The LUX prototype detector: Heat exchanger development

Akerib, D. S.; Bai, X.; Bedikian, S.; Bernstein, A.; Bolozdynya, A.; Bradley, A.; Cahn, S. B.; Carr, D.; Chapman, J. J.; Clark, K.; Classen, T.; Curioni, A.; Dahl, C. E.; Dazeley, S.; de Viveiros, L.; Dragowsky, M.; Druszkiewicz, E.; Fiorucci, S.; Gaitskell, R. J.; Hall, C.; Faham, C.; Holbrook, B.; Kastens, L.; Kazkaz, K.; Kwong, J.; Lander, R.; Leonard, D.; Malling, D.; Mannino, R.; McKinsey, D. N.; Mei, D.; Mock, J.; Morii, M.; Nikkel, J. A.; Phelps, P.; Shutt, T.; Skulski, W.; Sorensen, P.; Spaans, J.; Steigler, T.; Svoboda, R.; Sweany, M.; Thomson, J.; Tripathi, M.; Walsh, N.; Webb, R.; White, J.; Wolfs, F. L. H.; Woods, M.; Zhang, C.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.036

Title: The LUX prototype detector: Heat exchanger development

Abstract

The LUX (large underground xenon) detector is a two-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) designed to search for WIMP–nucleon dark matter interactions. As with all noble element detectors, continuous purification of the detector medium is essential to produce a large (> 1 ms) electron lifetime; this is necessary for efficient measurement of the electron signal which in turn is essential for achieving robust discrimination of signal from background events. Here, we describe the development of a novel purification system deployed in a prototype detector. The results from the operation of this prototype indicated heat exchange with an efficiency above 94% up to a flow rate of 42 slpm, allowing for an electron drift length greater than 1 m to be achieved in approximately 2 days and sustained for the duration of the testing period.

Authors:

Akerib, D. S. ^[1]; Bai, X. ^[2]; Bedikian, S. ^[3]; Bernstein, A. ^[4]; Bolozdynya, A. ^[5]; Bradley, A. ^[1]; Cahn, S. B. ^[3]; Carr, D. ^[4]; Chapman, J. J. ^[6]; Clark, K. ^[1]; Classen, T. ^[7]; Curioni, A. ^[3]; Dahl, C. E. ^[1]; Dazeley, S. ^[4]; de Viveiros, L. ^[6]; Dragowsky, M. ^[1]; Druszkiewicz, E. ^[8]; Fiorucci, S. ^[6]; Gaitskell, R. J. ^[6]; Hall, C. ^[9] more »

Case Western Reserve Univ., Cleveland, OH (United States). Dept. of Physics
South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD (United States)
Yale Univ., New Haven, CT (United States). Dept. of Physics
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
National Research Nuclear Univ. Moscow Engineering Physics Inst. (MEPhI), Moscow (Russian Federation). Faculty of the Experimental and Theoretical Physics
Brown Univ., Providence, RI (United States). Dept. of Physics
Univ. of California, Davis, CA (United States). Dept. of Physics
Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy
Univ. of Maryland, College Park, MD (United States). Dept. of Physics
Texas A & M Univ., College Station, TX (United States). Dept. of Physics
Univ. of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD (United States). Dept. of Physics
Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA (United States). Dept. of Physics

Publication Date:: Thu Jan 24 00:00:00 EST 2013

Research Org.:: Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA). Nuclear Science and Security Consortium (NSSC); National Science Foundation (NSF); Research Corporation for Science Advancement (RCSA), Tucson, AZ (United States); Sanford Underground Research Facility (SURF), Lead, SD (United States)

OSTI Identifier:: 1454549

Grant/Contract Number:: NA0000979; FG02-08ER41549; FG02-91ER40688; FG02-95ER40917; FG02-91ER40674; FG02-11ER41738; SC0006605; AC52-07NA27344; PHYS-0750671; PHY-0707051; PHY-0801536; PHY-1004661; PHY-1102470; PHY-1003660; RA0350

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 709; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0168-9002

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 46 INSTRUMENTATION RELATED TO NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY; 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; 72 PHYSICS OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLES AND FIELDS; Noble-liquid detectors; Charge transport and multiplication in liquid media; Large detector systems for particle and astroparticle physics

