Selecting the Best Graphite for Long-Life, High-Energy Li-Ion Batteries

Mao, Chengyu; Wood, Marissa; David, Lamuel Abraham; An, Seong Jin; Sheng, Yangping; Du, Zhijia; Meyer, III, Harry M.; Ruther, Rose E.; Wood, III, David L.

doi:10.1149/2.1111809jes

Title: Selecting the Best Graphite for Long-Life, High-Energy Li-Ion Batteries

Journal Article · 16 June 2018 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1111809jes · OSTI ID:1456808

^[1];

^[1]; An, Seong Jin ^[2];

^[1];

^[2]

Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)
Oak Ridge National Lab. (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States); Univ. of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN (United States)

Here, most lithium-ion batteries still rely on intercalation-type graphite materials for anodes, so it is important to consider their role in full cells for applications in electric vehicles. Here, we systematically evaluate the chemical and physical properties of six commercially-available natural and synthetic graphites to establish which factors have the greatest impact on the cycling stability of full cells with nickel-rich LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2 (NMC811) cathodes. Electrochemical data and post-mortem characterization explain the origin of capacity fade. The NMC811 cathode shows large irreversible capacity loss and impedance growth, accounting for much of full cell degradation. However, six graphite anodes demonstrate significant differences with respect to structural change, surface area, impedance growth, and SEI chemistry, which impact overall capacity retention. We found long cycle life correlated most strongly with stable graphite crystallite size. In addition, graphites with lower surface area generally had higher coulombic efficiencies during formation cycles, which led to more stable long-term cycling. The best graphite screened here enables a capacity retention around 90% in full pouch cells over extensive long-term cycling compared to only 82% for cells with the lowest performing graphite. The results show that optimal graphite selection improves cycling stability of high energy lithium-ion cells.

View Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Cite

Export

Save

Research Organization:: Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL), Oak Ridge, TN (United States)

Sponsoring Organization:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE)

Grant/Contract Number:: AC05-00OR22725

OSTI ID:: 1456808

Journal Information:: Journal of the Electrochemical Society, Journal Name: Journal of the Electrochemical Society Journal Issue: 9 Vol. 165; ISSN 0013-4651

Publisher:: The Electrochemical SocietyCopyright Statement

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

References (66)

