477-2017.
Ullrich, Paul A., Jablonowski, Christiane, Kent, James, Lauritzen, Peter H., Nair, Ramachandran, Reed, Kevin A., Zarzycki, Colin M., Hall, David M., Dazlich, Don, Heikes, Ross, Konor, Celal, Randall, David, Dubos, Thomas, Meurdesoif, Yann, Chen, Xi, Harris, Lucas, Kühnlein, Christian, Lee, Vivian, Qaddouri, Abdessamad, Girard, Claude, Giorgetta, Marco, Reinert, Daniel, Klemp, Joseph, Park, Sang-Hun, Skamarock, William, Miura, Hiroaki, Ohno, Tomoki, Yoshida, Ryuji, Walko, Robert, Reinecke, Alex, & Viner, Kevin. DCMIP2016: a review of non-hydrostatic dynamical core design and intercomparison of participating models. Germany. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4477-2017
Ullrich, Paul A., Jablonowski, Christiane, Kent, James, Lauritzen, Peter H., Nair, Ramachandran, Reed, Kevin A., Zarzycki, Colin M., Hall, David M., Dazlich, Don, Heikes, Ross, Konor, Celal, Randall, David, Dubos, Thomas, Meurdesoif, Yann, Chen, Xi, Harris, Lucas, Kühnlein, Christian, Lee, Vivian, Qaddouri, Abdessamad, Girard, Claude, Giorgetta, Marco, Reinert, Daniel, Klemp, Joseph, Park, Sang-Hun, Skamarock, William, Miura, Hiroaki, Ohno, Tomoki, Yoshida, Ryuji, Walko, Robert, Reinecke, Alex, and Viner, Kevin. Wed . "DCMIP2016: a review of non-hydrostatic dynamical core design and intercomparison of participating models". Germany. https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4477-2017.
@article{osti_1460004,
title = {DCMIP2016: a review of non-hydrostatic dynamical core design and intercomparison of participating models},
author = {Ullrich, Paul A. and Jablonowski, Christiane and Kent, James and Lauritzen, Peter H. and Nair, Ramachandran and Reed, Kevin A. and Zarzycki, Colin M. and Hall, David M. and Dazlich, Don and Heikes, Ross and Konor, Celal and Randall, David and Dubos, Thomas and Meurdesoif, Yann and Chen, Xi and Harris, Lucas and Kühnlein, Christian and Lee, Vivian and Qaddouri, Abdessamad and Girard, Claude and Giorgetta, Marco and Reinert, Daniel and Klemp, Joseph and Park, Sang-Hun and Skamarock, William and Miura, Hiroaki and Ohno, Tomoki and Yoshida, Ryuji and Walko, Robert and Reinecke, Alex and Viner, Kevin},
abstractNote = {Abstract. Atmospheric dynamical cores are a fundamental component of global atmospheric modeling systems and are responsible for capturing the dynamical behavior of the Earth's atmosphere via numerical integration of the Navier–Stokes equations. These systems have existed in one form or another for over half of a century, with the earliest discretizations having now evolved into a complex ecosystem of algorithms and computational strategies. In essence, no two dynamical cores are alike, and their individual successes suggest that no perfect model exists. To better understand modern dynamical cores, this paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of 11 non-hydrostatic dynamical cores, drawn from modeling centers and groups that participated in the 2016 Dynamical Core Model Intercomparison Project (DCMIP) workshop and summer school. This review includes a choice of model grid, variable placement, vertical coordinate, prognostic equations, temporal discretization, and the diffusion, stabilization, filters, and fixers employed by each system.},
doi = {10.5194/gmd-10-4477-2017},
journal = {Geoscientific Model Development (Online)},
number = 12,
volume = 10,
place = {Germany},
year = {Wed Dec 06 00:00:00 EST 2017},
month = {Wed Dec 06 00:00:00 EST 2017}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
https://doi.org/10.5194/gmd-10-4477-2017

Citation Metrics:
Cited by: 50 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Works referenced in this record:

