First Results from a Microwave Cavity Axion Search at 24 μeV

Brubaker, B. M.; Zhong, L.; Gurevich, Y. V.; Cahn, S. B.; Lamoreaux, S. K.; Simanovskaia, M.; Root, J. R.; Lewis, S. M.; Al Kenany, S.; Backes, K. M.; Urdinaran, I.; Rapidis, N. M.; Shokair, T. M.; van Bibber, K. A.; Palken, D. A.; Malnou, M.; Kindel, W. F.; Anil, M. A.; Lehnert, K. W.; Carosi, G.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.061302

Title: First Results from a Microwave Cavity Axion Search at $24 μ eV$

Abstract

In this paper, we report on the first results from a new microwave cavity search for dark matter axions with masses above $20 μ eV$ . We exclude axion models with two-photon coupling $g_{a γ γ} ≳ 2 \times 10^{- 14} {GeV}^{- 1}$ over the range $23.55 < m_{a} < 24.0 μ eV$ . These results represent two important achievements. First, we have reached cosmologically relevant sensitivity an order of magnitude higher in mass than any existing limits. Second and finally, by incorporating a dilution refrigerator and Josephson parametric amplifier, we have demonstrated total noise approaching the standard quantum limit for the first time in an axion search.

Authors:

Brubaker, B. M. ^[1]; Zhong, L. ^[1]; Gurevich, Y. V. ^[1]; Cahn, S. B. ^[1]; Lamoreaux, S. K. ^[1]; Simanovskaia, M. ^[2]; Root, J. R. ^[2]; Lewis, S. M. ^[2]; Al Kenany, S. ^[2]; Backes, K. M. ^[2]; Urdinaran, I. ^[2]; Rapidis, N. M. ^[2]; Shokair, T. M. ^[2]; van Bibber, K. A. ^[2]; Palken, D. A. ^[3]; Malnou, M. ^[3]; Kindel, W. F. ^[3]; Anil, M. A. ^[3]; Lehnert, K. W. ^[3]; Carosi, G. ^[4]

Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States). Dept. of Physics
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Nuclear Engineering
Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States). Dept. of Physics; National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO (United States). JILA
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States). Physics Division

Publication Date:: 2017-02-09

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States); Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States); Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO (United States); National Inst. of Standards and Technology (NIST), Boulder, CO (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE; National Science Foundation (NSF); Heising-Simons Foundation (United States)

OSTI Identifier:: 1458685

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1343348

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-737876
Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007; 888246; TRN: US1901506

Grant/Contract Number:: AC52-07NA27344; PHY-1362305; PHY-1306729; 2014-181; 2014-182; 2014-183

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review Letters

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 118; Journal Issue: 6; Journal ID: ISSN 0031-9007

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; particle dark matter; axions; cavity resonators; dark matter detectors; dilution refrigerator; superconducting devices

Citation Formats


                    Brubaker, B. M., Zhong, L., Gurevich, Y. V., Cahn, S. B., Lamoreaux, S. K., Simanovskaia, M., Root, J. R., Lewis, S. M., Al Kenany, S., Backes, K. M., Urdinaran, I., Rapidis, N. M., Shokair, T. M., van Bibber, K. A., Palken, D. A., Malnou, M., Kindel, W. F., Anil, M. A., Lehnert, K. W., and Carosi, G. First Results from a Microwave Cavity Axion Search at 24 μeV.  United States: N. p., 2017. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.061302.

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                    Brubaker, B. M., Zhong, L., Gurevich, Y. V., Cahn, S. B., Lamoreaux, S. K., Simanovskaia, M., Root, J. R., Lewis, S. M., Al Kenany, S., Backes, K. M., Urdinaran, I., Rapidis, N. M., Shokair, T. M., van Bibber, K. A., Palken, D. A., Malnou, M., Kindel, W. F., Anil, M. A., Lehnert, K. W., & Carosi, G. First Results from a Microwave Cavity Axion Search at 24 μeV.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.061302

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                    Brubaker, B. M., Zhong, L., Gurevich, Y. V., Cahn, S. B., Lamoreaux, S. K., Simanovskaia, M., Root, J. R., Lewis, S. M., Al Kenany, S., Backes, K. M., Urdinaran, I., Rapidis, N. M., Shokair, T. M., van Bibber, K. A., Palken, D. A., Malnou, M., Kindel, W. F., Anil, M. A., Lehnert, K. W., and Carosi, G. Thu .  
"First Results from a Microwave Cavity Axion Search at 24 μeV".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.061302.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1458685.

