Fe–Si networks and charge/discharge-induced phase transitions in Li2FeSiO4 cathode materials

Lv, Xiaobao; Zhao, Xin; Wu, Shunqing; Nguyen, Manh Cuong; Zhu, Zizhong; Lin, Zijing; Wang, Cai-Zhuang; Ho, Kai -Ming

doi:10.1039/C8CP01962B

Title: Fe–Si networks and charge/discharge-induced phase transitions in Li₂FeSiO₄ cathode materials

Abstract

Here, structural phase transitions of electrode materials are responsible for poor reversibility during charge/discharge cycling in Li-ion batteries.

Authors:

^[1];

^[2];

^[3]; Nguyen, Manh Cuong ^[2];

^[3]; Lin, Zijing ^[4]; Wang, Cai-Zhuang ^[5]; Ho, Kai -Ming ^[6]

Univ. of Science and Technology of China, Hefei (China); Ames Lab., Ames, IA (United States)
Ames Lab., Ames, IA (United States)
Xiamen Univ., Xiamen (China)
Univ. of Science and Technology of China, Hefei (China)
Ames Laboratory; US DOE; Ames; USA
Univ. of Science and Technology of China, Hefei (China); Iowa State Univ., Ames, IA (United States)

Publication Date:: 2018-04-25

Research Org.:: Ames Lab., Ames, IA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)

OSTI Identifier:: 1440996

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1437318

Grant/Contract Number:: 11574284; 11774324; 201506340115; AC02-07CH11358

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 20; Journal Issue: 21; Journal ID: ISSN 1463-9076

Publisher:: Royal Society of Chemistry

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 25 ENERGY STORAGE

Citation Formats


                    Lv, Xiaobao, Zhao, Xin, Wu, Shunqing, Nguyen, Manh Cuong, Zhu, Zizhong, Lin, Zijing, Wang, Cai-Zhuang, and Ho, Kai -Ming. Fe–Si networks and charge/discharge-induced phase transitions in Li2FeSiO4 cathode materials.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1039/C8CP01962B.

Copy to clipboard


                    Lv, Xiaobao, Zhao, Xin, Wu, Shunqing, Nguyen, Manh Cuong, Zhu, Zizhong, Lin, Zijing, Wang, Cai-Zhuang, & Ho, Kai -Ming. Fe–Si networks and charge/discharge-induced phase transitions in Li2FeSiO4 cathode materials.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CP01962B

Copy to clipboard


                    Lv, Xiaobao, Zhao, Xin, Wu, Shunqing, Nguyen, Manh Cuong, Zhu, Zizhong, Lin, Zijing, Wang, Cai-Zhuang, and Ho, Kai -Ming. Wed .  
"Fe–Si networks and charge/discharge-induced phase transitions in Li2FeSiO4 cathode materials".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CP01962B.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1440996.

Copy to clipboard


                    
@article{osti_1440996,

  title        = {Fe–Si networks and charge/discharge-induced phase transitions in Li2FeSiO4 cathode materials},

  author       = {Lv, Xiaobao and Zhao, Xin and Wu, Shunqing and Nguyen, Manh Cuong and Zhu, Zizhong and Lin, Zijing and Wang, Cai-Zhuang and Ho, Kai -Ming},

  abstractNote = {Here, structural phase transitions of electrode materials are responsible for poor reversibility during charge/discharge cycling in Li-ion batteries.},

  doi          = {10.1039/C8CP01962B},

  journal      = {Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. PCCP},

  number       = 21,

  volume       = 20,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {2018},

  month        = {4}

}

Copy to clipboard

Journal Article:

Free Publicly Available Full Text

Accepted Manuscript (DOE)

Publisher's Version of Record

https://doi.org/10.1039/C8CP01962B

Other availability

Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal

Citation Metrics:

Cited by: 11 works

Citation information provided by
Web of Science

Save / Share:

Export Metadata

Save to My Library

Works referenced in this record:

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)]
journal, February 1997

Perdew, John P.; Burke, Kieron; Ernzerhof, Matthias
Physical Review Letters, Vol. 78, Issue 7
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.78.1396

Exploration of tetrahedral structures in silicate cathodes using a motif-network scheme
journal, October 2015

Zhao, Xin; Wu, Shunqing; Lv, Xiaobao
Scientific Reports, Vol. 5, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/srep15555

The lithium extraction/insertion mechanism in Li ₂ FeSiO ₄
journal, January 2006

Nytén, Anton; Kamali, Saeed; Häggström, Lennart
J. Mater. Chem., Vol. 16, Issue 23
DOI: 10.1039/B601184E