An unstructured-mesh finite-volume MPDATA for compressible atmospheric dynamics
journal, April 2017


Shallow Water Model on a Modified Icosahedral Geodesic Grid by Using Spring Dynamics
journal, December 2001

  • Tomita, Hirofumi; Tsugawa, Motohiko; Satoh, Masaki
  • Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 174, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1006/jcph.2001.6897

Energy and Numerical Weather Prediction
journal, January 1960


An inherently mass-conserving semi-implicit semi-Lagrangian discretization of the deep-atmosphere global non-hydrostatic equations
journal, December 2013

  • Wood, Nigel; Staniforth, Andrew; White, Andy
  • Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 140, Issue 682
  • DOI: 10.1002/qj.2235

The “Cubed Sphere”: A New Method for the Solution of Partial Differential Equations in Spherical Geometry
journal, March 1996

  • Ronchi, C.; Iacono, R.; Paolucci, P. S.
  • Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 124, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1006/jcph.1996.0047

Conservative Transport Schemes for Spherical Geodesic Grids: High-Order Flux Operators for ODE-Based Time Integration
journal, September 2011


The ZM Grid: An Alternative to the Z Grid
journal, May 2002


CAM-SE: A scalable spectral element dynamical core for the Community Atmosphere Model
journal, November 2011

  • Dennis, John M.; Edwards, Jim; Evans, Katherine J.
  • The International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications, Vol. 26, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1177/1094342011428142

The Quasi-Hydrostatic Approximation
journal, March 1981


A nonhydrostatic unstructured-mesh soundproof model for simulation of internal gravity waves
journal, September 2011


A finite-volume module for simulating global all-scale atmospheric flows
journal, June 2016

  • Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K.; Deconinck, Willem; Hamrud, Mats
  • Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 314
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2016.03.015

A mass-conserving and multi-tracer efficient transport scheme in the online integrated Enviro-HIRLAM model
journal, January 2013

  • Sørensen, B.; Kaas, E.; Korsholm, U. S.
  • Geoscientific Model Development, Vol. 6, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.5194/gmd-6-1029-2013

An edge-based unstructured mesh discretisation in geospherical framework
journal, July 2010

  • Szmelter, Joanna; Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K.
  • Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 229, Issue 13
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2010.03.017

Dynamical Core of an Atmospheric General Circulation Model on a Yin–Yang Grid
journal, October 2010

  • Baba, Yuya; Takahashi, Keiko; Sugimura, Takeshi
  • Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 138, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1175/2010MWR3375.1

The Canadian Global Environmental Multiscale model on the Yin-Yang grid system
journal, August 2011

  • Qaddouri, Abdessamad; Lee, Vivian
  • Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 137, Issue 660
  • DOI: 10.1002/qj.873

Optimized Icosahedral Grids: Performance of Finite-Difference Operators and Multigrid Solver
journal, December 2013

  • Heikes, Ross P.; Randall, David A.; Konor, Celal S.
  • Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 141, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-12-00236.1

The Dynamical Core, Physical Parameterizations, and Basic Simulation Characteristics of the Atmospheric Component AM3 of the GFDL Global Coupled Model CM3
journal, July 2011

  • Donner, Leo J.; Wyman, Bruce L.; Hemler, Richard S.
  • Journal of Climate, Vol. 24, Issue 13
  • DOI: 10.1175/2011JCLI3955.1

A Quasi-Lagrangian System of Hydrodynamical Equations
journal, December 1945


Controlling the Computational Modes of the Arbitrarily Structured C Grid
journal, October 2012


Numerical Integration of the Quasi-Geostrophic Equations for Barotropic and Simple Baroclinic Flows
journal, April 1953


A finite-volume integration method for computing pressure gradient force in general vertical coordinates
journal, July 1997

  • Lin, Shian-Jiann
  • Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 123, Issue 542
  • DOI: 10.1002/qj.49712354214

An Optimization of the Icosahedral Grid Modified by Spring Dynamics
journal, November 2002

  • Tomita, Hirofumi; Satoh, Masaki; Goto, Koji
  • Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 183, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1006/jcph.2002.7193