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@article{osti_1458685,

  title        = {First Results from a Microwave Cavity Axion Search at 24 μeV},

  author       = {Brubaker, B. M. and Zhong, L. and Gurevich, Y. V. and Cahn, S. B. and Lamoreaux, S. K. and Simanovskaia, M. and Root, J. R. and Lewis, S. M. and Al Kenany, S. and Backes, K. M. and Urdinaran, I. and Rapidis, N. M. and Shokair, T. M. and van Bibber, K. A. and Palken, D. A. and Malnou, M. and Kindel, W. F. and Anil, M. A. and Lehnert, K. W. and Carosi, G.},

  abstractNote = {In this paper, we report on the first results from a new microwave cavity search for dark matter axions with masses above 20 μeV. We exclude axion models with two-photon coupling gaγγ≳2×10-14 GeV-1 over the range 23.55<ma<24.0 μeV. These results represent two important achievements. First, we have reached cosmologically relevant sensitivity an order of magnitude higher in mass than any existing limits. Second and finally, by incorporating a dilution refrigerator and Josephson parametric amplifier, we have demonstrated total noise approaching the standard quantum limit for the first time in an axion search.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.061302},

  journal      = {Physical Review Letters},

  number       = 6,

  volume       = 118,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2017},

  month        = {2}

}

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Figures / Tables:

FIG. 1: Simplified receiver diagram. Blue arrows indicate the path that a putative axion signal would take through the system, and black arrows indicate other paths. A vector network analyzer (VNA) is used to measure the cavity’s frequency response in both transmission and reflection.

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A Radio Astronomy Search for Cold Dark Matter Axions
journal, August 2017

Kelley, Katharine; Quinn, P. J.
The Astrophysical Journal, Vol. 845, Issue 1
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Axion Predictions in $SO(10)×U(1)_{PQ}$ Models
text, January 2018

Ernst, Anne; Ringwald, Andreas; Tamarit, Carlos
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
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Physics Beyond Colliders at CERN: Beyond the Standard Model Working Group Report
text, January 2019

Beacham, J.; Burrage, C.; Curtin, D.
Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron, DESY, Hamburg
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Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 19
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Dielectric Haloscopes: A New Way to Detect Axion Dark Matter
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Group, The MADMAX Working; Caldwell, Allen; Dvali, Gia
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Magnetic Bubble Chambers and Sub-GeV Dark Matter Direct Detection
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Bunting, Philip C.; Gratta, Giorgio; Melia, Tom
arXiv
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Fuzzy Dark Matter and Non-Standard Neutrino Interactions
text, January 2017

Brdar, Vedran; Kopp, Joachim; Liu, Jia
arXiv
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Towards a medium-scale axion helioscope and haloscope
text, January 2017

Anastassopoulos, V.; Avignone, F.; Bykov, A.
arXiv
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Stimulated axion decay in superradiant clouds around primordial black holes
text, January 2017

Rosa, Joao G.; Kephart, Thomas W.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1709.06581

Search for New Physics with Atoms and Molecules
text, January 2017

Safronova, M. S.; Budker, D.; DeMille, D.
arXiv
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Revealing the Dark Matter Halo with Axion Direct Detection
text, January 2017

Foster, Joshua W.; Rodd, Nicholas L.; Safdi, Benjamin R.
arXiv
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Results from phase 1 of the HAYSTAC microwave cavity axion experiment
text, January 2018

Zhong, L.; Kenany, S. Al; Backes, K. M.
arXiv
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Light axions with large hadronic couplings
text, January 2018

Marques-Tavares, Gustavo; Teo, Mae
arXiv
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Radio Signals from Axion Dark Matter Conversion in Neutron Star Magnetospheres
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text, January 2018