Advanced Concentration Gradient Cathode Material with Two-Slope for High-Energy and Safe Lithium Batteries Lim, Byung-Beom; Yoon, Sung-Jun; Park, Kang-Joon Advanced Functional Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 29 https://doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201501430	journal	June 2015
Optimized Silicon Electrode Architecture, Interface, and Microgeometry for Next-Generation Lithium-Ion Batteries Molina Piper, Daniela; Evans, Tyler; Xu, Shanshan Advanced Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/adma.201503633	journal	October 2015
Understanding the Degradation Mechanisms of LiNi _0.5 Co _0.2 Mn _0.3 O ₂ Cathode Material in Lithium Ion Batteries Jung, Sung-Kyun; Gwon, Hyeokjo; Hong, Jihyun Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201300787	journal	August 2013
Nickel-Rich and Lithium-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes: Progress and Perspectives Manthiram, Arumugam; Knight, James C.; Myung, Seung-Taek Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201501010	journal	October 2015
In Situ Probing and Synthetic Control of Cationic Ordering in Ni-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes Zhao, Jianqing; Zhang, Wei; Huq, Ashfia Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201601266	journal	October 2016
Narrowing the Gap between Theoretical and Practical Capacities in Li-Ion Layered Oxide Cathode Materials Radin, Maxwell D.; Hy, Sunny; Sina, Mahsa Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 7, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201602888	journal	July 2017
Nickel-Rich Layered Lithium Transition-Metal Oxide for High-Energy Lithium-Ion Batteries Liu, Wen; Oh, Pilgun; Liu, Xien Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 54, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201409262	journal	March 2015
Toward Low-Cost, High-Energy Density, and High-Power Density Lithium-Ion Batteries Li, Jianlin; Du, Zhijia; Ruther, Rose E. JOM, Vol. 69, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11837-017-2404-9	journal	June 2017
In situ x-ray diffraction and electrochemical studies of Li1−xNiO2 Li, W.; Reimers, J.; Dahn, J. Solid State Ionics, Vol. 67, Issue 1-2 https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-2738(93)90317-V	journal	December 1993
Electrochemically lithiated graphite characterised by photoelectron spectroscopy Andersson, A. M.; Henningson, A.; Siegbahn, H. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 119-121 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(03)00277-5	journal	June 2003
On the choice of graphite for lithium ion batteries Simon, B.; Flandrois, S.; Guerin, K. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 81-82 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-7753(99)00211-6	journal	September 1999
Correlations between surface properties of graphite and the first cycle specific charge loss in lithium-ion batteries Ng, S. H.; Vix-Guterl, C.; Bernardo, Ph. Carbon, Vol. 47, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2008.11.008	journal	March 2009
Advanced surface and microstructural characterization of natural graphite anodes for lithium ion batteries Gallego, Nidia C.; Contescu, Cristian I.; Meyer, Harry M. Carbon, Vol. 72 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2014.02.031	journal	June 2014
The state of understanding of the lithium-ion-battery graphite solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and its relationship to formation cycling An, Seong Jin; Li, Jianlin; Daniel, Claus Carbon, Vol. 105 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbon.2016.04.008	journal	August 2016
Rate capability of graphite materials as negative electrodes in lithium-ion capacitors Sivakkumar, S. R.; Nerkar, J. Y.; Pandolfo, A. G. Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 55, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2010.01.059	journal	March 2010
Effect of Mg-doping on the degradation of LiNiO2-based cathode materials by combined spectroscopic methods Muto, Shunsuke; Tatsumi, Kazuyoshi; Kojima, Yuji Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 205 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2012.01.071	journal	May 2012
Comparison of the structural and electrochemical properties of layered Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x = 1/3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.85) cathode material for lithium-ion batteries Noh, Hyung-Joo; Youn, Sungjune; Yoon, Chong Seung Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 233 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2013.01.063	journal	July 2013
Understanding structural changes in NMC Li-ion cells by in situ neutron diffraction Dolotko, O.; Senyshyn, A.; Mühlbauer, M. J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 255 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.01.010	journal	June 2014
From coin cells to 400 mAh pouch cells: Enhancing performance of high-capacity lithium-ion cells via modifications in electrode constitution and fabrication Trask, Stephen E.; Li, Yan; Kubal, Joseph J. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 259 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.02.077	journal	August 2014
The formation and stability of the solid electrolyte interface on the graphite anode Agubra, Victor A.; Fergus, Jeffrey W. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 268 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2014.06.024	journal	December 2014
Fast formation cycling for lithium ion batteries An, Seong Jin; Li, Jianlin; Du, Zhijia Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 342 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.01.011	journal	February 2017
Calendar aging of a 250 kW/500 kWh Li-ion battery deployed for the grid storage application Kubiak, Pierre; Cen, Zhaohui; López, Carmen M. Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 372 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2017.10.063	journal	December 2017
