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Title: A comparative technoeconomic analysis of renewable hydrogen production using solar energy

Abstract

A technoeconomic analysis of photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photovoltaic-electrolytic (PV-E) solar-hydrogen production of 10 000 kg H2 day-1 (3.65 kilotons per year) was performed to assess the economics of each technology, and to provide a basis for comparison between these technologies as well as within the broader energy landscape. Two PEC systems, differentiated primarily by the extent of solar concentration (unconcentrated and 10× concentrated) and two PV-E systems, differentiated by the degree of grid connectivity (unconnected and grid supplemented), were analyzed. In each case, a base-case system that used established designs and materials was compared to prospective systems that might be envisioned and developed in the future with the goal of achieving substantially lower overall system costs. With identical overall plant efficiencies of 9.8%, the unconcentrated PEC and non-grid connected PV-E system base-case capital expenses for the rated capacity of 3.65 kilotons H 2 per year were 205 dollars MM (293 dollars per m 2 of solar collection area (m S -2 ), 14.7 W H2,P-1) and 260 dollars MM ($371 mS-2, 18.8 dollars WH2,P -1 ), respectively. The untaxed, plant-gate levelized costs for the hydrogen product (LCH) were $11.4 kg -1 and 12.1 dollars kg -1 for the base-case PECmore » and PV-E systems, respectively. The 10× concentrated PEC base-case system capital cost was 160 dollars MM (428 dollars mS -2, 11.5 dollars WH2,P -1) and for an efficiency of 20% the LCH was 9.2 kg -1 . Likewise, the grid supplemented base-case PV-E system capital cost was 66 dollars MM (441 dollars m S -2, 11.5 dollars W H2,P -1 ), and with solar-to-hydrogen and grid electrolysis system efficiencies of 9.8% and 61%, respectively, the LCH was 6.1 dollars kg-1 . As a benchmark, a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) based grid-connected electrolysis system was analyzed. Assuming a system efficiency of 61% and a grid electricity cost of $0.07 kWh -1 , the LCH was $5.5 kg -1 . A sensitivity analysis indicated that, relative to the base-case, increases in the system efficiency could effect the greatest cost reductions for all systems, due to the areal dependencies of many of the components. The balance-of-systems (BoS) costs were the largest factor in differentiating the PEC and PV-E systems. No single or combination of technical advancements based on currently demonstrated technology can provide sufficient cost reductions to allow solar hydrogen to directly compete on a levelized cost basis with hydrogen produced from fossil energy. Specifically, a cost of CO 2 greater than ~$800 dollars (ton CO2 ) -1 was estimated to be necessary for base-case PEC hydrogen to reach price parity with hydrogen derived from steam reforming of methane priced at $12 GJ -1 ($1.39 (kg H 2 ) -1). A comparison with low CO 2 and CO2 -neutral energy sources indicated that base-case PEC hydrogen is not currently cost-competitive with electrolysis using electricity supplied by nuclear power or from fossil-fuels in conjunction with carbon capture and storage. Solar electricity production and storage using either batteries or PEC hydrogen technologies are currently an order of magnitude greater in cost than electricity prices with no clear advantage to either battery or hydrogen storage as of yet. Significant advances in PEC technology performance and system cost reductions are necessary to enable cost-effective PEC-derived solar hydrogen for use in scalable grid-storage applications as well as for use as a chemical feedstock precursor to CO2 -neutral high energy-density transportation fuels. Hence such applications are an opportunity for foundational research to contribute to the development of disruptive approaches to solar fuels generation systems that can offer higher performance at much lower cost than is provided by current embodiments of solar fuels generators. Efforts to directly reduce CO2 photoelectrochemically or electrochemically could potentially produce products with higher value than hydrogen, but many, as yet unmet, challenges include catalytic efficiency and selectivity, and CO 2 mass transport rates and feedstock cost. Major breakthroughs are required to obtain viable economic costs for solar hydrogen production, but the barriers to achieve cost-competitiveness with existing large-scale thermochemical processes for CO2 reduction are even greater.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [2];  [1];  [3]
+ Show Author Affiliations
  1. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP); California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States).Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
  2. California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Joint Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (JCAP); California Inst. of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States). Thomas J. Watson Lab. of Applied Physics
  3. Univ. of Queensland, Brisbane (Australia). Dow Centre for Sustainable Engineering Innovation, Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
California Institute of Technology (CalTech), Pasadena, CA (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES)
OSTI Identifier:
1436115
Grant/Contract Number:  
SC0004993
Resource Type:
Accepted Manuscript
Journal Name:
Energy & Environmental Science
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Volume: 9; Journal Issue: 7; Journal ID: ISSN 1754-5692
Publisher:
Royal Society of Chemistry
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
14 SOLAR ENERGY