EULAG, a computational model for multiscale flows
journal, October 2008


Evaluating Mesoscale NWP Models Using Kinetic Energy Spectra
journal, December 2004

  • Skamarock, William C.
  • Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 132, Issue 12
  • DOI: 10.1175/MWR2830.1

A Finite-Difference GCM Dynamical Core with a Variable-Resolution Stretched Grid
journal, November 1997


A global finite-element shallow-water model supporting continuous and discontinuous elements
journal, January 2014


Towards a consistent numerical compressible non-hydrostatic model using generalized Hamiltonian tools
journal, July 2008

  • Gassmann, Almut; Herzog, Hans-Joachim
  • Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 134, Issue 635
  • DOI: 10.1002/qj.297

Use of Reduced Gaussian Grids in Spectral Models
journal, April 1991


On the inter-comparison of two tracer transport schemes on icosahedral grids
journal, August 2015


Optimization-based limiters for the spectral element method
journal, June 2014


A Three-Dimensional Icosahedral Grid Advection Scheme Preserving Monotonicity and Consistency with Continuity for Atmospheric Tracer Transport
journal, January 2011

  • Niwa, Yosuke; Tomita, Hirofumi; Satoh, Masaki
  • Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, Vol. 89, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.2151/jmsj.2011-306

A global hexagonal C-grid non-hydrostatic dynamical core (ICON-IAP) designed for energetic consistency
journal, June 2012

  • Gassmann, Almut
  • Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 139, Issue 670
  • DOI: 10.1002/qj.1960

The ICON (ICOsahedral Non-hydrostatic) modelling framework of DWD and MPI-M: Description of the non-hydrostatic dynamical core
journal, June 2014

  • Zängl, Günther; Reinert, Daniel; Rípodas, Pilar
  • Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 141, Issue 687
  • DOI: 10.1002/qj.2378

Computational aspects of a scalable high-order discontinuous Galerkin atmospheric dynamical core
journal, February 2009


The Euler Equations of Motion with Hydrostatic Pressure as an Independent Variable
journal, January 1992


Demonstration of a Cut-Cell Representation of 3D Orography for Studies of Atmospheric Flows over Very Steep Hills
journal, February 2012

  • Lock, Sarah-Jane; Bitzer, Heinz-Werner; Coals, Alison
  • Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 140, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00069.1

Implicit-Explicit Formulations of a Three-Dimensional Nonhydrostatic Unified Model of the Atmosphere (NUMA)
journal, January 2013

  • Giraldo, F. X.; Kelly, J. F.; Constantinescu, E. M.
  • SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 35, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1137/120876034

A Two-Way Nested Global-Regional Dynamical Core on the Cubed-Sphere Grid
journal, January 2013


Efficient computation of vapor and heat diffusion between hydrometeors in a numerical model
journal, March 2000


MPDATA: An edge-based unstructured-grid formulation
journal, July 2005

  • Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K.; Szmelter, Joanna
  • Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 206, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2004.12.021

A finite-volume module for cloud-resolving simulations of global atmospheric flows
journal, July 2017

  • Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K.; Kühnlein, Christian; Grabowski, Wojciech W.
  • Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 341
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2017.04.008

Semi-Lagrangian Advection of Stratospheric Ozone on a Yin Yang Grid System
journal, March 2016

  • de Grandpré, Jean; Tanguay, Monique; Qaddouri, Abdessamad
  • Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 144, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-15-0142.1

Atlas : A library for numerical weather prediction and climate modelling
journal, November 2017

  • Deconinck, Willem; Bauer, Peter; Diamantakis, Michail
  • Computer Physics Communications, Vol. 220
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.cpc.2017.07.006

The Piecewise Parabolic Method (PPM) for gas-dynamical simulations
journal, April 1984


Mixed finite elements for numerical weather prediction
journal, August 2012


Equations of Atmospheric Motion in Non-Eulerian Vertical Coordinates: Vector-Invariant Form and Quasi-Hamiltonian Formulation
journal, October 2014


A multiresolution method for climate system modeling: application of spherical centroidal Voronoi tessellations
journal, November 2008


