In situ investigation of halide incorporation into perovskite solar cells

Aguiar, Jeffery A.; Alkurd, Nooraldeen R.; Wozny, Sarah; Patel, Maulik K.; Yang, Mengjin; Zhou, Weilie; Al-Jassim, Mowafak; Holesinger, Terry G.; Zhu, Kai; Berry, Joseph J.

doi:10.1557/mrc.2017.52

Title: In situ investigation of halide incorporation into perovskite solar cells

Abstract

We report on the material chemistry following crystallization in the presence of water vapor of chlorinated formamidinium lead-triiodide (NH₂CH = NH₂PbI_3-xCl_x) perovskite films. We found in-situ exposure to water vapor reduces, or possibly eliminates, the retention of chlorine (Cl) inside NH₂CH = NH₂PbI_3-xCl_x crystals. There is a strong tendency toward Cl volatility, which indicates the sensitivity of these materials for their integration into solar cells. The requisite for additional efforts focused on the mitigation of water vapor is reported. Based on the in situ results, hot casting (<100°C) in dry conditions demonstrates improved film coverage and Cl retention with efficiencies reaching 12.07%.

Authors:

^[1]; Alkurd, Nooraldeen R. ^[2]; Wozny, Sarah ^[3]; Patel, Maulik K. ^[4]; Yang, Mengjin ^[5]; Zhou, Weilie ^[3]; Al-Jassim, Mowafak ^[5];

^[6]; Zhu, Kai ^[5]; Berry, Joseph J. ^[5]

National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Materials Science and Technology Directorate; Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT (United States). Materials Science and Engineering; Idaho National Lab. (INL), Idaho Falls, ID (United States). Fuel Design and Development Directorate
Univ. of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA (United States). Advanced Materials Inst.; Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO (United States). Dept. of Materials Science and Engineering
Univ. of New Orleans, New Orleans, LA (United States). Advanced Materials Inst.
Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States). Dept. of Material Science and Engineering
National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States). Materials Science and Technology Directorate
Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States)

Publication Date:: Mon Jul 10 00:00:00 EDT 2017

Research Org.:: Los Alamos National Lab. (LANL), Los Alamos, NM (United States); National Renewable Energy Lab. (NREL), Golden, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES) (SC-22). Materials Sciences & Engineering Division

OSTI Identifier:: 1459819

Report Number(s):: LA-UR-16-27587; NREL/JA-5K00-68970
Journal ID: ISSN 2159-6859; applab

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-06NA25396; AC36-08-GO28308; 2013LANL8400

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: MRS Communications

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 7; Journal Issue: 3; Journal ID: ISSN 2159-6859

Publisher:: Materials Research Society - Cambridge University Press

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 14 SOLAR ENERGY; 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; 37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY; in-situ; STEM; XRD; Photovoltaics; Perovskite films

Citation Formats


                    Aguiar, Jeffery A., Alkurd, Nooraldeen R., Wozny, Sarah, Patel, Maulik K., Yang, Mengjin, Zhou, Weilie, Al-Jassim, Mowafak, Holesinger, Terry G., Zhu, Kai, and Berry, Joseph J. In situ investigation of halide incorporation into perovskite solar cells.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1557/mrc.2017.52.

Copy to clipboard


                    Aguiar, Jeffery A., Alkurd, Nooraldeen R., Wozny, Sarah, Patel, Maulik K., Yang, Mengjin, Zhou, Weilie, Al-Jassim, Mowafak, Holesinger, Terry G., Zhu, Kai, & Berry, Joseph J. In situ investigation of halide incorporation into perovskite solar cells.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2017.52

Copy to clipboard


                    Aguiar, Jeffery A., Alkurd, Nooraldeen R., Wozny, Sarah, Patel, Maulik K., Yang, Mengjin, Zhou, Weilie, Al-Jassim, Mowafak, Holesinger, Terry G., Zhu, Kai, and Berry, Joseph J. Mon .  
"In situ investigation of halide incorporation into perovskite solar cells".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2017.52.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1459819.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1459819,

  title        = {In situ investigation of halide incorporation into perovskite solar cells},

  author       = {Aguiar, Jeffery A. and Alkurd, Nooraldeen R. and Wozny, Sarah and Patel, Maulik K. and Yang, Mengjin and Zhou, Weilie and Al-Jassim, Mowafak and Holesinger, Terry G. and Zhu, Kai and Berry, Joseph J.},