Citation Formats

Shaner, Matthew R., Atwater, Harry A., Lewis, Nathan S., and McFarland, Eric W.. A comparative technoeconomic analysis of renewable hydrogen production using solar energy. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.1039/c5ee02573g.
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Shaner, Matthew R., Atwater, Harry A., Lewis, Nathan S., & McFarland, Eric W.. A comparative technoeconomic analysis of renewable hydrogen production using solar energy. United States. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ee02573g
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Shaner, Matthew R., Atwater, Harry A., Lewis, Nathan S., and McFarland, Eric W.. Thu . "A comparative technoeconomic analysis of renewable hydrogen production using solar energy". United States. https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ee02573g. https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1436115.
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@article{osti_1436115,
title = {A comparative technoeconomic analysis of renewable hydrogen production using solar energy},
author = {Shaner, Matthew R. and Atwater, Harry A. and Lewis, Nathan S. and McFarland, Eric W.},
abstractNote = {A technoeconomic analysis of photoelectrochemical (PEC) and photovoltaic-electrolytic (PV-E) solar-hydrogen production of 10 000 kg H2 day-1 (3.65 kilotons per year) was performed to assess the economics of each technology, and to provide a basis for comparison between these technologies as well as within the broader energy landscape. Two PEC systems, differentiated primarily by the extent of solar concentration (unconcentrated and 10× concentrated) and two PV-E systems, differentiated by the degree of grid connectivity (unconnected and grid supplemented), were analyzed. In each case, a base-case system that used established designs and materials was compared to prospective systems that might be envisioned and developed in the future with the goal of achieving substantially lower overall system costs. With identical overall plant efficiencies of 9.8%, the unconcentrated PEC and non-grid connected PV-E system base-case capital expenses for the rated capacity of 3.65 kilotons H 2 per year were 205 dollars MM (293 dollars per m 2 of solar collection area (m S -2 ), 14.7 W H2,P-1) and 260 dollars MM ($371 mS-2, 18.8 dollars WH2,P -1 ), respectively. The untaxed, plant-gate levelized costs for the hydrogen product (LCH) were $11.4 kg -1 and 12.1 dollars kg -1 for the base-case PEC and PV-E systems, respectively. The 10× concentrated PEC base-case system capital cost was 160 dollars MM (428 dollars mS -2, 11.5 dollars WH2,P -1) and for an efficiency of 20% the LCH was 9.2 kg -1 . Likewise, the grid supplemented base-case PV-E system capital cost was 66 dollars MM (441 dollars m S -2, 11.5 dollars W H2,P -1 ), and with solar-to-hydrogen and grid electrolysis system efficiencies of 9.8% and 61%, respectively, the LCH was 6.1 dollars kg-1 . As a benchmark, a proton-exchange membrane (PEM) based grid-connected electrolysis system was analyzed. Assuming a system efficiency of 61% and a grid electricity cost of $0.07 kWh -1 , the LCH was $5.5 kg -1 . A sensitivity analysis indicated that, relative to the base-case, increases in the system efficiency could effect the greatest cost reductions for all systems, due to the areal dependencies of many of the components. The balance-of-systems (BoS) costs were the largest factor in differentiating the PEC and PV-E systems. No single or combination of technical advancements based on currently demonstrated technology can provide sufficient cost reductions to allow solar hydrogen to directly compete on a levelized cost basis with hydrogen produced from fossil energy. Specifically, a cost of CO 2 greater than ~$800 dollars (ton CO2 ) -1 was estimated to be necessary for base-case PEC hydrogen to reach price parity with hydrogen derived from steam reforming of methane priced at $12 GJ -1 ($1.39 (kg H 2 ) -1). A comparison with low CO 2 and CO2 -neutral energy sources indicated that base-case PEC hydrogen is not currently cost-competitive with electrolysis using electricity supplied by nuclear power or from fossil-fuels in conjunction with carbon capture and storage. Solar electricity production and storage using either batteries or PEC hydrogen technologies are currently an order of magnitude greater in cost than electricity prices with no clear advantage to either battery or hydrogen storage as of yet. Significant advances in PEC technology performance and system cost reductions are necessary to enable cost-effective PEC-derived solar hydrogen for use in scalable grid-storage applications as well as for use as a chemical feedstock precursor to CO2 -neutral high energy-density transportation fuels. Hence such applications are an opportunity for foundational research to contribute to the development of disruptive approaches to solar fuels generation systems that can offer higher performance at much lower cost than is provided by current embodiments of solar fuels generators. Efforts to directly reduce CO2 photoelectrochemically or electrochemically could potentially produce products with higher value than hydrogen, but many, as yet unmet, challenges include catalytic efficiency and selectivity, and CO 2 mass transport rates and feedstock cost. Major breakthroughs are required to obtain viable economic costs for solar hydrogen production, but the barriers to achieve cost-competitiveness with existing large-scale thermochemical processes for CO2 reduction are even greater.},
doi = {10.1039/c5ee02573g},
journal = {Energy & Environmental Science},
number = 7,
volume = 9,
place = {United States},
year = {2016},
month = {5}
}
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https://doi.org/10.1039/c5ee02573g
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Figures / Tables:

Fig. 1 Fig. 1: (a) Block diagram depicting the power flow through a PEC plant. The cell specifics for the Type 3 and 4 systems are shown in the insets. (b) Block diagram of the power flow through photovoltaic electrolysis (PV-E), grid assisted photovoltaic electrolysis (GSPV-E) and grid electrolysis plants.
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    Elucidating the performance and unexpected stability of partially coated water-splitting silicon photoanodes
    journal, January 2018

    • Oh, Kiseok; Mériadec, Cristelle; Lassalle-Kaiser, Benedikt
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    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ee00980e

    Enhancing the activity of oxygen-evolution and chlorine-evolution electrocatalysts by atomic layer deposition of TiO 2
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    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ee02351d

    On the energetic efficiency of producing polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers from CO 2 using electrical energy
    journal, January 2019

    • Held, Maximilian; Tönges, Yannic; Pélerin, Dominik
    • Energy & Environmental Science, Vol. 12, Issue 3
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    Functional mapping reveals mechanistic clusters for OER catalysis across (Cu–Mn–Ta–Co–Sn–Fe)O x composition and pH space
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    Why the thin film form of a photocatalyst is better than the particulate form for direct solar-to-hydrogen conversion: a poor man's approach
    journal, January 2019

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    Cooperative silanetriolate-carboxylate sensitiser anchoring for outstanding stability and improved performance of dye-sensitised photoelectrodes
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    • DOI: 10.1039/c8se00056e

    Computation and assessment of solar electrolyzer field performance: comparing coupling strategies
    journal, January 2019

    • Sriramagiri, Gowri M.; Luc, Wesley; Jiao, Feng
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    Synthesis of MoS 2 from [Mo 3 S 7 (S 2 CNEt 2 ) 3 ]I for enhancing photoelectrochemical performance and stability of Cu 2 O photocathode toward efficient solar water splitting
    journal, January 2018

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    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 6, Issue 20
    • DOI: 10.1039/c8ta01771a

    The elusive photocatalytic water splitting reaction using sunlight on suspended nanoparticles: is there a way forward?
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    Plant-to-planet analysis of CO 2 -based methanol processes
    journal, January 2019

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    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ee01673b

    Solar hydrogen production: a bottom-up analysis of different photovoltaic–electrolysis pathways
    journal, January 2019

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    • DOI: 10.1039/c9se00007k

    >10% solar-to-hydrogen efficiency unassisted water splitting on ALD-protected silicon heterojunction solar cells
    journal, January 2019

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    • DOI: 10.1039/c9se00110g

    A perspective on practical solar to carbon monoxide production devices with economic evaluation
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    3D-Printed electrodes for membraneless water electrolysis
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    • DOI: 10.1039/c9se00710e

    Practical challenges in the development of photoelectrochemical solar fuels production
    journal, January 2020

    • Spitler, Mark T.; Modestino, Miguel A.; Deutsch, Todd G.
    • Sustainable Energy & Fuels, Vol. 4, Issue 3
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9se00869a

    Metal selenide photocatalysts for visible-light-driven Z -scheme pure water splitting
    journal, January 2019

    • Chen, Shanshan; Ma, Guijun; Wang, Qian
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    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta00768g

    Superwetting and mechanically robust MnO 2 nanowire–reduced graphene oxide monolithic aerogels for efficient solar vapor generation
    journal, January 2019

    • Zhang, Zheng; Mu, Peng; Han, Jingxin
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 30
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta04509k

    Rapid advances in antimony triselenide photocathodes for solar hydrogen generation
    journal, January 2019