A Simplified h -box Method for Embedded Boundary Grids
journal, January 2012

  • Berger, Marsha; Helzel, Christiane
  • SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 34, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.1137/110829398

Improving the Anelastic Approximation
journal, June 1989


Various Vertical Coordinate Systems Used for Numerical Weather Prediction
journal, July 1974


Least squares quantization in PCM
journal, March 1982


A new dynamical framework of nonhydrostatic global model using the icosahedral grid
journal, June 2004


Vertical discretizations for compressible Euler equation atmospheric models giving optimal representation of normal modes
journal, March 2005


“Yin-Yang grid”: An overset grid in spherical geometry: SPHERICAL OVERSET GRID “YIN-YANG GRID”
journal, September 2004

  • Kageyama, Akira; Sato, Tetsuya
  • Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, Vol. 5, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1029/2004GC000734

Numerical solution of the navier-stokes equations with topography
journal, March 1975


Horizontal grids for global weather and climate prediction models: a review
journal, November 2011

  • Staniforth, Andrew; Thuburn, John
  • Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 138, Issue 662
  • DOI: 10.1002/qj.958

Optimized Schwarz methods with an overset grid for the shallow-water equations: preliminary results
journal, April 2008

  • Qaddouri, Abdessamad; Laayouni, Lahcen; Loisel, Sébastien
  • Applied Numerical Mathematics, Vol. 58, Issue 4
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.apnum.2007.01.015

Modelling atmospheric flows with adaptive moving meshes
journal, April 2012

  • Kühnlein, Christian; Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K.; Dörnbrack, Andreas
  • Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 231, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2011.12.012

Runge–Kutta IMEX schemes for the Horizontally Explicit/Vertically Implicit (HEVI) solution of wave equations
journal, November 2013


Geostrophic Adjustment and the Finite-Difference Shallow-Water Equations
journal, June 1994


Some conservation issues for the dynamical cores of NWP and climate models
journal, March 2008


Time-Splitting Methods for Elastic Models Using Forward Time Schemes
journal, August 2002


An explicit flux-form semi-lagrangian shallow-water model on the sphere
journal, October 1997

  • Lin, Shian-Jiann; Rood, Richard B.
  • Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 123, Issue 544
  • DOI: 10.1002/qj.49712354416

Operator-Split Runge–Kutta–Rosenbrock Methods for Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Models
journal, April 2012


A PV-Based Shallow-Water Model on a Hexagonal–Icosahedral Grid
journal, September 1997


Large eddy simulation using the general circulation model ICON: LARGE EDDY SIMULATION USING ICON
journal, July 2015

  • Dipankar, Anurag; Stevens, Bjorn; Heinze, Rieke
  • Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems, Vol. 7, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1002/2015MS000431

Anelastic and Compressible Simulation of Moist Deep Convection
journal, October 2014

  • Kurowski, Marcin J.; Grabowski, Wojciech W.; Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K.
  • Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 71, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1175/JAS-D-14-0017.1

A compatible and conservative spectral element method on unstructured grids
journal, August 2010


Conservative Split-Explicit Time Integration Methods for the Compressible Nonhydrostatic Equations
journal, August 2007

  • Klemp, J. B.; Skamarock, W. C.; Dudhia, J.
  • Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 135, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1175/MWR3440.1

The Stability of Time-Split Numerical Methods for the Hydrostatic and the Nonhydrostatic Elastic Equations
journal, September 1992


An Upwind-Biased Conservative Advection Scheme for Spherical Hexagonal–Pentagonal Grids
journal, December 2007


The Equations of Motion for a Shallow Rotating Atmosphere and the “Traditional Approximation”
journal, September 1966


A “Vertically Lagrangian” Finite-Volume Dynamical Core for Global Models
journal, October 2004


A Multiscale Nonhydrostatic Atmospheric Model Using Centroidal Voronoi Tesselations and C-Grid Staggering
journal, September 2012

  • Skamarock, William C.; Klemp, Joseph B.; Duda, Michael G.
  • Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 140, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00215.1