Structural properties and energetics of Li2FeSiO4 polymorphs and their delithiated products from first-principles
journal, January 2012

Zhang, P.; Hu, C. H.; Wu, S. Q.
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 14, Issue 20
DOI: 10.1039/c2cp40811b

Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations
journal, June 1976

Monkhorst, Hendrik J.; Pack, James D.
Physical Review B, Vol. 13, Issue 12, p. 5188-5192
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.13.5188

Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set
journal, October 1996

Kresse, G.; Furthmüller, J.
Physical Review B, Vol. 54, Issue 16, p. 11169-11186
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.54.11169

Structure and Lithium Transport Pathways in Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ Cathodes for Lithium Batteries
journal, August 2011

Armstrong, A. Robert; Kuganathan, Navaratnarajah; Islam, M. Saiful
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 33
DOI: 10.1021/ja2018543

Microwave-Solvothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Li ₂ MSiO ₄ /C (M = Mn and Fe) Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, October 2010

Muraliganth, T.; Stroukoff, K. R.; Manthiram, A.
Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 22, Issue 20
DOI: 10.1021/cm102058n

Understanding the High Capacity of Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ : In Situ XRD/XANES Study Combined with First-Principles Calculations
journal, May 2013

Lv, Dongping; Bai, Jingyu; Zhang, Peng
Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 25, Issue 10
DOI: 10.1021/cm303685p

Electron-energy-loss spectra and the structural stability of nickel oxide: An LSDA+U study
journal, January 1998

Dudarev, S. L.; Botton, G. A.; Savrasov, S. Y.
Physical Review B, Vol. 57, Issue 3, p. 1505-1509
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.57.1505

VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data
journal, October 2011

Momma, Koichi; Izumi, Fujio
Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol. 44, Issue 6
DOI: 10.1107/S0021889811038970

A scheme for the generation of Fe–P networks to search for low-energy LiFePO ₄ crystal structures
journal, January 2017

Lv, Xiaobao; Zhao, Xin; Wu, Shunqing
Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 5, Issue 28
DOI: 10.1039/C7TA02532G

A novel Li2FeSiO4/C composite: Synthesis, characterization and high storage capacity
journal, January 2011

Lv, Dongping; Wen, Wen; Huang, Xingkang
Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol. 21, Issue 26
DOI: 10.1039/c0jm03928d

Crystal Structure, Energetics, And Electrochemistry of Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ Polymorphs from First Principles Calculations
journal, December 2011

Saracibar, A.; Van der Ven, A.; Arroyo-de Dompablo, M. E.
Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 3
DOI: 10.1021/cm202818u

Robust diamond-like Fe-Si network in the zero-strain Na FeSiO4 cathode
journal, September 2016

Ye, Zhuo; Zhao, Xin; Li, Shouding
Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 212
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.07.073

Insights into electrochemical performance of Li2FeSiO4 from first-principles calculations
journal, November 2013

Zhang, P.; Zheng, Y.; Yu, S.
Electrochimica Acta, Vol. 111
DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2013.07.190

Fe–Si networks in Na ₂ FeSiO ₄ cathode materials
journal, January 2016

Wu, P.; Wu, S. Q.; Lv, X.
Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, Vol. 18, Issue 34
DOI: 10.1039/C6CP05135A

Recent advances in the research of polyanion-type cathode materials for Li-ion batteries
journal, January 2011

Gong, Zhengliang; Yang, Yong
Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 4, Issue 9
DOI: 10.1039/c0ee00713g

Electrochemical performance of Li2FeSiO4 as a new Li-battery cathode material
journal, February 2005

Nytén, Anton; Abouimrane, Ali; Armand, Michel
Electrochemistry Communications, Vol. 7, Issue 2
DOI: 10.1016/j.elecom.2004.11.008

Insights into Changes in Voltage and Structure of Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ Polymorphs for Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, May 2012

Eames, C.; Armstrong, A. R.; Bruce, P. G.
Chemistry of Materials, Vol. 24, Issue 11
DOI: 10.1021/cm300749w

Dependence of Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ Electrochemistry on Structure
journal, February 2011

Sirisopanaporn, Chutchamon; Masquelier, Christian; Bruce, Peter G.
Journal of the American Chemical Society, Vol. 133, Issue 5
DOI: 10.1021/ja109695r

A climbing image nudged elastic band method for finding saddle points and minimum energy paths
journal, December 2000

Henkelman, Graeme; Uberuaga, Blas P.; Jónsson, Hannes
The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 113, Issue 22, p. 9901-9904
DOI: 10.1063/1.1329672