    • Yang, Wooseok; Moon, Jooho
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 36
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta07990d

    Long-term stability studies of a semiconductor photoelectrode in three-electrode configuration
    journal, January 2019

    • Vanka, Srinivas; Sun, Kai; Zeng, Guosong
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 48
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta09926c

    Engineering Cu surfaces for the electrocatalytic conversion of CO 2 : Controlling selectivity toward oxygenates and hydrocarbons
    journal, May 2017

    • Hahn, Christopher; Hatsukade, Toru; Kim, Youn-Geun
    • Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 114, Issue 23
    • DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1618935114

    What would it take for renewably powered electrosynthesis to displace petrochemical processes?
    journal, April 2019

    Editors' Choice—Solar-Electrochemical Platforms for Sodium Hypochlorite Generation in Developing Countries
    journal, January 2019

    • Chinello, Enrico; H. Hashemi, S. Mohammad; Psaltis, Demetri
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    High Speed Video Investigation of Bubble Dynamics and Current Density Distributions in Membraneless Electrolyzers
    journal, January 2019

    • Davis, J. T.; Brown, D. E.; Pang, X.
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    • DOI: 10.1149/2.0961904jes

    Hydrogen Supply Chains for Mobility—Environmental and Economic Assessment
    journal, May 2018

    • Wulf, Christina; Kaltschmitt, Martin
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    A General Concept for Solar Water-Splitting Monolithic Photoelectrochemical Cells Based on Earth-Abundant Materials and a Low-Cost Photovoltaic Panel
    journal, August 2018

    • Kasemthaveechok, Sitthichok; Oh, Kiseok; Fabre, Bruno
    • Advanced Sustainable Systems, Vol. 2, Issue 11
    • DOI: 10.1002/adsu.201800075

    Photocatalysis: Basic Principles, Diverse Forms of Implementations and Emerging Scientific Opportunities
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    Intentional Extrinsic Doping into ZnFe 2 O 4 Nanorod Photoanode for Enhanced Photoelectrochemical Water Splitting
    journal, October 2019

    General technoeconomic analysis for electrochemical coproduction coupling carbon dioxide reduction with organic oxidation
    journal, November 2019

    Oxysulfide photocatalyst for visible-light-driven overall water splitting
    journal, June 2019

    Net-zero emissions energy systems
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    Silicon based photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical water splitting
    journal, January 2019

    • Fan, Ronglei; Mi, Zetian; Shen, Mingrong
    • Optics Express, Vol. 27, Issue 4
    • DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.000a51

    Improving the Efficiency of PEM Electrolyzers through Membrane-Specific Pressure Optimization
    journal, February 2020

    • Scheepers, Fabian; Stähler, Markus; Stähler, Andrea
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    • DOI: 10.3390/en13030612

    A Combined Theory‐Experiment Analysis of the Surface Species in Lithium‐Mediated NH 3 Electrosynthesis
    journal, April 2020

    • Schwalbe, Jay A.; Statt, Michael J.; Chosy, Cullen
    • ChemElectroChem, Vol. 7, Issue 7
    • DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000265

    A comparative performance analysis of stand-alone, off-grid solar-powered sodium hypochlorite generators
    journal, January 2019

    • Chinello, E.; Modestino, M. A.; Schüttauf, J. W.
    • RSC Advances, Vol. 9, Issue 25
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02221j

    Hydrogen supply chains for mobility : environmental and economic assessment
    text, January 2018

    • Wulf, Christina; Kaltschmitt, Martin
    • Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
    • DOI: 10.15480/882.1697

    Improving the Efficiency of PEM Electrolyzers through Membrane-Specific Pressure Optimization
    text, January 2020

    Sugarcane‐Based Photothermal Materials for Efficient Solar Steam Generation
    journal, July 2019

    Economics of converting renewable power to hydrogen
    journal, February 2019

    Heteroepitaxy of GaP on silicon for efficient and cost-effective photoelectrochemical water splitting
    journal, January 2019

    • Alqahtani, Mahdi; Sathasivam, Sanjayan; Cui, Fan
    • Journal of Materials Chemistry A, Vol. 7, Issue 14
    • DOI: 10.1039/c9ta01328h

    Plant-to-planet analysis of CO2-based methanol processes
    text, January 2019

    pH effects on the electrochemical reduction of CO(2) towards C2 products on stepped copper
    journal, January 2019

    General technoeconomic analysis for electrochemical coproduction coupling carbon dioxide reduction with organic oxidation
    journal, November 2019

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