Examination of the low-energy enhancement of the γ -ray strength function of Fe56

Jones, M. D.; Macchiavelli, A. O.; Wiedeking, M.; Bernstein, L. A.; Crawford, H. L.; Campbell, C. M.; Clark, R. M.; Cromaz, M.; Fallon, P.; Lee, I. Y.; Salathe, M.; Wiens, A.; Ayangeakaa, A. D.; Bleuel, D. L.; Bottoni, S.; Carpenter, M. P.; Davids, H. M.; Elson, J.; Gorgen, A.; Guttormsen, M.; Janssens, R. V.  F.; Kinnison, J. E.; Kirsch, L.; Larsen, A. C.; Lauritsen, T.; Reviol, W.; Sarantites, D. G.; Siem, S.; Voinov, A. V.; Zhu, S.

doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.97.024327

Title: Examination of the low-energy enhancement of the $γ$ -ray strength function of ${}^{56}{Fe}$

Abstract

Here, a model-independent technique was used to determine the γ-ray strength function (γSF) of ⁵⁶Fe down to γ-ray energies less than 1 MeV for the first time with GRETINA using the (p,p') reaction at 16 MeV. No difference was observed in the energy dependence of the γSF built on 2⁺ and 4⁺ final states, supporting the Brink hypothesis. In addition, angular distribution and polarization measurements were performed. The angular distributions are consistent with dipole radiation. In conclusion, the polarization results show a small bias towards magnetic character in the region of the enhancement.

Authors:

Jones, M. D. ^[1]; Macchiavelli, A. O. ^[1]; Wiedeking, M. ^[2]; Bernstein, L. A. ^[1]; Crawford, H. L. ^[1]; Campbell, C. M. ^[1]; Clark, R. M. ^[1]; Cromaz, M. ^[1]; Fallon, P. ^[1]; Lee, I. Y. ^[1]; Salathe, M. ^[1]; Wiens, A. ^[3]; Ayangeakaa, A. D. ^[4]; Bleuel, D. L. ^[5]; Bottoni, S. ^[6]; Carpenter, M. P. ^[7]; Davids, H. M. ^[8]; Elson, J. ^[9]; Gorgen, A. ^[10]; Guttormsen, M. ^[10] more »

Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States). Nuclear Science Division
iThemba LABS (South Africa)
Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO), Vienna (Austria)
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Physics Division; United States Naval Academy, Annapolis, MD (United States). Dept. of Physics
Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States). Physical and Life Sciences Directorate
Univ. of Milan and INFN, Milan (Italy); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Physics Division
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Physics Division
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Physics Division; GSI-Darmstadt (Germany)
Washington Univ., St. Louis, MO (United States). Dept. of Chemistry
Univ. of Oslo, Oslo (Norway). Dept. of Physics
Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States). Physics Division; Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy; Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States). Triangle Universities Nuclear Lab. (TUNL)
Univ. of California, Berkeley, CA (United States). Dept. of Nuclear Engineering
Ohio Univ., Athens, OH (United States). Dept. of Physics and Astronomy

Publication Date:: Thu Feb 22 00:00:00 EST 2018

Research Org.:: Lawrence Berkeley National Lab. (LBNL), Berkeley, CA (United States); Argonne National Lab. (ANL), Argonne, IL (United States); Lawrence Livermore National Lab. (LLNL), Livermore, CA (United States); University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC (United States); Duke Univ., Durham, NC (United States). Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory

Sponsoring Org.:: USDOE Office of Science (SC), Nuclear Physics (NP); USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Scientific User Facilities Division; National Research Foundation of South Africa

OSTI Identifier:: 1455231

Alternate Identifier(s):: OSTI ID: 1422253; OSTI ID: 1435126; OSTI ID: 1474396; OSTI ID: 1658905; OSTI ID: 1658928

Report Number(s):: LLNL-JRNL-758362
Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9985; PRVCAN

Grant/Contract Number:: AC02-05CH11231; SC0014442; AC52-07NA27344; NA0002905; AC02-06CH11357; 92789; 83867; 637686; NA0003180; FG02-97ER41041; FG02-97ER41033