Citation Formats


                    Akerib, D. S., Bai, X., Bedikian, S., Bernstein, A., Bolozdynya, A., Bradley, A., Cahn, S. B., Carr, D., Chapman, J. J., Clark, K., Classen, T., Curioni, A., Dahl, C. E., Dazeley, S., de Viveiros, L., Dragowsky, M., Druszkiewicz, E., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Hall, C., Faham, C., Holbrook, B., Kastens, L., Kazkaz, K., Kwong, J., Lander, R., Leonard, D., Malling, D., Mannino, R., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D., Mock, J., Morii, M., Nikkel, J. A., Phelps, P., Shutt, T., Skulski, W., Sorensen, P., Spaans, J., Steigler, T., Svoboda, R., Sweany, M., Thomson, J., Tripathi, M., Walsh, N., Webb, R., White, J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woods, M., and Zhang, C. The LUX prototype detector: Heat exchanger development.  United States: N. p., 2013. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.036.

Copy to clipboard


                    Akerib, D. S., Bai, X., Bedikian, S., Bernstein, A., Bolozdynya, A., Bradley, A., Cahn, S. B., Carr, D., Chapman, J. J., Clark, K., Classen, T., Curioni, A., Dahl, C. E., Dazeley, S., de Viveiros, L., Dragowsky, M., Druszkiewicz, E., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Hall, C., Faham, C., Holbrook, B., Kastens, L., Kazkaz, K., Kwong, J., Lander, R., Leonard, D., Malling, D., Mannino, R., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D., Mock, J., Morii, M., Nikkel, J. A., Phelps, P., Shutt, T., Skulski, W., Sorensen, P., Spaans, J., Steigler, T., Svoboda, R., Sweany, M., Thomson, J., Tripathi, M., Walsh, N., Webb, R., White, J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woods, M., & Zhang, C. The LUX prototype detector: Heat exchanger development.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.036

Copy to clipboard


                    Akerib, D. S., Bai, X., Bedikian, S., Bernstein, A., Bolozdynya, A., Bradley, A., Cahn, S. B., Carr, D., Chapman, J. J., Clark, K., Classen, T., Curioni, A., Dahl, C. E., Dazeley, S., de Viveiros, L., Dragowsky, M., Druszkiewicz, E., Fiorucci, S., Gaitskell, R. J., Hall, C., Faham, C., Holbrook, B., Kastens, L., Kazkaz, K., Kwong, J., Lander, R., Leonard, D., Malling, D., Mannino, R., McKinsey, D. N., Mei, D., Mock, J., Morii, M., Nikkel, J. A., Phelps, P., Shutt, T., Skulski, W., Sorensen, P., Spaans, J., Steigler, T., Svoboda, R., Sweany, M., Thomson, J., Tripathi, M., Walsh, N., Webb, R., White, J., Wolfs, F. L. H., Woods, M., and Zhang, C. Thu .  
"The LUX prototype detector: Heat exchanger development".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.036.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1454549.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1454549,

  title        = {The LUX prototype detector: Heat exchanger development},

  author       = {Akerib, D. S. and Bai, X. and Bedikian, S. and Bernstein, A. and Bolozdynya, A. and Bradley, A. and Cahn, S. B. and Carr, D. and Chapman, J. J. and Clark, K. and Classen, T. and Curioni, A. and Dahl, C. E. and Dazeley, S. and de Viveiros, L. and Dragowsky, M. and Druszkiewicz, E. and Fiorucci, S. and Gaitskell, R. J. and Hall, C. and Faham, C. and Holbrook, B. and Kastens, L. and Kazkaz, K. and Kwong, J. and Lander, R. and Leonard, D. and Malling, D. and Mannino, R. and McKinsey, D. N. and Mei, D. and Mock, J. and Morii, M. and Nikkel, J. A. and Phelps, P. and Shutt, T. and Skulski, W. and Sorensen, P. and Spaans, J. and Steigler, T. and Svoboda, R. and Sweany, M. and Thomson, J. and Tripathi, M. and Walsh, N. and Webb, R. and White, J. and Wolfs, F. L. H. and Woods, M. and Zhang, C.},

