Zinc-Nucleated D2 and H2 Crystal Formation from Their Liquids
Abstract
Calorimetric measurements at University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics of D2 crystallization from the melt indicate that zinc can act as a heterogeneous nucleation seed with suppressed supercooling. We further studied in this paper this effect for a variety of zinc substrates using the optical-access cryogenic sample cell at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Small supercoolings are observed, some as low as 5 mK, but results depend on the zinc history and sample preparation. In general, thin samples prepared by physical vapor deposition were not effective in nucleating crystal formation. Larger (several-millimeter) granules showed greater supercooling suppression, depending on surface modification and granule size. Surfaces of these granules are morphologically varied and not uniform. Scanning electron microscope images were not able to correlate any particular surface feature with enhanced nucleation. Finally, application of classical nucleation theory to the observed variation of supercooling level with granule size is consistent with nucleation features with sizes <100 nm and with wetting angles of a few degrees.
- Authors:
-
- Schafer Livermore Lab., Livermore, CA (United States)
- Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States)
- Univ. of Rochester, NY (United States). Lab. for Laser Energetics
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); Schafer Livermore Lab., Livermore, CA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1438674
- Report Number(s):
- LLNL-JRNL-737464
Journal ID: ISSN 1536-1055; TRN: US1900481
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC52-07NA27344; NA0001369
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Fusion Science and Technology
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Volume: 70; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 1536-1055
- Publisher:
- American Nuclear Society
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 36 MATERIALS SCIENCE; cryogenic hydrogen; crystal formation; zinc substrates
Citation Formats
Bernat, T. P., Petta, N., Kozioziemski, B., Shin, S. J., and Harding, D. R. Zinc-Nucleated D2 and H2 Crystal Formation from Their Liquids. United States: N. p., 2016.
Web. doi:10.13182/FST15-223.
Bernat, T. P., Petta, N., Kozioziemski, B., Shin, S. J., & Harding, D. R. Zinc-Nucleated D2 and H2 Crystal Formation from Their Liquids. United States. doi:10.13182/FST15-223.
Bernat, T. P., Petta, N., Kozioziemski, B., Shin, S. J., and Harding, D. R. Thu .
"Zinc-Nucleated D2 and H2 Crystal Formation from Their Liquids". United States. doi:10.13182/FST15-223. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1438674.
@article{osti_1438674,
title = {Zinc-Nucleated D2 and H2 Crystal Formation from Their Liquids},
author = {Bernat, T. P. and Petta, N. and Kozioziemski, B. and Shin, S. J. and Harding, D. R.},
abstractNote = {Calorimetric measurements at University of Rochester Laboratory for Laser Energetics of D2 crystallization from the melt indicate that zinc can act as a heterogeneous nucleation seed with suppressed supercooling. We further studied in this paper this effect for a variety of zinc substrates using the optical-access cryogenic sample cell at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Small supercoolings are observed, some as low as 5 mK, but results depend on the zinc history and sample preparation. In general, thin samples prepared by physical vapor deposition were not effective in nucleating crystal formation. Larger (several-millimeter) granules showed greater supercooling suppression, depending on surface modification and granule size. Surfaces of these granules are morphologically varied and not uniform. Scanning electron microscope images were not able to correlate any particular surface feature with enhanced nucleation. Finally, application of classical nucleation theory to the observed variation of supercooling level with granule size is consistent with nucleation features with sizes <100 nm and with wetting angles of a few degrees.},
doi = {10.13182/FST15-223},
journal = {Fusion Science and Technology},
number = 2,
volume = 70,
place = {United States},
year = {2016},
month = {9}
}
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Figures / Tables:
Fig. 1: All super cooling data on Baker 20 mesh zinc grains from both the LLE and LLNL cryostats. See text for discussion.
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Works referencing / citing this record:
Effect of wetting on nucleation and growth of D 2 in confinement
journal, April 2018
- Zepeda-Ruiz, L. A.; Sadigh, B.; Shin, S. J.
- The Journal of Chemical Physics, Vol. 148, Issue 13