  abstractNote = {We report on the material chemistry following crystallization in the presence of water vapor of chlorinated formamidinium lead-triiodide (NH2CH = NH2PbI3-xClx) perovskite films. We found in-situ exposure to water vapor reduces, or possibly eliminates, the retention of chlorine (Cl) inside NH2CH = NH2PbI3-xClx crystals. There is a strong tendency toward Cl volatility, which indicates the sensitivity of these materials for their integration into solar cells. The requisite for additional efforts focused on the mitigation of water vapor is reported. Based on the in situ results, hot casting (<100°C) in dry conditions demonstrates improved film coverage and Cl retention with efficiencies reaching 12.07%.},

  doi          = {10.1557/mrc.2017.52},

  journal      = {MRS Communications},

  number       = 3,

  volume       = 7,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Mon Jul 10 00:00:00 EDT 2017},

  month        = {Mon Jul 10 00:00:00 EDT 2017}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1557/mrc.2017.52

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 5 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

One-step, solution-processed formamidinium lead trihalide (FAPbI _(3−x) Cl _x ) for mesoscopic perovskite–polymer solar cells
journal, January 2014

Lv, Siliu; Pang, Shuping; Zhou, Yuanyuan
Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., Vol. 16, Issue 36
DOI: 10.1039/C4CP02113D

Reversible photo-induced trap formation in mixed-halide hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics
journal, January 2015

Hoke, Eric T.; Slotcavage, Daniel J.; Dohner, Emma R.
Chemical Science, Vol. 6, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1039/C4SC03141E

Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Based on 1.8 eV Band Gap CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₂ Br Nanosheets via Thermal Decomposition
journal, August 2014

Zhao, Yixin; Zhu, Kai
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 136, Issue 35
DOI: 10.1021/ja5071398

The emergence of perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2014

Green, Martin A.; Ho-Baillie, Anita; Snaith, Henry J.
Nature Photonics, Vol. 8, Issue 7, p. 506-514
DOI: 10.1038/nphoton.2014.134

A hole-conductor-free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell with high stability
journal, July 2014

Mei, A.; Li, X.; Liu, L.
Science, Vol. 345, Issue 6194, p. 295-298
DOI: 10.1126/science.1254763

Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells
journal, July 2013

Burschka, Julian; Pellet, Norman; Moon, Soo-Jin
Nature, Vol. 499, Issue 7458, p. 316-319
DOI: 10.1038/nature12340

Atomic-Resolution in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of a Promoter of a Heterogeneous Catalyst
journal, November 2001

Hansen, T. W.
Science, Vol. 294, Issue 5546
DOI: 10.1126/science.1064399

Radiation damage in the TEM and SEM
journal, August 2004

Egerton, R. F.; Li, P.; Malac, M.
Micron, Vol. 35, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2004.02.003

In situ investigation of the formation and metastability of formamidinium lead tri-iodide perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2016

Aguiar, Jeffery A.; Wozny, Sarah; Holesinger, Terry G.
Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 9, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1039/C6EE01079B

Formamidinium lead trihalide: a broadly tunable perovskite for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells
journal, January 2014

Eperon, Giles E.; Stranks, Samuel D.; Menelaou, Christopher
Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 7, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1039/c3ee43822h

CH ₃ NH ₃ Cl-Assisted One-Step Solution Growth of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ : Structure, Charge-Carrier Dynamics, and Photovoltaic Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, April 2014

Zhao, Yixin; Zhu, Kai
The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 18
DOI: 10.1021/jp502696w

The Impact of the Crystallization Processes on the Structural and Optical Properties of Hybrid Perovskite Films for Photovoltaics
journal, October 2014

Grancini, Giulia; Marras, Sergio; Prato, Mirko
The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 5, Issue 21
DOI: 10.1021/jz501877h

HPbI ₃ : A New Precursor Compound for Highly Efficient Solution-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, January 2015

Wang, Feng; Yu, Hui; Xu, Haihua
Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201404007

Moisture assisted perovskite film growth for high performance solar cells
journal, November 2014

You, Jingbi; Yang, Yang (Michael); Hong, Ziruo
Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 105, Issue 18
DOI: 10.1063/1.4901510

The optoelectronic role of chlorine in CH3NH3PbI3(Cl)-based perovskite solar cells
journal, June 2015

Chen, Qi; Zhou, Huanping; Fang, Yihao
Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8269

Single-atom electron energy loss spectroscopy of light elements
journal, July 2015