  abstractNote = {The LUX (large underground xenon) detector is a two-phase xenon time projection chamber (TPC) designed to search for WIMP–nucleon dark matter interactions. As with all noble element detectors, continuous purification of the detector medium is essential to produce a large (> 1 ms) electron lifetime; this is necessary for efficient measurement of the electron signal which in turn is essential for achieving robust discrimination of signal from background events. Here, we describe the development of a novel purification system deployed in a prototype detector. The results from the operation of this prototype indicated heat exchange with an efficiency above 94% up to a flow rate of 42 slpm, allowing for an electron drift length greater than 1 m to be achieved in approximately 2 days and sustained for the duration of the testing period.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.036},

  journal      = {Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 709,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Jan 24 00:00:00 EST 2013},

  month        = {Thu Jan 24 00:00:00 EST 2013}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2013.01.036

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 6 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Particle dark matter: evidence, candidates and constraints
journal, January 2005

Bertone, Gianfranco; Hooper, Dan; Silk, Joseph
Physics Reports, Vol. 405, Issue 5-6
DOI: 10.1016/j.physrep.2004.08.031

The LUX dark matter search
journal, January 2010

McKinsey, D. N.; Akerib, D.; Bedikian, S.
Journal of Physics: Conference Series, Vol. 203
DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/203/1/012026

Recent developments of liquid xenon detectors
journal, May 1982

Doke, Tadayoshi
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Vol. 196, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1016/0029-554X(82)90621-8

Direct Detection of dark Matter
journal, December 2004

Gaitskell, Richard J.
Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, Vol. 54, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.nucl.54.070103.181244

The XENON100 dark matter experiment
journal, April 2012

Aprile, E.; Arisaka, K.; Arneodo, F.
Astroparticle Physics, Vol. 35, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1016/j.astropartphys.2012.01.003

Cryogenics for the LUX Detector
journal, August 2009

Bolozdynya, A.; Bradley, A.; Bryan, S.
IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science, Vol. 56, Issue 4
DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2009.2023443

Study of a zirconium getter for purification of xenon gas
journal, August 2010

Dobi, A.; Leonard, D. S.; Hall, C.
Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A: Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment, Vol. 620, Issue 2-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.nima.2010.03.151

Xenon recirculation-purification with a heat exchanger
journal, March 2011

Giboni, K. L.; Aprile, E.; Choi, B.
Journal of Instrumentation, Vol. 6, Issue 03
DOI: 10.1088/1748-0221/6/03/P03002

Works referencing / citing this record:

Calibration, event reconstruction, data analysis and limits calculation for the LUX dark matter experiment
text, January 2017

Akerib, D. S.; Alsum, S.; Araújo, H. M.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1712.05696

Projected WIMP sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment
text, January 2018

Akerib, D. S.; Akerlof, C. W.; Alsum, S. K.
arXiv
DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1802.06039

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

LUX trigger efficiency

Journal Article Akerib, D. S. ; Alsum, S. ; Araújo, H. M. ; ... - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

The Large Underground Xenon experiment (LUX) searches for dark matter using a dual-phase xenon detector. LUX uses a custom-developed trigger system for event selection. Here, the trigger efficiency, which is defined as the probability that an event of interest is selected for offline analysis, is studied using raw data obtained from both electron recoil (ER) and nuclear recoil (NR) calibrations. The measured efficiency exceeds 98% at a pulse area of 90 detected photons, which is well below the WIMP analysis threshold on the S2 pulse area. The efficiency also exceeds 98% at recoil energies of 1.3 keV and above, formore »« less
Cited by 2
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2018.07.094

Full Text Available
Liquid xenon scintillation measurements and pulse shape discrimination in the LUX dark matter detector

Journal Article Akerib, D. S. ; Alsum, S. ; Araújo, H. M. ; ... - Physical Review D

Weakly interacting massive particles (WIMPs) are a leading candidate for dark matter and are expected to produce nuclear recoil (NR) events within liquid xenon time-projection chambers. We present a measurement of the scintillation timing characteristics of liquid xenon in the LUX dark matter detector and develop a pulse shape discriminant to be used for particle identification. To accurately measure the timing characteristics, we develop a template-fitting method to reconstruct the detection times of photons. Analyzing calibration data collected during the 2013–2016 LUX WIMP search, we provide a new measurement of the singlet-to-triplet scintillation ratio for electron recoils (ER) below 46more »« less
Cited by 13
https://doi.org/10.1103/physrevd.97.112002

