Comparative study of air-conditioning energy use of four office buildings in China and USA

Zhou, Xin; Yan, Da; An, Jingjing; Hong, Tianzhen; Shi, Xing; Jin, Xing

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.073

Title: Comparative study of air-conditioning energy use of four office buildings in China and USA

Abstract

Energy use in buildings has great variability. In order to design and operate low energy buildings as well as to establish building energy codes and standards and effective energy policy, it is crucial to understand and quantify key factors influencing building energy performance. Here, this study investigates air-conditioning (AC) energy use of four office buildings in four locations: Beijing, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Berkeley. Building simulation was employed to quantify the influences of key factors, including climate, building envelope and occupant behavior. Through simulation of various combinations of the three influencing elements, it is found that climate can lead to AC cooling consumption differences by almost two times, while occupant behavior resulted in the greatest differences (of up to three times) in AC cooling consumption. The influence of occupant behavior on AC energy consumption is not homogeneous. Under similar climates, when the occupant behavior in the building differed, the optimized building envelope design also differed. In conclusion, the optimal building envelope should be determined according to the climate as well as the occupants who use the building.

Authors:

Zhou, Xin ^[1]; Yan, Da ^[2]; An, Jingjing ^[2]; Hong, Tianzhen ^[3]; Shi, Xing ^[1]; Jin, Xing ^[1]

Southeast University, Nanjing (China). School of Architecture
Tsinghua University, Beijing (China). School of Architecture
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Publication Date:: Thu Apr 05 00:00:00 EDT 2018

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States)

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (EERE), Energy Efficiency Office. Building Technologies Office

OSTI Identifier:: 1436679

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Energy and Buildings

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 169; Journal Issue: C; Journal ID: ISSN 0378-7788

Publisher:: Elsevier

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 42 ENGINEERING; 32 ENERGY CONSERVATION, CONSUMPTION, AND UTILIZATION; Climate; Building envelope; Occupant behavior; Office buildings; Energy consumption; Technological choice

Citation Formats


                    Zhou, Xin, Yan, Da, An, Jingjing, Hong, Tianzhen, Shi, Xing, and Jin, Xing. Comparative study of air-conditioning energy use of four office buildings in China and USA.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.073.

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                    Zhou, Xin, Yan, Da, An, Jingjing, Hong, Tianzhen, Shi, Xing, & Jin, Xing. Comparative study of air-conditioning energy use of four office buildings in China and USA.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.073

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                    Zhou, Xin, Yan, Da, An, Jingjing, Hong, Tianzhen, Shi, Xing, and Jin, Xing. Thu .  
"Comparative study of air-conditioning energy use of four office buildings in China and USA".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.073.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1436679.

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@article{osti_1436679,

  title        = {Comparative study of air-conditioning energy use of four office buildings in China and USA},

  author       = {Zhou, Xin and Yan, Da and An, Jingjing and Hong, Tianzhen and Shi, Xing and Jin, Xing},

  abstractNote = {Energy use in buildings has great variability. In order to design and operate low energy buildings as well as to establish building energy codes and standards and effective energy policy, it is crucial to understand and quantify key factors influencing building energy performance. Here, this study investigates air-conditioning (AC) energy use of four office buildings in four locations: Beijing, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Berkeley. Building simulation was employed to quantify the influences of key factors, including climate, building envelope and occupant behavior. Through simulation of various combinations of the three influencing elements, it is found that climate can lead to AC cooling consumption differences by almost two times, while occupant behavior resulted in the greatest differences (of up to three times) in AC cooling consumption. The influence of occupant behavior on AC energy consumption is not homogeneous. Under similar climates, when the occupant behavior in the building differed, the optimized building envelope design also differed. In conclusion, the optimal building envelope should be determined according to the climate as well as the occupants who use the building.},

  doi          = {10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.073},

  journal      = {Energy and Buildings},

  number       = C,

  volume       = 169,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Apr 05 00:00:00 EDT 2018},

  month        = {Thu Apr 05 00:00:00 EDT 2018}

}

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https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.03.073

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Title: Comparative study of air-conditioning energy use of four office buildings in China and USA

Abstract

Citation Formats

A review on buildings energy consumption information journal, January 2008

An insight into actual energy use and its drivers in high-performance buildings journal, October 2014

IEA EBC annex 53: Total energy use in buildings—Analysis and evaluation methods journal, October 2017

Estimating the impacts of climate change and urbanization on building performance journal, June 2008

A fresh look at weather impact on peak electricity demand and energy use of buildings using 30-year actual weather data journal, November 2013

Comparison of typical year and multiyear building simulations using a 55-year actual weather data set from China journal, June 2017

Assessing the allowable daylight illuminance from skylights in single-storey buildings in Malaysia: a review journal, October 2015

A state of art of review on interactions between energy performance and indoor environment quality in Passive House buildings journal, May 2017