Senga, Ryosuke; Suenaga, Kazu
Nature Communications, Vol. 6, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/ncomms8943

In-situ liquid and gas transmission electron microscopy of nano-scale materials
journal, July 2012

Alsem, D.; Salmon, N. J.; Unocic, R. R.
Microscopy and Microanalysis, Vol. 18, Issue S2
DOI: 10.1017/S1431927612007647

Current progress and future perspectives for organic/inorganic perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2014

Boix, Pablo P.; Nonomura, Kazuteru; Mathews, Nripan
Materials Today, Vol. 17, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/j.mattod.2013.12.002

Mixed-Organic-Cation Perovskite Photovoltaics for Enhanced Solar-Light Harvesting
journal, February 2014

Pellet, Norman; Gao, Peng; Gregori, Giuliano
Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 53, Issue 12, p. 3151-3157
DOI: 10.1002/anie.201309361

Study on the stability of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ films and the effect of post-modification by aluminum oxide in all-solid-state hybrid solar cells
journal, January 2014

Niu, Guangda; Li, Wenzhe; Meng, Fanqi
J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 2, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1039/C3TA13606J

Chloride in Lead Chloride-Derived Organo-Metal Halides for Perovskite-Absorber Solar Cells
journal, December 2014

Unger, Eva L.; Bowring, Andrea R.; Tassone, Christopher J.
Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 26, Issue 24
DOI: 10.1021/cm503828b

Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells
journal, January 2015

Jeon, Nam Joong; Noh, Jun Hong; Yang, Woon Seok
Nature, Vol. 517, Issue 7535
DOI: 10.1038/nature14133

Direct observation of an inhomogeneous chlorine distribution in CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI _3−x Cl _x layers: surface depletion and interface enrichment
journal, January 2015

Starr, David E.; Sadoughi, Golnaz; Handick, Evelyn
Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 8, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1039/C5EE00403A

The light and shade of perovskite solar cells
journal, August 2014

Grätzel, Michael
Nature Materials, Vol. 13, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1038/nmat4065

High-efficiency solution-processed perovskite solar cells with millimeter-scale grains
journal, January 2015

Nie, W.; Tsai, H.; Asadpour, R.
Science, Vol. 347, Issue 6221, p. 522-525
DOI: 10.1126/science.aaa0472

Transformation of the Excited State and Photovoltaic Efficiency of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ Perovskite upon Controlled Exposure to Humidified Air
journal, January 2015

Christians, Jeffrey A.; Miranda Herrera, Pierre A.; Kamat, Prashant V.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 137, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1021/ja511132a

Works referencing / citing this record:

Gas-solid reaction based over one-micrometer thick stable perovskite films for efficient solar cells and modules
journal, September 2018

Liu, Zonghao; Qiu, Longbin; Juarez-Perez, Emilio J.
Nature Communications, Vol. 9, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06317-8

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Low Pressure Vapor-assisted Solution Process for Tunable Band Gap Pinhole-free Methylammonium Lead Halide Perovskite Films

Journal Article Sutter-Fella, Carolin M. ; Li, Yanbo ; Cefarin, Nicola ; ... - Journal of Visualized Experiments

Organo-lead halide perovskites have recently attracted great interest for potential applications in thin-film photovoltaics and optoelectronics. Herein, we present a protocol for the fabrication of this material via the low-pressure vapor assisted solution process (LP-VASP) method, which yields ~19% power conversion efficiency in planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. First, we report the synthesis of methylammonium iodide (CH₃NH₃I) and methylammonium bromide (CH₃NH₃Br) from methylamine and the corresponding halide acid (HI or HBr). Then, we describe the fabrication of pinhole-free, continuous methylammonium-lead halide perovskite (CH₃NH₃PbX₃ with X = I, Br, Cl and their mixture) films with the LP-VASP. This process is basedmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.3791/55404

Full Text Available
Chlorine retention enables the indoor light harvesting of triple halide wide bandgap perovskites

Journal Article Wang, Shaoyang ; Edwards, Paul R. ; Abdelsamie, Maged ; ... - Journal of Materials Chemistry. A

Indoor photovoltaics are receiving tremendous attention due to the continuous development of the Internet of Things. The present study reports how the fast processing of the triple halide perovskite enables the retention of chlorine and the beneficial role of chlorine in enhancing the indoor light harvesting of a wide bandgap triple anion (TA) perovskite CH₃NH₃PbI_2.6Br_0.2Cl_0.2. The kinetics of chlorine incorporation/escape investigated by in situ grazing incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering revealed the escape of chlorine after the first ten minutes of thermal annealing and the findings were corroborated with elemental analysis by wavelength dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The best-performing TA perovskite indoor-photovoltaicmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1039/D3TA01784B
Tracking the formation of methylammonium lead triiodide perovskite

