The pressure distribution inside the proton
Abstract
Here, the proton, one of the components of atomic nuclei, is composed of fundamental particles called quarks and gluons. Gluons are the carriers of the force that binds quarks together, and free quarks are never found in isolation—that is, they are confined within the composite particles in which they reside. The origin of quark confinement is one of the most important questions in modern particle and nuclear physics because confinement is at the core of what makes the proton a stable particle and thus provides stability to the Universe. The internal quark structure of the proton is revealed by deeply virtual Compton scattering, a process in which electrons are scattered off quarks inside the protons, which subsequently emit high-energy photons, which are detected in coincidence with the scattered electrons and recoil protons. Here we report a measurement of the pressure distribution experienced by the quarks in the proton. We find a strong repulsive pressure near the centre of the proton (up to 0.6 femtometres) and a binding pressure at greater distances. The average peak pressure near the centre is about 1035 pascals, which exceeds the pressure estimated for the most densely packed known objects in the Universe, neutron stars. Thismore »
- Authors:
-
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
- Publication Date:
- Research Org.:
- Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility (TJNAF), Newport News, VA (United States)
- Sponsoring Org.:
- USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP)
- OSTI Identifier:
- 1438388
- Report Number(s):
- JLAB-PHY-17-2536; DOE/OR/23177-4198
Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836; PII: 60; TRN: US1900430
- Grant/Contract Number:
- AC05-06OR23177
- Resource Type:
- Accepted Manuscript
- Journal Name:
- Nature (London)
- Additional Journal Information:
- Journal Name: Nature (London); Journal Volume: 557; Journal Issue: 7705; Journal ID: ISSN 0028-0836
- Publisher:
- Nature Publishing Group
- Country of Publication:
- United States
- Language:
- English
- Subject:
- 74 ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS
Citation Formats
Burkert, V. D., Elouadrhiri, L., and Girod, F. X. The pressure distribution inside the proton. United States: N. p., 2018.
Web. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0060-z.
Burkert, V. D., Elouadrhiri, L., & Girod, F. X. The pressure distribution inside the proton. United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0060-z
Burkert, V. D., Elouadrhiri, L., and Girod, F. X. Wed .
"The pressure distribution inside the proton". United States. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0060-z. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1438388.
@article{osti_1438388,
title = {The pressure distribution inside the proton},
author = {Burkert, V. D. and Elouadrhiri, L. and Girod, F. X.},
abstractNote = {Here, the proton, one of the components of atomic nuclei, is composed of fundamental particles called quarks and gluons. Gluons are the carriers of the force that binds quarks together, and free quarks are never found in isolation—that is, they are confined within the composite particles in which they reside. The origin of quark confinement is one of the most important questions in modern particle and nuclear physics because confinement is at the core of what makes the proton a stable particle and thus provides stability to the Universe. The internal quark structure of the proton is revealed by deeply virtual Compton scattering, a process in which electrons are scattered off quarks inside the protons, which subsequently emit high-energy photons, which are detected in coincidence with the scattered electrons and recoil protons. Here we report a measurement of the pressure distribution experienced by the quarks in the proton. We find a strong repulsive pressure near the centre of the proton (up to 0.6 femtometres) and a binding pressure at greater distances. The average peak pressure near the centre is about 1035 pascals, which exceeds the pressure estimated for the most densely packed known objects in the Universe, neutron stars. This work opens up a new area of research on the fundamental gravitational properties of protons, neutrons and nuclei, which can provide access to their physical radii, the internal shear forces acting on the quarks and their pressure distributions.},
doi = {10.1038/s41586-018-0060-z},
journal = {Nature (London)},
number = 7705,
volume = 557,
place = {United States},
year = {2018},
month = {5}
}
Free Publicly Available Full Text
Publisher's Version of Record
Other availability
Search WorldCat to find libraries that may hold this journal
Cited by: 42 works
Citation information provided by
Web of Science
Web of Science
Figures / Tables:
FIG. 1: The radial pressure distribution in the proton. The graph shows the pressure distribution r2p(r) resulting from the interactions of the quarks in the proton versus the radial distance from the center in femtometer. The black central line corresponds to the pressure extracted from the D-term parameters fitted tomore »
All figures and tables
(7 total)
Save to My Library
You must Sign In or Create an Account in order to save documents to your library.