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text, January 2018

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Title: First Results from a Microwave Cavity Axion Search at 24 μ eV

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Citation Formats

Figures / Tables:

Weak-Interaction Singlet and Strong CP Invariance journal, July 1979

Detection rates for ‘‘invisible’’-axion searches journal, December 1985

The not-so-harmless axion journal, January 1983

Experimental Constraints on the Axion Dark Matter Halo Density journal, May 2002

Results of a laboratory search for cosmic axions and other weakly coupled light particles journal, November 1989

SQUID-Based Microwave Cavity Search for Dark-Matter Axions journal, January 2010

Cosmology of the invisible axion journal, January 1983

Limits on the abundance and coupling of cosmic axions at 4.5< m a <5.0 μeV journal, August 1987

Experimental Searches for the Axion and Axion-Like Particles journal, October 2015

Can confinement ensure natural CP invariance of strong interactions? journal, April 1980

Axion-photon couplings in invisible axion models journal, September 1995

Problem of Strong P and T Invariance in the Presence of Instantons journal, January 1978

A simple solution to the strong CP problem with a harmless axion journal, August 1981

Calculation of the axion mass based on high-temperature lattice quantum chromodynamics journal, November 2016

Constraints on very light axions from cavity experiments journal, July 1998

Limits on axion–photon coupling or on local axion density: Dependence on models of the Milky Way’s dark halo journal, December 2016

Improved rf cavity search for halo axions journal, January 2004

A cosmological bound on the invisible axion journal, January 1983

Calculations for cosmic axion detection journal, October 1985

Results from a search for cosmic axions journal, August 1990

The local dark matter density journal, May 2014

Planck 2015 results : XIII. Cosmological parameters journal, September 2016

Constraints imposed by CP conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles journal, September 1977

Analysis of single-photon and linear amplifier detectors for microwave cavity dark matter axion searches journal, August 2013

Microwave cavity searches for dark-matter axions journal, June 2003

Quantum limits on noise in linear amplifiers journal, October 1982

CP Conservation in the Presence of Pseudoparticles journal, June 1977

A New Light Boson? journal, January 1978

Widely tunable parametric amplifier based on a superconducting quantum interference device array resonator journal, August 2007

Results from a High-Sensitivity Search for Cosmic Axions journal, March 1998

Large-scale microwave cavity search for dark-matter axions journal, October 2001

Planck 2015 results : XXIII. The thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect-cosmic infrared background correlation journal, September 2016

Calculation of the axion mass based on high-temperature lattice quantum chromodynamics text, January 2016

Planck 2015 results : X. Diffuse component separation: Foreground maps journal, September 2016

Planck 2015 results : XVI. Isotropy and statistics of the CMB journal, September 2016

Planck 2015 results : XXVI. The Second journal, September 2016

A SQUID-based microwave cavity search for dark-matter axions text, January 2009

Analysis of single-photon and linear amplifier detectors for microwave cavity dark matter axion searches text, January 2013

The Local Dark Matter Density text, January 2014

Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters text, January 2015

Experimental Searches for the Axion and Axion-like Particles text, January 2016

Experimental Constraints on the Axion Dark Matter Halo Density text, January 2001

Results from a High-Sensitivity Search for Cosmic Axions text, January 1998

Experimental targets for photon couplings of the QCD axion journal, February 2018

Axion predictions in SO(10) × U(1)PQ models journal, February 2018

The ALP miracle revisited journal, February 2018

Opening up the QCD axion window journal, March 2018

Light axions with large hadronic couplings journal, May 2018

Characterization of the HAYSTAC axion dark matter search cavity using microwave measurement and simulation techniques journal, February 2019

Physics beyond colliders at CERN: beyond the Standard Model working group report journal, December 2019

Towards a medium-scale axion helioscope and haloscope journal, November 2017

Microwave-to-optical conversion via four-wave mixing in a cold ytterbium ensemble journal, July 2019

Optimizing the Nonlinearity and Dissipation of a SNAIL Parametric Amplifier for Dynamic Range journal, November 2018

Optimal Operation of a Josephson Parametric Amplifier for Vacuum Squeezing journal, April 2018