Journal Article Liu, Lijia ; McLeod, John A., E-mail: ljliu@suda.edu.cn, E-mail: jmcleod@suda.edu.cn ; Wang, Rongbin ; ... - Applied Physics Letters

The formation mechanism of perovskite methylammonium lead triiodide (CH{sub 3}NH{sub 3}PbI{sub 3}) was studied with in situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) on successive depositions of thermally evaporated methylammonium iodide (CH{sub 3}NH{sub 3}I) on a lead iodide (PbI{sub 2}) film. This deposition method mimics the “two-step” synthesis method commonly used in device fabrication. We find that several competing processes occur during the formation of perovskite CH{sub 3}NH{sub 3}PbI{sub 3}. Our most important finding is that during vapour deposition of CH{sub 3}NH{sub 3}I onto PbI{sub 2}, at least two carbon species are present in the resulting material, while only one nitrogen speciesmore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4928662
Influence of PbCl{sub 2} content in PbI{sub 2} solution of DMF on the absorption, crystal phase, morphology of lead halide thin films and photovoltaic performance in planar perovskite solar cells

Journal Article Wang, Mao ; Shi, Chengwu ; Zhang, Jincheng ; ... - Journal of Solid State Chemistry

In this paper, the influence of PbCl{sub 2} content in PbI{sub 2} solution of DMF on the absorption, crystal phase and morphology of lead halide thin films was systematically investigated and the photovoltaic performance of the corresponding planar perovskite solar cells was evaluated. The result revealed that the various thickness lead halide thin film with the small sheet-like, porous morphology and low crystallinity can be produced by adding PbCl{sub 2} powder into PbI{sub 2} solution of DMF as a precursor solution. The planar perovskite solar cell based on the 300-nm-thick CH{sub 3}NH{sub 3}PbI{sub 3−x}Cl{sub x} thin film by the precursormore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JSSC.2015.08.002
Screen printing large-area organometal halide perovskite thin films for efficient photodetectors

Journal Article Chu, Liang ; Hu, Ruiyuan ; Liu, Wei ; ... - Materials Research Bulletin

Highlights: • A stable paste with perovskite precursor was produced out. • Screen printing was proposed to fabricate perovskite thin films. • The perovskite photodetectors with symmetric architectures show reasonable performance with high photocurrent and fast response. - Abstract: Organometal halide perovskites have demonstrated excellent features compared to conventional optoelectronic materials. To date, the perovskite films have generally been fabricated by either spin coating or vapor deposition. However, both methods cannot simultaneously meet large scale and low cost of production. Here, a simple, low-cost and high-throughput strategy was proposed to fabricate perovskite thin films, which were further applied in photodetectors.more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1016/J.MATERRESBULL.2017.10.039

Similar Records

Title: In situ investigation of halide incorporation into perovskite solar cells

Abstract

Citation Formats

One-step, solution-processed formamidinium lead trihalide (FAPbI (3−x) Cl x ) for mesoscopic perovskite–polymer solar cells journal, January 2014

Reversible photo-induced trap formation in mixed-halide hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics journal, January 2015

Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Based on 1.8 eV Band Gap CH 3 NH 3 PbI 2 Br Nanosheets via Thermal Decomposition journal, August 2014

The emergence of perovskite solar cells journal, July 2014

A hole-conductor-free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell with high stability journal, July 2014

Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells journal, July 2013

Atomic-Resolution in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of a Promoter of a Heterogeneous Catalyst journal, November 2001

Radiation damage in the TEM and SEM journal, August 2004

In situ investigation of the formation and metastability of formamidinium lead tri-iodide perovskite solar cells journal, January 2016

Formamidinium lead trihalide: a broadly tunable perovskite for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells journal, January 2014

CH 3 NH 3 Cl-Assisted One-Step Solution Growth of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 : Structure, Charge-Carrier Dynamics, and Photovoltaic Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells journal, April 2014

The Impact of the Crystallization Processes on the Structural and Optical Properties of Hybrid Perovskite Films for Photovoltaics journal, October 2014

HPbI 3 : A New Precursor Compound for Highly Efficient Solution-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells journal, January 2015