Resource Type:: Accepted Manuscript

Journal Name:: Physical Review C

Additional Journal Information:: Journal Volume: 97; Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 2469-9985

Publisher:: American Physical Society (APS)

Country of Publication:: United States

Language:: English

Subject:: 73 NUCLEAR PHYSICS AND RADIATION PHYSICS; direct reactions; electromagnetic transitions; H & He induced nuclear reactions; radiative capture; 39 ≤ A ≤ 58

Citation Formats


                    Jones, M. D., Macchiavelli, A. O., Wiedeking, M., Bernstein, L. A., Crawford, H. L., Campbell, C. M., Clark, R. M., Cromaz, M., Fallon, P., Lee, I. Y., Salathe, M., Wiens, A., Ayangeakaa, A. D., Bleuel, D. L., Bottoni, S., Carpenter, M. P., Davids, H. M., Elson, J., Gorgen, A., Guttormsen, M., Janssens, R. V.  F., Kinnison, J. E., Kirsch, L., Larsen, A. C., Lauritsen, T., Reviol, W., Sarantites, D. G., Siem, S., Voinov, A. V., and Zhu, S. Examination of the low-energy enhancement of the γ -ray strength function of Fe56.  United States: N. p., 2018. 
Web.  doi:10.1103/PhysRevC.97.024327.

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                    Jones, M. D., Macchiavelli, A. O., Wiedeking, M., Bernstein, L. A., Crawford, H. L., Campbell, C. M., Clark, R. M., Cromaz, M., Fallon, P., Lee, I. Y., Salathe, M., Wiens, A., Ayangeakaa, A. D., Bleuel, D. L., Bottoni, S., Carpenter, M. P., Davids, H. M., Elson, J., Gorgen, A., Guttormsen, M., Janssens, R. V.  F., Kinnison, J. E., Kirsch, L., Larsen, A. C., Lauritsen, T., Reviol, W., Sarantites, D. G., Siem, S., Voinov, A. V., & Zhu, S. Examination of the low-energy enhancement of the γ -ray strength function of Fe56.  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.024327

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                    Jones, M. D., Macchiavelli, A. O., Wiedeking, M., Bernstein, L. A., Crawford, H. L., Campbell, C. M., Clark, R. M., Cromaz, M., Fallon, P., Lee, I. Y., Salathe, M., Wiens, A., Ayangeakaa, A. D., Bleuel, D. L., Bottoni, S., Carpenter, M. P., Davids, H. M., Elson, J., Gorgen, A., Guttormsen, M., Janssens, R. V.  F., Kinnison, J. E., Kirsch, L., Larsen, A. C., Lauritsen, T., Reviol, W., Sarantites, D. G., Siem, S., Voinov, A. V., and Zhu, S. Thu .  
"Examination of the low-energy enhancement of the γ -ray strength function of Fe56".  United States.  https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.97.024327.  https://www.osti.gov/servlets/purl/1455231.

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@article{osti_1455231,

  title        = {Examination of the low-energy enhancement of the γ -ray strength function of Fe56},

  author       = {Jones, M. D. and Macchiavelli, A. O. and Wiedeking, M. and Bernstein, L. A. and Crawford, H. L. and Campbell, C. M. and Clark, R. M. and Cromaz, M. and Fallon, P. and Lee, I. Y. and Salathe, M. and Wiens, A. and Ayangeakaa, A. D. and Bleuel, D. L. and Bottoni, S. and Carpenter, M. P. and Davids, H. M. and Elson, J. and Gorgen, A. and Guttormsen, M. and Janssens, R. V.  F. and Kinnison, J. E. and Kirsch, L. and Larsen, A. C. and Lauritsen, T. and Reviol, W. and Sarantites, D. G. and Siem, S. and Voinov, A. V. and Zhu, S.},