Gravitationally trapped axions on the Earth journal, August 2019

Cosmic implications of a low-scale solution to the axion domain wall problem journal, September 2019

Velocity substructure from Gaia and direct searches for dark matter journal, January 2020

Magnetic bubble chambers and sub-GeV dark matter direct detection journal, May 2017

First axion dark matter search with toroidal geometry journal, September 2017

HAYSTAC axion search analysis procedure journal, December 2017

Fuzzy dark matter and nonstandard neutrino interactions journal, February 2018

Searching for axion stars and Q -balls with a terrestrial magnetometer network journal, February 2018

Results from phase 1 of the HAYSTAC microwave cavity axion experiment journal, May 2018

Revealing the dark matter halo with axion direct detection journal, June 2018

Axion and hidden photon dark matter detection with multilayer optical haloscopes journal, August 2018

Looking for axion dark matter in dwarf spheroidal galaxies journal, October 2018

Dark matter hurricane: Measuring the S1 stream with dark matter detectors journal, November 2018

Refinement of the standard halo model for dark matter searches in light of the Gaia Sausage journal, January 2019

Cosmological window onto the string axiverse and the supersymmetry breaking scale journal, March 2019

Galactic axions search with a superconducting resonant cavity journal, May 2019

Detecting axion dark matter with radio lines from neutron star populations journal, June 2019

Dielectric Haloscopes: A New Way to Detect Axion Dark Matter journal, March 2017

Search for Invisible Axion Dark Matter with the Axion Dark Matter Experiment journal, April 2018

Stimulated Axion Decay in Superradiant Clouds around Primordial Black Holes journal, June 2018

Radio Signals from Axion Dark Matter Conversion in Neutron Star Magnetospheres journal, December 2018

Piezoelectrically Tuned Multimode Cavity Search for Axion Dark Matter journal, December 2018

Title: First Results from a Microwave Cavity Axion Search at $24 μ eV$

Weak-Interaction Singlet and Strong $CP$ Invariance
journal, July 1979

Detection rates for ‘‘invisible’’-axion searches
journal, December 1985

The not-so-harmless axion
journal, January 1983

Experimental Constraints on the Axion Dark Matter Halo Density
journal, May 2002

Results of a laboratory search for cosmic axions and other weakly coupled light particles
journal, November 1989

SQUID-Based Microwave Cavity Search for Dark-Matter Axions
journal, January 2010

Cosmology of the invisible axion
journal, January 1983

Limits on the abundance and coupling of cosmic axions at 4.5< $m_{a}$ <5.0 μeV
journal, August 1987

Experimental Searches for the Axion and Axion-Like Particles
journal, October 2015

Can confinement ensure natural CP invariance of strong interactions?
journal, April 1980

Axion-photon couplings in invisible axion models
journal, September 1995

Problem of Strong $P$ and $T$ Invariance in the Presence of Instantons
journal, January 1978

A simple solution to the strong CP problem with a harmless axion
journal, August 1981

Calculation of the axion mass based on high-temperature lattice quantum chromodynamics
journal, November 2016

Constraints on very light axions from cavity experiments
journal, July 1998

Limits on axion–photon coupling or on local axion density: Dependence on models of the Milky Way’s dark halo
journal, December 2016

Improved rf cavity search for halo axions
journal, January 2004

A cosmological bound on the invisible axion
journal, January 1983

Calculations for cosmic axion detection
journal, October 1985

Results from a search for cosmic axions
journal, August 1990

The local dark matter density
journal, May 2014

Planck 2015 results : XIII. Cosmological parameters
journal, September 2016

Constraints imposed by $CP$ conservation in the presence of pseudoparticles
journal, September 1977

Analysis of single-photon and linear amplifier detectors for microwave cavity dark matter axion searches
journal, August 2013

Microwave cavity searches for dark-matter axions
journal, June 2003

Quantum limits on noise in linear amplifiers
journal, October 1982

$CP$ Conservation in the Presence of Pseudoparticles
journal, June 1977

A New Light Boson?
journal, January 1978

Widely tunable parametric amplifier based on a superconducting quantum interference device array resonator
journal, August 2007