Best Practice: Performance and Cost Evaluation of Lithium Ion Battery Active Materials with Special Emphasis on Energy Efficiency Meister, Paul; Jia, Haiping; Li, Jie Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 28, Issue 20 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b02895	journal	October 2016
Toward Safe Lithium Metal Anode in Rechargeable Batteries: A Review Cheng, Xin-Bing; Zhang, Rui; Zhao, Chen-Zi Chemical Reviews, Vol. 117, Issue 15 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00115	journal	July 2017
Changing Established Belief on Capacity Fade Mechanisms: Thorough Investigation of LiNi _1/3 Co _1/3 Mn _1/3 O ₂ (NCM111) under High Voltage Conditions Kasnatscheew, Johannes; Evertz, Marco; Streipert, Benjamin The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 121, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpcc.6b11746	journal	January 2017
Electrode–Electrolyte Interface in Li-Ion Batteries: Current Understanding and New Insights Gauthier, Magali; Carney, Thomas J.; Grimaud, Alexis The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b01727	journal	October 2015
Aligned Li ⁺ Tunnels in Core–Shell Li(Ni _x Mn _y Co _z )O ₂ @LiFePO ₄ Enhances Its High Voltage Cycling Stability as Li-ion Battery Cathode Wu, Zhongzhen; Ji, Shunping; Liu, Tongchao Nano Letters, Vol. 16, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02742	journal	September 2016
Intergranular Cracking as a Major Cause of Long-Term Capacity Fading of Layered Cathodes Liu, Hao; Wolf, Mark; Karki, Khim Nano Letters, Vol. 17, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b00379	journal	May 2017
Role of Manganese Deposition on Graphite in the Capacity Fading of Lithium Ion Batteries Vissers, Daniel R.; Chen, Zonghai; Shao, Yuyan ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b02061	journal	May 2016
Understanding the Degradation Mechanism of Lithium Nickel Oxide Cathodes for Li-Ion Batteries Xu, Jing; Hu, Enyuan; Nordlund, Dennis ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 8, Issue 46 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b11111	journal	November 2016
Electrolyte Volume Effects on Electrochemical Performance and Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Si-Graphite/NMC Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells An, Seong Jin; Li, Jianlin; Daniel, Claus ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, Vol. 9, Issue 22 https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b03617	journal	May 2017
Ultimate Limits to Intercalation Reactions for Lithium Batteries Whittingham, M. Stanley Chemical Reviews, Vol. 114, Issue 23 https://doi.org/10.1021/cr5003003	journal	October 2014
Tuning of Thermal Stability in Layered Li(Ni _x Mn _y Co _z )O ₂ Zheng, Jiaxin; Liu, Tongchao; Hu, Zongxiang Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 138, Issue 40 https://doi.org/10.1021/jacs.6b07771	journal	September 2016
Lithium Ethylene Dicarbonate Identified as the Primary Product of Chemical and Electrochemical Reduction of EC in 1.2 M LiPF ₆ /EC:EMC Electrolyte Zhuang, Guorong V.; Xu, Kang; Yang, Hui The Journal of Physical Chemistry B, Vol. 109, Issue 37 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp052474w	journal	September 2005
Lithium Ion Battery Graphite Solid Electrolyte Interphase Revealed by Microscopy and Spectroscopy Nie, Mengyun; Chalasani, Dinesh; Abraham, Daniel P. The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 117, Issue 3, p. 1257-1267 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp3118055	journal	January 2013
Reduced Graphene Oxide Paper Electrode: Opposing Effect of Thermal Annealing on Li and Na Cyclability David, Lamuel; Singh, Gurpreet The Journal of Physical Chemistry C, Vol. 118, Issue 49 https://doi.org/10.1021/jp5080847	journal	November 2014
Structure of Graphite Freise, E. J. Nature, Vol. 193, Issue 4816 https://doi.org/10.1038/193671a0	journal	February 1962
A stable lithium-rich surface structure for lithium-rich layered cathode materials Kim, Sangryun; Cho, Woosuk; Zhang, Xiaobin Nature Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13598	journal	November 2016
Surface reconstruction and chemical evolution of stoichiometric layered cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries Lin, Feng; Markus, Isaac M.; Nordlund, Dennis Nature Communications, Vol. 5, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms4529	journal	March 2014
Nanostructured high-energy cathode materials for advanced lithium batteries Sun, Yang-Kook; Chen, Zonghai; Noh, Hyung-Joo Nature Materials, Vol. 11, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1038/nmat3435	journal	October 2012
Modification of Ni-Rich FCG NMC and NCA Cathodes by Atomic Layer Deposition: Preventing Surface Phase Transitions for High-Voltage Lithium-Ion Batteries Mohanty, Debasish; Dahlberg, Kevin; King, David M. Scientific Reports, Vol. 6, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1038/srep26532	journal	May 2016
7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane-assisted one-step electrochemical exfoliation of graphite and its performance as an electrode material Khanra, Partha; Lee, Chang-No; Kuila, Tapas Nanoscale, Vol. 6, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1039/C3NR05307E	journal	January 2014
In situ Raman study of lithium-ion intercalation into microcrystalline graphite Sole, Christopher; Drewett, Nicholas E.; Hardwick, Laurence J. Faraday Discuss., Vol. 172 https://doi.org/10.1039/C4FD00079J	journal	January 2014
Running out of lithium? A route to differentiate between capacity losses and active lithium losses in lithium-ion batteries Holtstiege, Florian; Wilken, Andrea; Winter, Martin Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 19, Issue 38 https://doi.org/10.1039/C7CP05405J	journal	January 2017
Studying disorder in graphite-based systems by Raman spectroscopy Pimenta, M. A.; Dresselhaus, G.; Dresselhaus, M. S. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., Vol. 9, Issue 11 https://doi.org/10.1039/b613962k	journal	January 2007