Full Text Available
Data acquisition and readout system for the LUX dark matter experiment

Journal Article Akerib, D. S. ; Bai, X. ; Bedikian, S. ; ... - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

LUX is a two-phase (liquid/gas) xenon time projection chamber designed to detect nuclear recoils from interactions with dark matter particles. Signals from the LUX detector are processed by custom-built analog electronics which provide properly shaped signals for the trigger and data acquisition (DAQ) systems. The DAQ is comprised of commercial digitizers with firmware customized for the LUX experiment. Data acquisition systems in rare-event searches must accommodate high rate and large dynamic range during precision calibrations involving radioactive sources, while also delivering low threshold for maximum sensitivity. The LUX DAQ meets these challenges using real-time baseline sup- pression that allows formore »« less
Cited by 22
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.11.063

Full Text Available
The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment

Journal Article Akerib, D. S. ; Bai, X. ; Bedikian, S. ; ... - Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research. Section A, Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment

The Large Underground Xenon (LUX) collaboration has designed and constructed a dual-phase xenon detector, in order to conduct a search for Weakly Interacting Massive Particles (WIMPs), a leading dark matter candidate. The goal of the LUX detector is to clearly detect (or exclude) WIMPS with a spin independent cross-section per nucleon of 2×10^-46 cm², equivalent to ∼1event/100kg/month in the inner 100-kg fiducial volume (FV) of the 370-kg detector. The overall background goals are set to have <1 background events characterized as possible WIMPs in the FV in 300 days of running. This paper describes the design and construction of themore » LUX detector.« less
Cited by 202
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2012.11.135

Full Text Available
Results from a search for dark matter in the complete LUX exposure

Journal Article Akerib, D. S. ; Alsum, S. ; Araújo, H. M. ; ... - Physical Review Letters

We report constraints on spin-independent weakly interacting massive particle (WIMP)-nucleon scattering using a 3.35e4 kg-day exposure of the Large Underground Xenon (LUX) experiment. A dual-phase xenon time projection chamber with 250 kg of active mass is operated at the Sanford Underground Research Facility under Lead, South Dakota (USA). With roughly fourfold improvement in sensitivity for high WIMP masses relative to our previous results, this search yields no evidence of WIMP nuclear recoils. At a WIMP mass of 50 GeV/c^2, WIMP-nucleon spin-independent cross sections above 2.2e-46 cm^2 are excluded at the 90% confidence level. When combined with the previously reported LUXmore »« less
Cited by 1162
https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.118.021303

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: The LUX prototype detector: Heat exchanger development

Abstract

Citation Formats

Particle dark matter: evidence, candidates and constraints journal, January 2005

The LUX dark matter search journal, January 2010

Recent developments of liquid xenon detectors journal, May 1982

Direct Detection of dark Matter journal, December 2004

The XENON100 dark matter experiment journal, April 2012

Cryogenics for the LUX Detector journal, August 2009

Study of a zirconium getter for purification of xenon gas journal, August 2010

Xenon recirculation-purification with a heat exchanger journal, March 2011

Calibration, event reconstruction, data analysis and limits calculation for the LUX dark matter experiment text, January 2017

Projected WIMP sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment text, January 2018

Particle dark matter: evidence, candidates and constraints
journal, January 2005

The LUX dark matter search
journal, January 2010

Recent developments of liquid xenon detectors
journal, May 1982

Direct Detection of dark Matter
journal, December 2004

The XENON100 dark matter experiment
journal, April 2012

Cryogenics for the LUX Detector
journal, August 2009

Study of a zirconium getter for purification of xenon gas
journal, August 2010

Xenon recirculation-purification with a heat exchanger
journal, March 2011

Calibration, event reconstruction, data analysis and limits calculation for the LUX dark matter experiment
text, January 2017

Projected WIMP sensitivity of the LUX-ZEPLIN (LZ) dark matter experiment
text, January 2018