  abstractNote = {Here, a model-independent technique was used to determine the γ-ray strength function (γSF) of 56Fe down to γ-ray energies less than 1 MeV for the first time with GRETINA using the (p,p') reaction at 16 MeV. No difference was observed in the energy dependence of the γSF built on 2+ and 4+ final states, supporting the Brink hypothesis. In addition, angular distribution and polarization measurements were performed. The angular distributions are consistent with dipole radiation. In conclusion, the polarization results show a small bias towards magnetic character in the region of the enhancement.},

  doi          = {10.1103/PhysRevC.97.024327},

  journal      = {Physical Review C},

  number       = 2,

  volume       = 97,

  place        = {United States},

  year         = {Thu Feb 22 00:00:00 EST 2018},

  month        = {Thu Feb 22 00:00:00 EST 2018}

}

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Title: Examination of the low-energy enhancement of the γ -ray strength function of Fe 56

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Radiative neutron captures by neutron-rich nuclei and the r-process nucleosynthesis journal, September 1998

Neutron Single Particle Structure in Sn 131 and Direct Neutron Capture Cross Sections journal, October 2012

“Phoswich Wall”: A charged-particle detector array for inverse-kinematic reactions with the Gretina/GRETA γ-ray arrays journal, August 2015

Compton polarimetry with a 36-fold segmented HPGe-detector of the AGATA-type journal, May 2012

Gamma decay of pygmy states from inelastic scattering of ions journal, August 2015

Low-energy limit of the radiative dipole strength in nuclei journal, September 2013

Experimental Neutron Capture Rate Constraint Far from Stability journal, June 2016

The performance of the Gamma-Ray Energy Tracking In-beam Nuclear Array GRETINA journal, May 2013

Magnetic dipole excitations in nuclei: Elementary modes of nucleonic motion journal, September 2010

The r-process of stellar nucleosynthesis: Astrophysics and nuclear physics achievements and mysteries journal, September 2007

Synthesis of the Elements in Stars journal, October 1957

E 1 and M 1 γ -strength functions in Nd 144 journal, December 2015

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 56 journal, June 2011

The Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons journal, July 1952

Large Low-Energy M 1 Strength for Fe 56 , 57 within the Nuclear Shell Model journal, December 2014

Polarization Measurements on Nuclear Gamma Rays journal, July 1959

Advanced nuclear energy systems and the need of accurate nuclear data: the n_TOF project at CERN journal, January 2010

The first generation of γ-rays from hot nuclei journal, April 1987

Low-Energy Enhancement in the Photon Strength of Mo 95 journal, April 2012

The unfolding of continuum γ-ray spectra journal, June 1996

The p-process of stellar nucleosynthesis: astrophysics and nuclear physics status journal, September 2003

The r-process of stellar nucleosynthesis: Astrophysics and nuclear physics achievements and mysteries text, January 2007

Transitional $γ$ strength in Cd isotopes text, January 2013

First observation of low-energy γ-ray enhancement in the rare-earth region text, January 2016

Large enhancement of radiative strength for soft transisitons in the quasicontinuum text, January 2004

Combined analysis of the low-energy enhancement of the gamma-strength function and the giant dipole resonance journal, August 2019

Reference database for photon strength functions journal, October 2019

Consolidating the concept of low-energy magnetic dipole decay radiation text, January 2018

Title: Examination of the low-energy enhancement of the $γ$ -ray strength function of ${}^{56}{Fe}$

Transitional $γ$ strength in Cd isotopes
journal, January 2013

$γ$ -strength functions in ${}^{60}{Ni}$ from two-step cascades following proton capture
journal, February 2010

Low-energy enhancement and fluctuations of γ -ray strength functions in ^56,57 Fe: test of the Brink–Axel hypothesis
journal, April 2017

Novel technique for Constraining $r$ -Process ( $n$ , $γ$ ) Reaction Rates
journal, December 2014

Multipolarities of the Yrast and Statistical Cascades in the Reactions ${}^{150}{Nd}$ ( ${}^{20}{Ne}$ , $xn γ$ )
journal, July 1978

Galactic production of 138 La: Impact of 138,139 La statistical properties
journal, May 2015

