Long term variability of Cygnus X-1: VII. Orbital variability of the focussed wind in Cyg X-1/HDE 226868 system
Abstract
Binary systems with an accreting compact object offer a unique opportunity to investigate the strong, clumpy, line-driven winds of early-type supergiants by using the compact object’s X-rays to probe the wind structure. In this paper, we analyze the two-component wind of HDE 226868, the O9.7Iab giant companion of the black hole Cyg X-1, using 4.77 Ms Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations of the system taken over the course of 16 years. Absorption changes strongly over the 5.6 d binary orbit, but also shows a large scatter at a given orbital phase, especially at superior conjunction. The orbital variability is most prominent when the black hole is in the hard X-ray state. Our data are poorer for the intermediate and soft state, but show signs for orbital variability of the absorption column in the intermediate state. We quantitatively compare the data in the hard state to a toy model of a focussed Castor-Abbott-Klein wind: as it does not incorporate clumping, the model does not describe the observations well. Finally, a qualitative comparison to a simplified simulation of clumpy winds with spherical clumps shows good agreement in the distribution of the equivalent hydrogen column density for models with a porosity lengthmore »
- Authors:
-
- Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States). Kavli Inst. for Astrophysics and Space Research
- Univ. of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD (United States). Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science & Technology (CRESST); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States). Astrophysics Science Division
- Dr. Karl Remeis-Sternwarte – Astronomical Inst. and Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Bamberg (Germany); Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
- Max Planck Inst. for Radio Astronomy, Bonn (Germany); Dr. Karl Remeis-Sternwarte – Astronomical Inst. and Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Bamberg (Germany)
- Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, MA (United States)
- Dr. Karl Remeis-Sternwarte – Astronomical Inst. and Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Bamberg (Germany)
- Univ. of Delaware, Newark, DE (United States). Bartol Research Inst.; Ludwig Maximilian Univ., Munich (Germany). Inst. of Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI (United States). Dept. of Astronomy
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Massachusetts Inst. of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, MA (United States); Univ. of Maryland Baltimore County (UMBC), Baltimore, MD (United States); NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC), Greenbelt, MD (United States); Dr. Karl Remeis-Sternwarte – Astronomical Inst. and Erlangen Center for Astroparticle Physics (ECAP), Bamberg (Germany); Max Planck Inst. for Radio Astronomy, Bonn (Germany)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE; National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA); Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (BMWi) (Germany)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1438677
- Report Number(s):
- LLNL-JRNL-741010
Journal ID: ISSN 0004-6361; TRN: US1900483
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC52-07NA27344; SV3-73016; NAS8-03060; NNX12AE37G; NNX12AC72G; 50 OR 1113
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Astronomy and Astrophysics
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 576; Journal ID: ISSN 0004-6361
- Publisher:
- EDP Sciences
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 79 ASTRONOMY AND ASTROPHYSICS; stars; Cyg X-1; binary x-rays; winds; outflows
Citation Formats
Grinberg, V., Leutenegger, M. A., Hell, N., Pottschmidt, K., Bock, M., Garcia, J. A., Hanke, M., Nowak, M. A., Sundqvist, J. O., Townsend, R. H. D., and Wilms, J. Long term variability of Cygnus X-1: VII. Orbital variability of the focussed wind in Cyg X-1/HDE 226868 system. United States: N. p., 2015.
Web. doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201425418.
Grinberg, V., Leutenegger, M. A., Hell, N., Pottschmidt, K., Bock, M., Garcia, J. A., Hanke, M., Nowak, M. A., Sundqvist, J. O., Townsend, R. H. D., & Wilms, J. Long term variability of Cygnus X-1: VII. Orbital variability of the focussed wind in Cyg X-1/HDE 226868 system. United States. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201425418
Grinberg, V., Leutenegger, M. A., Hell, N., Pottschmidt, K., Bock, M., Garcia, J. A., Hanke, M., Nowak, M. A., Sundqvist, J. O., Townsend, R. H. D., and Wilms, J. Thu .
"Long term variability of Cygnus X-1: VII. Orbital variability of the focussed wind in Cyg X-1/HDE 226868 system". United States. https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201425418. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1438677.
@article{osti_1438677,
title = {Long term variability of Cygnus X-1: VII. Orbital variability of the focussed wind in Cyg X-1/HDE 226868 system},
author = {Grinberg, V. and Leutenegger, M. A. and Hell, N. and Pottschmidt, K. and Bock, M. and Garcia, J. A. and Hanke, M. and Nowak, M. A. and Sundqvist, J. O. and Townsend, R. H. D. and Wilms, J.},
abstractNote = {Binary systems with an accreting compact object offer a unique opportunity to investigate the strong, clumpy, line-driven winds of early-type supergiants by using the compact object’s X-rays to probe the wind structure. In this paper, we analyze the two-component wind of HDE 226868, the O9.7Iab giant companion of the black hole Cyg X-1, using 4.77 Ms Rossi X-ray Timing Explorer (RXTE) observations of the system taken over the course of 16 years. Absorption changes strongly over the 5.6 d binary orbit, but also shows a large scatter at a given orbital phase, especially at superior conjunction. The orbital variability is most prominent when the black hole is in the hard X-ray state. Our data are poorer for the intermediate and soft state, but show signs for orbital variability of the absorption column in the intermediate state. We quantitatively compare the data in the hard state to a toy model of a focussed Castor-Abbott-Klein wind: as it does not incorporate clumping, the model does not describe the observations well. Finally, a qualitative comparison to a simplified simulation of clumpy winds with spherical clumps shows good agreement in the distribution of the equivalent hydrogen column density for models with a porosity length on the order of the stellar radius at inferior conjunction; we conjecture that the deviations between data and model at superior conjunction could either be due to lack of a focussed wind component in the model or to a more complicated clump structure.},
doi = {10.1051/0004-6361/201425418},
journal = {Astronomy and Astrophysics},
number = ,
volume = 576,
place = {United States},
year = {Thu Apr 16 00:00:00 EDT 2015},
month = {Thu Apr 16 00:00:00 EDT 2015}
}
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