PVDF film tethered with RGD-click-poly(glycidyl methacrylate) brushes by combination of direct surface-initiated ATRP and click chemistry for improved cytocompatibility He, Fei; Luo, Baiwen; Yuan, Shaojun RSC Adv., Vol. 4, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1039/c3ra44789h	journal	January 2014
Evaluation of Graphite Materials as Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries Cao, Fei; Barsukov, Igor V.; Bang, Hyun Joo Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 147, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1393942	journal	January 2000
Analysis of the Chemical Composition of the Passive Film on Li-Ion Battery Anodes Using Attentuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy Zhuang, Guorong V.; Ross, Philip N. Electrochemical and Solid-State Letters, Vol. 6, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1575594	journal	January 2003
A Comparative Study of Synthetic Graphite and Li Electrodes in Electrolyte Solutions Based on Ethylene Carbonate-Dimethyl Carbonate Mixtures Aurbach, D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 143, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1837300	journal	January 1996
Advanced Model for Solid Electrolyte Interphase Electrodes in Liquid and Polymer Electrolytes Peled, E. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 144, Issue 8 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.1837858	journal	January 1997
Significant Improvement of Electrochemical Performance of AlF₃-Coated Li[Ni_0.8Co_0.1Mn_0.1]O₂ Cathode Materials Woo, S.-U.; Yoon, C. S.; Amine, K. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 154, Issue 11, p. A1005-A1009 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.2776160	journal	January 2007
Examining the Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Binder-Free Graphite Electrodes Xiao, Ang; Yang, Li; Lucht, Brett L. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 156, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3078020	journal	January 2009
Combined In Situ Raman and IR Microscopy at the Interface of a Single Graphite Particle with Ethylene Carbonate/Dimethyl Carbonate Lanz, Patrick; Novák, Petr Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 161, Issue 10 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0021410jes	journal	January 2014
Oxygen Release and Its Effect on the Cycling Stability of LiNi _x Mn _y Co _z O ₂ (NMC) Cathode Materials for Li-Ion Batteries Jung, Roland; Metzger, Michael; Maglia, Filippo Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0021707jes	journal	January 2017
Photoelectron Spectroscopy for Lithium Battery Interface Studies Philippe, B.; Hahlin, M.; Edström, K. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 2 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0051602jes	journal	November 2015
Comparison of Cycling Performance of Lithium Ion Cell Anode Graphites Ridgway, Paul; Zheng, Honghe; Bello, A. F. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 159, Issue 5 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.006205jes	journal	January 2012
Cycling Behavior of NCM523/Graphite Lithium-Ion Cells in the 3–4.4 V Range: Diagnostic Studies of Full Cells and Harvested Electrodes Gilbert, James A.; Bareño, Javier; Spila, Timothy Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0081701jes	journal	September 2016
Review—Li-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes for Next-Generation Li-Ion Batteries: Chances and Challenges Rozier, Patrick; Tarascon, Jean Marie Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0111514jes	journal	January 2015
One Sulfonate and Three Sulfate Electrolyte Additives Studied in Graphite/LiCoO ₂ Pouch Cells Xia, Jian; Petibon, R.; Sinha, N. N. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0151512jes	journal	January 2015
Electrochemical Modeling and Performance of a Lithium- and Manganese-Rich Layered Transition-Metal Oxide Positive Electrode Dees, Dennis W.; Abraham, Daniel P.; Lu, Wenquan Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 4 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0231504jes	journal	January 2015
Enabling High-Energy, High-Voltage Lithium-Ion Cells: Standardization of Coin-Cell Assembly, Electrochemical Testing, and Evaluation of Full Cells Long, Brandon R.; Rinaldo, Steven G.; Gallagher, Kevin G. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 163, Issue 14 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0691614jes	journal	January 2016
Effects of Surface Coating on Gas Evolution and Impedance Growth at Li[Ni _x Mn _y Co _1-x-y ]O ₂ Positive Electrodes in Li-Ion Cells Xiong, D. J.; Hynes, T.; Ellis, L. D. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 13 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.0991713jes	journal	January 2017
Study of the Failure Mechanisms of LiNi _0.8 Mn _0.1 Co _0.1 O ₂ Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Batteries Li, Jing; Downie, Laura E.; Ma, Lin Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 162, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1011507jes	journal	January 2015
Correlation of Electrolyte Volume and Electrochemical Performance in Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells with Graphite Anodes and NMC532 Cathodes An, Seong Jin; Li, Jianlin; Mohanty, Debasish Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1131706jes	journal	January 2017
Review—SEI: Past, Present and Future Peled, E.; Menkin, S. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 164, Issue 7 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1441707jes	journal	January 2017
Assessment of Surface Heterogeneity: a Route to Correlate and Quantify the 1st Cycle Irreversible Capacity Caused by SEI Formation to the Various Surfaces of Graphite Anodes for Lithium Ion Cells Placke, Tobias; Siozios, Vassilios; Rothermel, Sergej Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, Vol. 229, Issue 9 https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2015-0584	journal	January 2015