Results from a High-Sensitivity Search for Cosmic Axions
journal, March 1998

Large-scale microwave cavity search for dark-matter axions
journal, October 2001

Planck 2015 results : XXIII. The thermal Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect-cosmic infrared background correlation
journal, September 2016

Calculation of the axion mass based on high-temperature lattice quantum chromodynamics
text, January 2016

Planck 2015 results : X. Diffuse component separation: Foreground maps
journal, September 2016

Planck 2015 results : XVI. Isotropy and statistics of the CMB
journal, September 2016

Planck 2015 results : XXVI. The Second
journal, September 2016

A SQUID-based microwave cavity search for dark-matter axions
text, January 2009

Analysis of single-photon and linear amplifier detectors for microwave cavity dark matter axion searches
text, January 2013

The Local Dark Matter Density
text, January 2014

Planck 2015 results. XIII. Cosmological parameters
text, January 2015

Experimental Searches for the Axion and Axion-like Particles
text, January 2016

Experimental Constraints on the Axion Dark Matter Halo Density
text, January 2001

Results from a High-Sensitivity Search for Cosmic Axions
text, January 1998

Experimental targets for photon couplings of the QCD axion
journal, February 2018

Axion predictions in SO(10) × U(1)PQ models
journal, February 2018

The ALP miracle revisited
journal, February 2018

Opening up the QCD axion window
journal, March 2018

Light axions with large hadronic couplings
journal, May 2018

Characterization of the HAYSTAC axion dark matter search cavity using microwave measurement and simulation techniques
journal, February 2019

Physics beyond colliders at CERN: beyond the Standard Model working group report
journal, December 2019

Towards a medium-scale axion helioscope and haloscope
journal, November 2017

Microwave-to-optical conversion via four-wave mixing in a cold ytterbium ensemble
journal, July 2019

Optimizing the Nonlinearity and Dissipation of a SNAIL Parametric Amplifier for Dynamic Range
journal, November 2018

Optimal Operation of a Josephson Parametric Amplifier for Vacuum Squeezing
journal, April 2018

Gravitationally trapped axions on the Earth
journal, August 2019

Cosmic implications of a low-scale solution to the axion domain wall problem
journal, September 2019

Velocity substructure from Gaia and direct searches for dark matter
journal, January 2020

Magnetic bubble chambers and sub-GeV dark matter direct detection
journal, May 2017

First axion dark matter search with toroidal geometry
journal, September 2017

HAYSTAC axion search analysis procedure
journal, December 2017

Fuzzy dark matter and nonstandard neutrino interactions
journal, February 2018

Searching for axion stars and $Q$ -balls with a terrestrial magnetometer network
journal, February 2018

Results from phase 1 of the HAYSTAC microwave cavity axion experiment
journal, May 2018

Revealing the dark matter halo with axion direct detection
journal, June 2018

Axion and hidden photon dark matter detection with multilayer optical haloscopes
journal, August 2018

Looking for axion dark matter in dwarf spheroidal galaxies
journal, October 2018

Dark matter hurricane: Measuring the S1 stream with dark matter detectors
journal, November 2018

Refinement of the standard halo model for dark matter searches in light of the Gaia Sausage
journal, January 2019

Cosmological window onto the string axiverse and the supersymmetry breaking scale
journal, March 2019

Galactic axions search with a superconducting resonant cavity
journal, May 2019

Detecting axion dark matter with radio lines from neutron star populations
journal, June 2019

Dielectric Haloscopes: A New Way to Detect Axion Dark Matter
journal, March 2017

Search for Invisible Axion Dark Matter with the Axion Dark Matter Experiment
journal, April 2018

Stimulated Axion Decay in Superradiant Clouds around Primordial Black Holes
journal, June 2018

Radio Signals from Axion Dark Matter Conversion in Neutron Star Magnetospheres
journal, December 2018

Piezoelectrically Tuned Multimode Cavity Search for Axion Dark Matter
journal, December 2018

X-Ray Signatures of Axion Conversion in Magnetic White Dwarf Stars
journal, August 2019

Tunable Axion Plasma Haloscopes
journal, October 2019

Search for new physics with atoms and molecules
journal, June 2018