Works referenced in this record:
Deeply virtual Compton scattering at small and the access to the GPD H
journal, December 2010
- Kumerički, Krešimir; Müller, Dieter
- Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 841, Issue 1-2
GPD phenomenology and DVCS fitting: Entering the high-precision era
journal, June 2016
- Kumerički, Krešimir; Liuti, Simonetta; Moutarde, Hervé
- The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 52, Issue 6
term and the structure of pointlike and composed spin-0 particles
journal, December 2017
- Hudson, Jonathan; Schweitzer, Peter
- Physical Review D, Vol. 96, Issue 11
Exclusive processes in perturbative quantum chromodynamics
journal, November 1980
- Lepage, G. Peter; Brodsky, Stanley J.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 22, Issue 9
Measurement of Deeply Virtual Compton Scattering Beam-Spin Asymmetries
journal, April 2008
- Girod, F. X.; Niyazov, R. A.; Avakian, H.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 100, Issue 16
Generalized parton distributions in the valence region from deeply virtual compton scattering
journal, May 2013
- Guidal, Michel; Moutarde, Hervé; Vanderhaeghen, Marc
- Reports on Progress in Physics, Vol. 76, Issue 6
Wave Functions, Evolution Equations and Evolution Kernels from Light-Ray Operators of QCD
journal, January 1994
- Müller, D.; Robaschik, D.; Geyer, B.
- Fortschritte der Physik/Progress of Physics, Vol. 42, Issue 2
LHCb pentaquarks as a baryon- bound state: Prediction of isospin- pentaquarks with hidden charm
journal, September 2016
- Perevalova, Irina A.; Polyakov, Maxim V.; Schweitzer, Peter
- Physical Review D, Vol. 94, Issue 5
Masses, Radii, and the Equation of State of Neutron Stars
journal, September 2016
- Özel, Feryal; Freire, Paulo
- Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol. 54, Issue 1
Scaling limit of deeply virtual compton scattering
journal, July 1996
- Radyushkin, A. V.
- Physics Letters B, Vol. 380, Issue 3-4
Modeling nucleon generalized parton distributions
journal, May 2013
- Radyushkin, A. V.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 87, Issue 9
Deeply virtual Compton scattering
journal, June 1997
- Ji, Xiangdong
- Physical Review D, Vol. 55, Issue 11
Gravitational form factors and nucleon spin structure
journal, April 2016
- Teryaev, O. V.
- Frontiers of Physics, Vol. 11, Issue 5
Generalized parton distributions and strong forces inside nucleons and nuclei
journal, February 2003
- Polyakov, M. V.
- Physics Letters B, Vol. 555, Issue 1-2
In-medium modified energy-momentum tensor form factors of the nucleon within the framework of a - - soliton model
journal, June 2014
- Jung, Ju-Hyun; Yakhshiev, Ulugbek; Kim, Hyun-Chul
- Physical Review D, Vol. 89, Issue 11
Energy-Momentum Structure Form Factors of Particles
journal, April 1966
- Pagels, Heinz
- Physical Review, Vol. 144, Issue 4
Energy–momentum tensor form factors of the nucleon in nuclear matter
journal, December 2012
- Kim, Hyun-Chul; Schweitzer, Peter; Yakhshiev, Ulugbek
- Physics Letters B, Vol. 718, Issue 2
Gauge-Invariant Decomposition of Nucleon Spin
journal, January 1997
- Ji, Xiangdong
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 78, Issue 4
Towards a fitting procedure to deeply virtual meson production – the next-to-leading order case
journal, July 2014
- Müller, D.; Lautenschlager, T.; Passek-Kumerički, K.
- Nuclear Physics B, Vol. 884
Dispersion representations for hard exclusive processes: beyond the Born approximation
journal, October 2007
- Diehl, M.; Ivanov, D. Yu.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 52, Issue 4
Sum rules for nucleon generalized parton distributions and border function formulation
journal, September 2013
- Radyushkin, A. V.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 88, Issue 5
Deeply virtual Compton scattering on the nucleon: Study of the twist-3 effects
journal, May 2001
- Kivel, N.; Polyakov, M. V.; Vanderhaeghen, M.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 63, Issue 11
Nucleon form factors of the energy-momentum tensor in the chiral quark-soliton model
journal, May 2007
- Goeke, K.; Grabis, J.; Ossmann, J.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 75, Issue 9
Narrow nucleon- bound state and LHCb pentaquarks
journal, March 2016
- Eides, Michael I.; Petrov, Victor Yu.; Polyakov, Maxim V.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 93, Issue 5
Skewed and double distributions in the pion and the nucleon
journal, November 1999
- Polyakov, M. V.; Weiss, C.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 60, Issue 11
Cross Sections for the Exclusive Photon Electroproduction on the Proton and Generalized Parton Distributions
journal, November 2015
- Jo, H. S.; Girod, F. X.; Avakian, H.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 115, Issue 21
Dispersive evaluation of the D-term form factor in deeply virtual Compton scattering
journal, December 2014
- Pasquini, B.; Polyakov, M. V.; Vanderhaeghen, M.