Advances in high-capacity Li ₂ MSiO ₄ (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, …) cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries
journal, January 2015

Girish, H. -N.; Shao, G. -Q.
RSC Advances, Vol. 5, Issue 119
DOI: 10.1039/C5RA18594G

Tuning structural stability and lithium-storage properties by d -orbital hybridization substitution in full tetrahedron Li 2 FeSiO 4 nanocrystal
journal, February 2016

Yang, Jinlong; Zheng, Jiaxin; Kang, Xiaochun
Nano Energy, Vol. 20
DOI: 10.1016/j.nanoen.2015.12.004

Site-exchange of Li and M ions in silicate cathode materials Li ₂ MSiO ₄ (M = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni): DFT calculations
journal, January 2014

Li, Lin; Zhu, Lin; Xu, Lin-Han
J. Mater. Chem. A, Vol. 2, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1039/C3TA14885H

Polymorphism and phase transformations of Li $_{2 - x}$ FeSiO $_{4}$ ( $0 ⩽ x ⩽ 2$ ) from first principles
journal, December 2011

Seo, Dong-Hwa; Kim, Hyungsub; Park, Inchul
Physical Review B, Vol. 84, Issue 22
DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevB.84.220106

Synthesis Method of the Li-Ion Battery Cathode Material Li2FeSiO4 Using a Molten Carbonate Flux
journal, January 2011

Kojima, Toshikatsu; Kojima, Akira; Miyuki, Takuhiro
Journal of The Electrochemical Society, Vol. 158, Issue 12
DOI: 10.1149/2.047112jes

Voltage- and time-dependent valence state transition in cobalt oxide catalysts during the oxygen evolution reaction
journal, April 2020

Zhou, Jing; Zhang, Linjuan; Huang, Yu-Cheng
Nature Communications, Vol. 11, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15925-2

Lead palladium titanate: A room temperature nanoscale multiferroic thin film
journal, February 2020

Mishra, K. K.; Instan, Alvaro A.; Kumari, Shalini
Scientific Reports, Vol. 10, Issue 1
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-59961-w

Similar Records in DOE PAGES and OSTI.GOV collections:

Robust diamond-like Fe-Si network in the zero-strain Na_xFeSiO₄ cathode

Journal Article Ye, Zhuo ; Zhao, Xin ; Li, Shouding ; ... - Electrochimica Acta

Sodium orthosilicates Na₂MSiO₄ (M denotes transition metals) have attracted much attention due to the possibility of exchanging two electrons per formula unit. In this work, we report a group of sodium iron orthosilicates Na₂FeSiO₄. Their crystal structures are characterized by a diamond-like Fe-Si network. The Fe-Si network is quite robust against the charge/discharge process, which explains the high structural stability observed in experiment. Furthermore, using the density functional theory within the GGA + U framework and X-ray diffraction studies, the crystal structures and structural stabilities during the sodium extraction/re-insertion process are systematically investigated.
Cited by 28
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2016.07.073

Full Text Available
Study of Li{sub 1+x}(Mn{sub 4/9}Co{sub 1/9}Ni{sub 4/9}){sub 1-x}O{sub 2} cathode materials for vehicle battery applications.

Journal Article Kang, S -H ; Lu, W ; Gallagher, K G ; ... - J. Electrochem. Soc.

Li{sub 1+x}(Mn{sub 4/9}Co{sub 1/9}Ni{sub 4/9}){sub 1-x}O{sub 2} with two lithium content (x = 0 and 0.05) has been synthesized using coprecipitated (Mn{sub 4/9}Co{sub 1/9}Ni{sub 4/9})(OH){sub 2} and their electrochemical properties have been investigated. Compared with the x = 0 material, the lithium-rich material (x = 0.05) exhibited superior electrochemical properties. When cycled between 2.5 and 4.4 V, the Li/Li{sub 1.05}(Mn{sub 4/9}Co{sub 1/9}Ni{sub 4/9}){sub 0.95}O{sub 2} cells showed high first-cycle coulombic efficiency (93%), reversible discharge capacity of 187 mAh/g at C/12 with 99% capacity retention after 40 cycles, and excellent rate performance (86% of C/12 rate at 5 C discharge current).more »« less
https://doi.org/10.1149/1.3600701
Investigating the reversibility of structural modifications of Li_xNi_yMn_zCo_1-y-zO₂ cathode materials during initial charge/discharge, at multiple length scales