Cited By (8)

Commercialization of Lithium Battery Technologies for Electric Vehicles Zeng, Xiaoqiao; Li, Matthew; Abd El‐Hady, Deia Advanced Energy Materials, Vol. 9, Issue 27 https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.201900161	journal	June 2019
A Promising Carbon/g‐C ₃ N ₄ Composite Negative Electrode for a Long‐Life Sodium‐Ion Battery Weng, Guo‐Ming; Xie, Yu; Wang, Hang Angewandte Chemie, Vol. 131, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1002/ange.201905803	journal	July 2019
A Promising Carbon/g‐C ₃ N ₄ Composite Negative Electrode for a Long‐Life Sodium‐Ion Battery Weng, Guo‐Ming; Xie, Yu; Wang, Hang Angewandte Chemie International Edition, Vol. 58, Issue 39 https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.201905803	journal	September 2019
A Sustainable Tamarind Kernel Powder Based Aqueous Binder for Graphite Anode in Lithium‐Ion Batteries Narasimha Phanikumar, Vaddi Venkata; Appa Rao, Boyapati Venkata; Gobi, Kauveri Vengatajalabathy ChemistrySelect, Vol. 5, Issue 3 https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.201903374	journal	January 2020
Intercalation chemistry of graphite: alkali metal ions and beyond Li, Yuqi; Lu, Yaxiang; Adelhelm, Philipp Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 48, Issue 17 https://doi.org/10.1039/c9cs00162j	journal	January 2019
Electrochemical Quantification of Lithium Plating: Challenges and Considerations Tanim, Tanvir R.; Dufek, Eric J.; Dickerson, Charles C. Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 166, Issue 12 https://doi.org/10.1149/2.1581912jes	journal	January 2019
Thermal Conductivity Enhancement of Phase Change Materials for Low-Temperature Thermal Energy Storage Applications Singh, Randeep; Sadeghi, Sadegh; Shabani, Bahman Energies, Vol. 12, Issue 1 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12010075	journal	December 2018
Current Li-Ion Battery Technologies in Electric Vehicles and Opportunities for Advancements Miao, Yu; Hynan, Patrick; von Jouanne, Annette Energies, Vol. 12, Issue 6 https://doi.org/10.3390/en12061074	journal	March 2019

Similar Records

Cycling Performance and Structure Evolution of Co-free Lithium- and Manganese-Rich Layered Oxides in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Journal Article · 2026 · Journal of the Electrochemical Society · OSTI ID:3013474

Badami, Pavan; Kwok, C. Y. ; Gargye, Avi; +6 more

Crossover Effects in Batteries with High–Nickel Cathodes and Lithium–Metal Anodes

Journal Article · 2021 · Advanced Functional Materials · OSTI ID:2217339

Langdon, Jayse; Manthiram, Arumugam

Fine‐Tuning Li‐Ion Solvation Structure by Enhanced Solvent‐Diluent Interactions for Long‐Cycling Lithium Metal Batteries

Journal Article · 2025 · Advanced Energy Materials · OSTI ID:2569458

Li, Guo‐Xing; Lyu, Xingyi; Nguyen, Au; +7 more

Related Subjects

25 ENERGY STORAGE
Ni-rich cathode
cycling stability
graphite anode

Title: Selecting the Best Graphite for Long-Life, High-Energy Li-Ion Batteries

Citation Formats

References (66)

Cited By (8)

Similar Records

Related Subjects