Perspectives of double skin façades for naturally ventilated buildings: A review journal, December 2014

The development history and prospects of biomass-based insulation materials for buildings journal, March 2017

Applying district-cooling technology in Hong Kong journal, November 2004

Verification of the energy-saving effect of the district heating and cooling system—Simulation of an electric-driven heat pump system journal, January 2008

User behavior in whole building simulation journal, March 2009

Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation: Current state and future challenges journal, November 2015

Ten questions concerning occupant behavior in buildings: The big picture journal, March 2017

IEA EBC Annex 66: Definition and simulation of occupant behavior in buildings journal, December 2017

The human dimensions of energy use in buildings: A review journal, January 2018

A framework for quantifying the impact of occupant behavior on energy savings of energy conservation measures journal, July 2017

A generalised stochastic model for the simulation of occupant presence journal, January 2008

A high-resolution domestic building occupancy model for energy demand simulations journal, January 2008

A novel approach for building occupancy simulation journal, June 2011

Occupant behavior and schedule modeling for building energy simulation through office appliance power consumption data mining journal, October 2014

Occupancy schedules learning process through a data mining framework journal, February 2015

Simulation of occupancy in buildings journal, January 2015

Lightswitch-2002: a model for manual and automated control of electric lighting and blinds journal, January 2004

Using results from field surveys to predict the effect of open windows on thermal comfort and energy use in buildings journal, July 2007

Energy-using appliances and energy-saving features: Determinants of ownership in Ireland journal, July 2008

Driving factors for occupant-controlled space heating in residential buildings journal, February 2014

DeST — An integrated building simulation toolkit Part I: Fundamentals journal, June 2008

DeST—An integrated building simulation toolkit Part II: Applications journal, August 2008

A detailed loads comparison of three building energy modeling programs: EnergyPlus, DeST and DOE-2.1E journal, April 2013

Comparison of HVAC system modeling in EnergyPlus, DeST and DOE-2.1E journal, September 2013

Simulation comparison of VAV and VRF air conditioning systems in an existing building for the cooling season journal, November 2009

Demand control ventilation: Influence of terminal box minimum airflow setting on system energy use journal, August 2014

Effects of diffuser airflow minima on occupant comfort, air mixing, and building energy use (RP-1515) journal, July 2015

Influence of building parameters and HVAC systems coupling on building energy performance journal, June 2011

Energy Saving Potential of an Air-Conditioning System with Desiccant and Solar Assisted Ventilation book, January 2020

A review on buildings energy consumption information
journal, January 2008

An insight into actual energy use and its drivers in high-performance buildings
journal, October 2014

IEA EBC annex 53: Total energy use in buildings—Analysis and evaluation methods
journal, October 2017

Estimating the impacts of climate change and urbanization on building performance
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A fresh look at weather impact on peak electricity demand and energy use of buildings using 30-year actual weather data
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Comparison of typical year and multiyear building simulations using a 55-year actual weather data set from China
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Assessing the allowable daylight illuminance from skylights in single-storey buildings in Malaysia: a review
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A state of art of review on interactions between energy performance and indoor environment quality in Passive House buildings
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Perspectives of double skin façades for naturally ventilated buildings: A review
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The development history and prospects of biomass-based insulation materials for buildings
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Applying district-cooling technology in Hong Kong
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Verification of the energy-saving effect of the district heating and cooling system—Simulation of an electric-driven heat pump system
journal, January 2008

User behavior in whole building simulation
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Occupant behavior modeling for building performance simulation: Current state and future challenges
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A generalised stochastic model for the simulation of occupant presence
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A high-resolution domestic building occupancy model for energy demand simulations
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A novel approach for building occupancy simulation
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Occupant behavior and schedule modeling for building energy simulation through office appliance power consumption data mining
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Occupancy schedules learning process through a data mining framework
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Lightswitch-2002: a model for manual and automated control of electric lighting and blinds
journal, January 2004

Using results from field surveys to predict the effect of open windows on thermal comfort and energy use in buildings
journal, July 2007

Energy-using appliances and energy-saving features: Determinants of ownership in Ireland
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DeST — An integrated building simulation toolkit Part I: Fundamentals
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DeST—An integrated building simulation toolkit Part II: Applications
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A detailed loads comparison of three building energy modeling programs: EnergyPlus, DeST and DOE-2.1E
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Comparison of HVAC system modeling in EnergyPlus, DeST and DOE-2.1E
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Simulation comparison of VAV and VRF air conditioning systems in an existing building for the cooling season
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Demand control ventilation: Influence of terminal box minimum airflow setting on system energy use
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Effects of diffuser airflow minima on occupant comfort, air mixing, and building energy use (RP-1515)
journal, July 2015

Influence of building parameters and HVAC systems coupling on building energy performance
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