Moisture assisted perovskite film growth for high performance solar cells journal, November 2014

The optoelectronic role of chlorine in CH3NH3PbI3(Cl)-based perovskite solar cells journal, June 2015

Single-atom electron energy loss spectroscopy of light elements journal, July 2015

In-situ liquid and gas transmission electron microscopy of nano-scale materials journal, July 2012

Current progress and future perspectives for organic/inorganic perovskite solar cells journal, January 2014

Mixed-Organic-Cation Perovskite Photovoltaics for Enhanced Solar-Light Harvesting journal, February 2014

Study on the stability of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 films and the effect of post-modification by aluminum oxide in all-solid-state hybrid solar cells journal, January 2014

Chloride in Lead Chloride-Derived Organo-Metal Halides for Perovskite-Absorber Solar Cells journal, December 2014

Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells journal, January 2015

Direct observation of an inhomogeneous chlorine distribution in CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3−x Cl x layers: surface depletion and interface enrichment journal, January 2015

The light and shade of perovskite solar cells journal, August 2014

High-efficiency solution-processed perovskite solar cells with millimeter-scale grains journal, January 2015

Transformation of the Excited State and Photovoltaic Efficiency of CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 Perovskite upon Controlled Exposure to Humidified Air journal, January 2015

Gas-solid reaction based over one-micrometer thick stable perovskite films for efficient solar cells and modules journal, September 2018

One-step, solution-processed formamidinium lead trihalide (FAPbI _(3−x) Cl _x ) for mesoscopic perovskite–polymer solar cells
journal, January 2014

Reversible photo-induced trap formation in mixed-halide hybrid perovskites for photovoltaics
journal, January 2015

Efficient Planar Perovskite Solar Cells Based on 1.8 eV Band Gap CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₂ Br Nanosheets via Thermal Decomposition
journal, August 2014

The emergence of perovskite solar cells
journal, July 2014

A hole-conductor-free, fully printable mesoscopic perovskite solar cell with high stability
journal, July 2014

Sequential deposition as a route to high-performance perovskite-sensitized solar cells
journal, July 2013

Atomic-Resolution in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of a Promoter of a Heterogeneous Catalyst
journal, November 2001

Radiation damage in the TEM and SEM
journal, August 2004

In situ investigation of the formation and metastability of formamidinium lead tri-iodide perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2016

Formamidinium lead trihalide: a broadly tunable perovskite for efficient planar heterojunction solar cells
journal, January 2014

CH ₃ NH ₃ Cl-Assisted One-Step Solution Growth of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ : Structure, Charge-Carrier Dynamics, and Photovoltaic Properties of Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, April 2014

The Impact of the Crystallization Processes on the Structural and Optical Properties of Hybrid Perovskite Films for Photovoltaics
journal, October 2014

HPbI ₃ : A New Precursor Compound for Highly Efficient Solution-Processed Perovskite Solar Cells
journal, January 2015

Moisture assisted perovskite film growth for high performance solar cells
journal, November 2014

The optoelectronic role of chlorine in CH3NH3PbI3(Cl)-based perovskite solar cells
journal, June 2015

Single-atom electron energy loss spectroscopy of light elements
journal, July 2015

In-situ liquid and gas transmission electron microscopy of nano-scale materials
journal, July 2012

Current progress and future perspectives for organic/inorganic perovskite solar cells
journal, January 2014

Mixed-Organic-Cation Perovskite Photovoltaics for Enhanced Solar-Light Harvesting
journal, February 2014

Study on the stability of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ films and the effect of post-modification by aluminum oxide in all-solid-state hybrid solar cells
journal, January 2014

Chloride in Lead Chloride-Derived Organo-Metal Halides for Perovskite-Absorber Solar Cells
journal, December 2014

Compositional engineering of perovskite materials for high-performance solar cells
journal, January 2015

Direct observation of an inhomogeneous chlorine distribution in CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI _3−x Cl _x layers: surface depletion and interface enrichment
journal, January 2015

The light and shade of perovskite solar cells
journal, August 2014

High-efficiency solution-processed perovskite solar cells with millimeter-scale grains
journal, January 2015

Transformation of the Excited State and Photovoltaic Efficiency of CH ₃ NH ₃ PbI ₃ Perovskite upon Controlled Exposure to Humidified Air
journal, January 2015

Gas-solid reaction based over one-micrometer thick stable perovskite films for efficient solar cells and modules
journal, September 2018