Journal Article Hwang, Sooyeon ; Bak, Seong -Min ; Kim, Seung Min ; ... - Chemistry of Materials

In this work, we investigate the structural modifications occurring at the bulk, subsurface, and surface scales of Li_xNi_yMn_zCo_1-y-zO₂ (NMC; y, z = 0.8, 0.1 and 0.4, 0.3, respectively) cathode materials during the initial charge/discharge. Various analytical tools, such as X-ray diffraction, selected-area electron diffraction, electron energy-loss spectroscopy, and high-resolution electron microscopy, are used to examine the structural properties of the NMC cathode materials at the three different scales. Cut-off voltages of 4.3 and 4.8 V are applied during the electrochemical tests as the normal and extreme conditions, respectively. The high-Ni-content NMC cathode materials exhibit unusual behaviors, which is deviate frommore »« less
Cited by 67
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemmater.5b02457

Full Text Available
In situ XAS study of the local structure of the nano-Li₂FeSiO₄/C cathode

Journal Article Kucuk, Kamil ; Aryal, Shankar ; Moazzen, Elahe ; ... - JPhys Energy

Despite the challenges in achieving its full theoretical capacity of reversible extraction of two Li ions, the Li₂FeSiO₄ (LFS) cathode shows a remarkable cycling stability once its low electronic conductivity is addressed. By studying the local structure around the iron during electrochemical cycling using in situ x-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), it is possible to gain insight into the factors which determine the electrochemical properties of this material. In order to practically perform in situ XAS studies, the charge/discharge of LFS was maximized using two approaches: (a) reducing the particle size of LFS samples from micro-scale to nano-scale in order tomore »« less
https://doi.org/10.1088/2515-7655/abf543

Full Text Available
Mechanism of Exact Transition between Cationic and Anionic Redox Activities in Cathode Material Li₂FeSiO₄

Journal Article Zheng, Jiaxin ; Teng, Gaofeng ; Yang, Jinlong ; ... - Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters

The discovery of anion redox activity is promising for boosting the capacity of lithium ion battery (LIB) cathodes. However, fundamental understanding of the mechanisms that trigger the anionic redox is still lacking. In this study, using hybrid density functional study combined with experimental soft X-ray absorption spectroscopy (sXAS) measurements, we unambiguously proved that Li_(2-x)FeSiO₄ performs sequent cationic and anionic redox activity through delithiation. Specifically, Fe²⁺ is oxidized to Fe³⁺ during the first Li ion extraction per formula unit (f.u.), while the second Li ion extraction triggered the oxygen redox exclusively. Cationic and anionic redox result in electron and hole polaronmore »« less
Cited by 24
https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02725

Full Text Available

Similar Records

Title: Fe–Si networks and charge/discharge-induced phase transitions in Li2FeSiO4 cathode materials

Abstract

Citation Formats

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)] journal, February 1997

Exploration of tetrahedral structures in silicate cathodes using a motif-network scheme journal, October 2015

The lithium extraction/insertion mechanism in Li 2 FeSiO 4 journal, January 2006

Structural properties and energetics of Li2FeSiO4 polymorphs and their delithiated products from first-principles journal, January 2012

Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations journal, June 1976

Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set journal, October 1996

Structure and Lithium Transport Pathways in Li 2 FeSiO 4 Cathodes for Lithium Batteries journal, August 2011

Microwave-Solvothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Li 2 MSiO 4 /C (M = Mn and Fe) Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, October 2010

Understanding the High Capacity of Li 2 FeSiO 4 : In Situ XRD/XANES Study Combined with First-Principles Calculations journal, May 2013

Electron-energy-loss spectra and the structural stability of nickel oxide: An LSDA+U study journal, January 1998

VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data journal, October 2011

A scheme for the generation of Fe–P networks to search for low-energy LiFePO 4 crystal structures journal, January 2017

A novel Li2FeSiO4/C composite: Synthesis, characterization and high storage capacity journal, January 2011

Crystal Structure, Energetics, And Electrochemistry of Li 2 FeSiO 4 Polymorphs from First Principles Calculations journal, December 2011

Robust diamond-like Fe-Si network in the zero-strain Na FeSiO4 cathode journal, September 2016

Insights into electrochemical performance of Li2FeSiO4 from first-principles calculations journal, November 2013

Fe–Si networks in Na 2 FeSiO 4 cathode materials journal, January 2016

Recent advances in the research of polyanion-type cathode materials for Li-ion batteries journal, January 2011

Electrochemical performance of Li2FeSiO4 as a new Li-battery cathode material journal, February 2005