Low-energy M1 excitation mode in 172Yb
journal, February 2006

Large Enhancement of Radiative Strength for Soft Transitions in the Quasicontinuum
journal, September 2004

Experimental studies of the Pygmy Dipole Resonance
journal, May 2013

Nuclear level densities and γ-ray strength functions in ${}^{44, 45}{Sc}$
journal, October 2007

Evidence for the Dipole Nature of the Low-Energy $γ$ Enhancement in ${}^{56}{Fe}$
journal, December 2013

First observation of low-energy $γ$ -ray enhancement in the rare-earth region
journal, March 2016

Impact of a low-energy enhancement in the $γ$ -ray strength function on the neutron-capture cross section
journal, July 2010

Low-Energy Enhancement of Magnetic Dipole Radiation
journal, December 2013

Tables of attenuation coefficients for angular distribution of gamma rays from partially aligned nuclei
journal, January 1974

Electric and Magnetic Dipole Strength at Low Energy
journal, July 2017

Experimentally constrained $(p, γ) {}^{89}Y$ and $(n, γ) {}^{89}Y$ reaction rates relevant to $p$ -process nucleosynthesis
journal, April 2016

Statistical properties of ${}^{243}{Pu}$ , and ${}^{242}{Pu} (n, γ)$ cross section calculation
journal, January 2016

${}^{137, 138, 139}{La} (n, γ)$ cross sections constrained with statistical decay properties of ${}^{138, 139, 140}{La}$ nuclei
journal, April 2017

Radiative neutron captures by neutron-rich nuclei and the r-process nucleosynthesis
journal, September 1998

Neutron Single Particle Structure in ${}^{131}{Sn}$ and Direct Neutron Capture Cross Sections
journal, October 2012

“Phoswich Wall”: A charged-particle detector array for inverse-kinematic reactions with the Gretina/GRETA γ-ray arrays
journal, August 2015

Compton polarimetry with a 36-fold segmented HPGe-detector of the AGATA-type
journal, May 2012

Gamma decay of pygmy states from inelastic scattering of ions
journal, August 2015

Low-energy limit of the radiative dipole strength in nuclei
journal, September 2013

Experimental Neutron Capture Rate Constraint Far from Stability
journal, June 2016

The performance of the Gamma-Ray Energy Tracking In-beam Nuclear Array GRETINA
journal, May 2013

Magnetic dipole excitations in nuclei: Elementary modes of nucleonic motion
journal, September 2010

The r-process of stellar nucleosynthesis: Astrophysics and nuclear physics achievements and mysteries
journal, September 2007

Synthesis of the Elements in Stars
journal, October 1957

$E 1$ and $M 1 γ$ -strength functions in ${}^{144}{Nd}$
journal, December 2015

Nuclear Data Sheets for A = 56
journal, June 2011

The Inelastic Scattering of Neutrons
journal, July 1952

Large Low-Energy $M 1$ Strength for ${}^{56, 57}{Fe}$ within the Nuclear Shell Model
journal, December 2014

Polarization Measurements on Nuclear Gamma Rays
journal, July 1959

Advanced nuclear energy systems and the need of accurate nuclear data: the n_TOF project at CERN
journal, January 2010

The first generation of γ-rays from hot nuclei
journal, April 1987

Low-Energy Enhancement in the Photon Strength of ${}^{95}{Mo}$
journal, April 2012

The unfolding of continuum γ-ray spectra
journal, June 1996

The p-process of stellar nucleosynthesis: astrophysics and nuclear physics status
journal, September 2003

The r-process of stellar nucleosynthesis: Astrophysics and nuclear physics achievements and mysteries
text, January 2007

Transitional $γ$ strength in Cd isotopes
text, January 2013

First observation of low-energy γ-ray enhancement in the rare-earth region
text, January 2016

Large enhancement of radiative strength for soft transisitons in the quasicontinuum
text, January 2004

Combined analysis of the low-energy enhancement of the gamma-strength function and the giant dipole resonance
journal, August 2019

Reference database for photon strength functions
journal, October 2019

Consolidating the concept of low-energy magnetic dipole decay radiation
text, January 2018