Scale Analysis of Deep and Shallow Convection in the Atmosphere
journal, March 1962


Computational Modes and Grid Imprinting on Five Quasi-Uniform Spherical C Grids
journal, August 2012

  • Weller, Hilary; Thuburn, John; Cotter, Colin J.
  • Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 140, Issue 8
  • DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-11-00193.1

Finite-volume transport on various cubed-sphere grids
journal, November 2007


Conservation Properties of Unstructured Staggered Mesh Schemes
journal, March 2000


Nonhydrostatic icosahedral atmospheric model (NICAM) for global cloud resolving simulations
journal, March 2008


Unification of the Anelastic and Quasi-Hydrostatic Systems of Equations
journal, February 2009


Staggered Vertical Discretization of the Canadian Environmental Multiscale (GEM) Model Using a Coordinate of the Log-Hydrostatic-Pressure Type
journal, March 2014

  • Girard, Claude; Plante, André; Desgagné, Michel
  • Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 142, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-13-00255.1

An Energy and Angular-Momentum Conserving Vertical Finite-Difference Scheme and Hybrid Vertical Coordinates
journal, April 1981


A high-order staggered finite-element vertical discretization for non-hydrostatic atmospheric models
journal, January 2016


Evaporation and Precipitation Surface Effects in Local Mass Continuity Laws of Moist Air
journal, October 2006

  • Wacker, Ulrike; Frisius, Thomas; Herbert, Fritz
  • Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, Vol. 63, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1175/JAS3754.1

MCore: A non-hydrostatic atmospheric dynamical core utilizing high-order finite-volume methods
journal, June 2012

  • Ullrich, Paul A.; Jablonowski, Christiane
  • Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 231, Issue 15
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2012.04.024

A unified approach to energy conservation and potential vorticity dynamics for arbitrarily-structured C-grids
journal, May 2010

  • Ringler, T. D.; Thuburn, J.; Klemp, J. B.
  • Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 229, Issue 9
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2009.12.007

A consistent framework for discrete integrations of soundproof and compressible PDEs of atmospheric dynamics
journal, April 2014

  • Smolarkiewicz, Piotr K.; Kühnlein, Christian; Wedi, Nils P.
  • Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 263
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2014.01.031

An Upper Gravity-Wave Absorbing Layer for NWP Applications
journal, October 2008

  • Klemp, J. B.; Dudhia, J.; Hassiotis, A. D.
  • Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 136, Issue 10
  • DOI: 10.1175/2008MWR2596.1

Implicit-explicit Runge-Kutta methods for time-dependent partial differential equations
journal, November 1997


A new dynamical core for the Met Office's global and regional modelling of the atmosphere
journal, April 2005

  • Davies, T.; Cullen, M. J. P.; Malcolm, A. J.
  • Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, Vol. 131, Issue 608
  • DOI: 10.1256/qj.04.101

Some Considerations on Vertical Differencing [垂直差分法に関する考察]
journal, January 1978

  • Tokioka, Tatsushi
  • Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan. Ser. II, Vol. 56, Issue 2
  • DOI: 10.2151/jmsj1965.56.2_98

A Terrain-Following Coordinate with Smoothed Coordinate Surfaces
journal, July 2011


A New Terrain-Following Vertical Coordinate Formulation for Atmospheric Prediction Models
journal, October 2002


Constrained Centroidal Voronoi Tessellations for Surfaces
journal, January 2003

  • Du, Qiang; Gunzburger, Max D.; Ju, Lili
  • SIAM Journal on Scientific Computing, Vol. 24, Issue 5
  • DOI: 10.1137/S1064827501391576

Baroclinic Instability in Vertically Discrete Systems
journal, June 1988


DYNAMICO-1.0, an icosahedral hydrostatic dynamical core designed for consistency and versatility
journal, January 2015


Numerical representation of geostrophic modes on arbitrarily structured C-grids
journal, December 2009

  • Thuburn, J.; Ringler, T. D.; Skamarock, W. C.
  • Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 228, Issue 22
  • DOI: 10.1016/j.jcp.2009.08.006