- Physics Letters B, Vol. 739
Unraveling hadron structure with generalized parton distributions
journal, October 2005
- Belitsky, A. V.; Radyushkin, A. V.
- Physics Reports, Vol. 418, Issue 1-6
Gauge-invariant decomposition of nucleon spin
journal, June 2010
- Wakamatsu, M.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 81, Issue 11
Deeply virtual Compton scattering
journal, November 2015
- Marukyan, Hrachya
- International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 30, Issue 32
Works referencing / citing this record:
Off-shell quark bilinear operator Green’s functions at two loops
journal, June 2019
- Gracey, J. A.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 12
Forces inside hadrons: Pressure, surface tension, mechanical radius, and all that
journal, September 2018
- Polyakov, Maxim V.; Schweitzer, Peter
- International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 33, Issue 26
Proton internal pressure in pp and p̄p elastic scattering
journal, April 2019
- Campos, S. D.
- International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 34, Issue 10
Impact of dynamical chiral symmetry breaking and dynamical diquark correlations on proton generalized parton distributions
journal, March 2020
- Freese, Adam; Cloët, Ian C.
- Physical Review C, Vol. 101, Issue 3
Off-shell quark bilinear operator Green’s functions at two loops
journal, June 2019
- Gracey, J. A.
- Physical Review D, Vol. 99, Issue 12
Forces inside hadrons: Pressure, surface tension, mechanical radius, and all that
journal, September 2018
- Polyakov, Maxim V.; Schweitzer, Peter
- International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 33, Issue 26
Proton internal pressure in pp and p̄p elastic scattering
journal, April 2019
- Campos, S. D.
- International Journal of Modern Physics A, Vol. 34, Issue 10
Measurability of pressure inside the proton
journal, June 2019
- Kumerički, Krešimir
- Nature, Vol. 570, Issue 7759
Reflective scattering and color conductivity in hadron collisions
journal, September 2019
- Troshin, S. M.; Tyurin, N. E.
- Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics, Vol. 46, Issue 10
A study of stress-tensor distribution around the flux tube in the Abelian–Higgs model
journal, September 2019
- Yanagihara, Ryosuke; Kitazawa, Masakiyo
- Progress of Theoretical and Experimental Physics, Vol. 2019, Issue 9
Near threshold and photoproduction at JLab and RHIC
journal, July 2019
- Hatta, Yoshitaka; Rajan, Abha; Yang, Di-Lun
- Physical Review D, Vol. 100, Issue 1
Energy momentum tensor and the term in the bag model
journal, February 2020
- Neubelt, Matt J.; Sampino, Andrew; Hudson, Jonathan
- Physical Review D, Vol. 101, Issue 3
Pressure Distribution and Shear Forces inside the Proton
journal, February 2019
- Shanahan, P. E.; Detmold, W.
- Physical Review Letters, Vol. 122, Issue 7
Hadrons and nuclei
journal, November 2019
- Detmold, William; Edwards, Robert G.; Dudek, Jozef J.
- The European Physical Journal A, Vol. 55, Issue 11
Border and skewness functions from a leading order fit to DVCS data
journal, November 2018
- Moutarde, H.; Sznajder, P.; Wagner, J.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 78, Issue 11
Revisiting the mechanical properties of the nucleon
journal, January 2019
- Lorcé, Cédric; Moutarde, Hervé; Trawiński, Arkadiusz P.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 79, Issue 1
Nucleon’s energy–momentum tensor form factors in light-cone QCD
journal, February 2020
- Azizi, K.; Özdem, U.
- The European Physical Journal C, Vol. 80, Issue 2
Some Recent Results on High-Energy Proton Interactions
journal, January 2019
- Dremin, I. M.
- Particles, Vol. 2, Issue 1
Figures / Tables found in this record:
Figures/Tables have been extracted from DOE-funded journal article accepted manuscripts.