Insights into Changes in Voltage and Structure of Li 2 FeSiO 4 Polymorphs for Lithium-Ion Batteries journal, May 2012

Dependence of Li 2 FeSiO 4 Electrochemistry on Structure journal, February 2011

A climbing image nudged elastic band method for finding saddle points and minimum energy paths journal, December 2000

Advances in high-capacity Li 2 MSiO 4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, …) cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries journal, January 2015

Tuning structural stability and lithium-storage properties by d -orbital hybridization substitution in full tetrahedron Li 2 FeSiO 4 nanocrystal journal, February 2016

Site-exchange of Li and M ions in silicate cathode materials Li 2 MSiO 4 (M = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni): DFT calculations journal, January 2014

Polymorphism and phase transformations of Li 2 − x FeSiO 4 ( 0 ⩽ x ⩽ 2 ) from first principles journal, December 2011

Synthesis Method of the Li-Ion Battery Cathode Material Li2FeSiO4 Using a Molten Carbonate Flux journal, January 2011

Voltage- and time-dependent valence state transition in cobalt oxide catalysts during the oxygen evolution reaction journal, April 2020

Lead palladium titanate: A room temperature nanoscale multiferroic thin film journal, February 2020

Title: Fe–Si networks and charge/discharge-induced phase transitions in Li₂FeSiO₄ cathode materials

Generalized Gradient Approximation Made Simple [Phys. Rev. Lett. 77, 3865 (1996)]
journal, February 1997

Exploration of tetrahedral structures in silicate cathodes using a motif-network scheme
journal, October 2015

The lithium extraction/insertion mechanism in Li ₂ FeSiO ₄
journal, January 2006

Structural properties and energetics of Li2FeSiO4 polymorphs and their delithiated products from first-principles
journal, January 2012

Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations
journal, June 1976

Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set
journal, October 1996

Structure and Lithium Transport Pathways in Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ Cathodes for Lithium Batteries
journal, August 2011

Microwave-Solvothermal Synthesis of Nanostructured Li ₂ MSiO ₄ /C (M = Mn and Fe) Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, October 2010

Understanding the High Capacity of Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ : In Situ XRD/XANES Study Combined with First-Principles Calculations
journal, May 2013

Electron-energy-loss spectra and the structural stability of nickel oxide: An LSDA+U study
journal, January 1998

VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data
journal, October 2011

A scheme for the generation of Fe–P networks to search for low-energy LiFePO ₄ crystal structures
journal, January 2017

A novel Li2FeSiO4/C composite: Synthesis, characterization and high storage capacity
journal, January 2011

Crystal Structure, Energetics, And Electrochemistry of Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ Polymorphs from First Principles Calculations
journal, December 2011

Robust diamond-like Fe-Si network in the zero-strain Na FeSiO4 cathode
journal, September 2016

Insights into electrochemical performance of Li2FeSiO4 from first-principles calculations
journal, November 2013

Fe–Si networks in Na ₂ FeSiO ₄ cathode materials
journal, January 2016

Recent advances in the research of polyanion-type cathode materials for Li-ion batteries
journal, January 2011

Electrochemical performance of Li2FeSiO4 as a new Li-battery cathode material
journal, February 2005

Insights into Changes in Voltage and Structure of Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ Polymorphs for Lithium-Ion Batteries
journal, May 2012

Dependence of Li ₂ FeSiO ₄ Electrochemistry on Structure
journal, February 2011

A climbing image nudged elastic band method for finding saddle points and minimum energy paths
journal, December 2000

Advances in high-capacity Li ₂ MSiO ₄ (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, …) cathode materials for lithium-ion batteries
journal, January 2015

Tuning structural stability and lithium-storage properties by d -orbital hybridization substitution in full tetrahedron Li 2 FeSiO 4 nanocrystal
journal, February 2016

Site-exchange of Li and M ions in silicate cathode materials Li ₂ MSiO ₄ (M = Mn, Fe, Co and Ni): DFT calculations
journal, January 2014

Polymorphism and phase transformations of Li $_{2 - x}$ FeSiO $_{4}$ ( $0 ⩽ x ⩽ 2$ ) from first principles
journal, December 2011

Synthesis Method of the Li-Ion Battery Cathode Material Li2FeSiO4 Using a Molten Carbonate Flux
journal, January 2011

Voltage- and time-dependent valence state transition in cobalt oxide catalysts during the oxygen evolution reaction
journal, April 2020

Lead palladium titanate: A room temperature nanoscale multiferroic thin film
journal, February 2020