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Title: Supramolecular Ex plorations: Ex hibiting the Ex tent of Ex tended Cationic Cyclophanes

Abstract

Acting as hosts, cationic cyclophanes, consisting of π-electron-poor bipyridinium units, are capable of entering into strong donor–acceptor interactions to form host–guest complexes with various guests when the size and electronic constitution are appropriately matched. A synthetic protocol has been developed that utilizes catalytic quantities of tetrabutylammonium iodide to make a wide variety of cationic pyridinium-based cyclophanes in a quick and easy manner. Members of this class of cationic cyclophanes with boxlike geometries, dubbed ExnBoxm4+ for short, have been prepared by altering a number of variables: (i) n, the number of “horizontal” p-phenylene spacers between adjoining pyridinium units, to modulate the “length” of the cavity; (ii) m, the number of “vertical” p-phenylene spacers, to modulate the “width” of the cavity; and (iii) the aromatic linkers, namely, 1,4-di- and 1,3,5-trisubstituted units for the construction of macrocycles (ExBoxes) and macrobicycles (ExCages), respectively. This Account serves as an exploration of the properties that emerge from these structural modifications of the pyridinium-based hosts, coupled with a call for further investigation into the wealth of properties inherent in this class of compounds. By variation of only the aforementioned components, the role of these cationic receptors covers ground that spans (i) synthetic methodology, (ii) extraction and sequestration,more » (iii) catalysis, (iv) molecular electronics, (v) physical organic chemistry, and (vi) supramolecular chemistry. Ex1Box4+ (or simply ExBox4+) has been shown to be a multipurpose receptor capable of binding a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while also being a suitable component in switchable mechanically interlocked molecules. Additionally, the electronic properties of some host–guest complexes allow the development of artificial photosystems. Ex2Box4+ boasts the ability to bind both π-electron-rich and -poor aromatic guests in different binding sites located within the same cavity. ExBox24+ forms complexes with C60 in which discrete arrays of aligned fullerenes result in single cocrystals, leading to improved material conductivities. When the substitution pattern of the ExnBox4+ series is changed to 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzenoid cores, the hexacationic cagelike compound, termed ExCage6+, exhibits different kinetics of complexation with guests of varying sizes—a veritable playground for physical organic chemists. The organization of functionality with respect to structure becomes valuable as the number of analogues continues to grow. With each of these minor structural modifications, a wealth of properties emerge, begging the question as to what discoveries await and what properties will be realized with the continued exploration of this area of supramolecular chemistry based on a unique class of receptor molecules.« less

Authors:
 [1];  [1];  [2];  [3];  [4];  [4];  [1]
  1. Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
  2. Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, St. Johanns-Ring 19, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
  3. Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
  4. Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States, Argonne−Northwestern Solar Energy Research (ANSER) Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
Publication Date:
Research Org.:
Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL (United States)
Sponsoring Org.:
USDOE Office of Science (SC), Basic Energy Sciences (BES). Chemical Sciences, Geosciences, and Biosciences Division
OSTI Identifier:
1248415
Alternate Identifier(s):
OSTI ID: 1434641
Grant/Contract Number:  
FG02-99ER14999
Resource Type:
Published Article
Journal Name:
Accounts of Chemical Research
Additional Journal Information:
Journal Name: Accounts of Chemical Research Journal Volume: 49 Journal Issue: 2; Journal ID: ISSN 0001-4842
Publisher:
American Chemical Society
Country of Publication:
United States
Language:
English
Subject:
37 INORGANIC, ORGANIC, PHYSICAL, AND ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY

Citation Formats

Dale, Edward J., Vermeulen, Nicolaas A., Juríček, Michal, Barnes, Jonathan C., Young, Ryan M., Wasielewski, Michael R., and Stoddart, J. Fraser. Supramolecular Ex plorations: Ex hibiting the Ex tent of Ex tended Cationic Cyclophanes. United States: N. p., 2016. Web. doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00495.
Dale, Edward J., Vermeulen, Nicolaas A., Juríček, Michal, Barnes, Jonathan C., Young, Ryan M., Wasielewski, Michael R., & Stoddart, J. Fraser. Supramolecular Ex plorations: Ex hibiting the Ex tent of Ex tended Cationic Cyclophanes. United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00495
Dale, Edward J., Vermeulen, Nicolaas A., Juríček, Michal, Barnes, Jonathan C., Young, Ryan M., Wasielewski, Michael R., and Stoddart, J. Fraser. Tue . "Supramolecular Ex plorations: Ex hibiting the Ex tent of Ex tended Cationic Cyclophanes". United States. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00495.
@article{osti_1248415,
title = {Supramolecular Ex plorations: Ex hibiting the Ex tent of Ex tended Cationic Cyclophanes},
author = {Dale, Edward J. and Vermeulen, Nicolaas A. and Juríček, Michal and Barnes, Jonathan C. and Young, Ryan M. and Wasielewski, Michael R. and Stoddart, J. Fraser},
abstractNote = {Acting as hosts, cationic cyclophanes, consisting of π-electron-poor bipyridinium units, are capable of entering into strong donor–acceptor interactions to form host–guest complexes with various guests when the size and electronic constitution are appropriately matched. A synthetic protocol has been developed that utilizes catalytic quantities of tetrabutylammonium iodide to make a wide variety of cationic pyridinium-based cyclophanes in a quick and easy manner. Members of this class of cationic cyclophanes with boxlike geometries, dubbed ExnBoxm4+ for short, have been prepared by altering a number of variables: (i) n, the number of “horizontal” p-phenylene spacers between adjoining pyridinium units, to modulate the “length” of the cavity; (ii) m, the number of “vertical” p-phenylene spacers, to modulate the “width” of the cavity; and (iii) the aromatic linkers, namely, 1,4-di- and 1,3,5-trisubstituted units for the construction of macrocycles (ExBoxes) and macrobicycles (ExCages), respectively. This Account serves as an exploration of the properties that emerge from these structural modifications of the pyridinium-based hosts, coupled with a call for further investigation into the wealth of properties inherent in this class of compounds. By variation of only the aforementioned components, the role of these cationic receptors covers ground that spans (i) synthetic methodology, (ii) extraction and sequestration, (iii) catalysis, (iv) molecular electronics, (v) physical organic chemistry, and (vi) supramolecular chemistry. Ex1Box4+ (or simply ExBox4+) has been shown to be a multipurpose receptor capable of binding a wide range of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), while also being a suitable component in switchable mechanically interlocked molecules. Additionally, the electronic properties of some host–guest complexes allow the development of artificial photosystems. Ex2Box4+ boasts the ability to bind both π-electron-rich and -poor aromatic guests in different binding sites located within the same cavity. ExBox24+ forms complexes with C60 in which discrete arrays of aligned fullerenes result in single cocrystals, leading to improved material conductivities. When the substitution pattern of the ExnBox4+ series is changed to 1,3,5-trisubstituted benzenoid cores, the hexacationic cagelike compound, termed ExCage6+, exhibits different kinetics of complexation with guests of varying sizes—a veritable playground for physical organic chemists. The organization of functionality with respect to structure becomes valuable as the number of analogues continues to grow. With each of these minor structural modifications, a wealth of properties emerge, begging the question as to what discoveries await and what properties will be realized with the continued exploration of this area of supramolecular chemistry based on a unique class of receptor molecules.},
doi = {10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00495},
journal = {Accounts of Chemical Research},
number = 2,
volume = 49,
place = {United States},
year = {Tue Feb 02 00:00:00 EST 2016},
month = {Tue Feb 02 00:00:00 EST 2016}
}

Journal Article:
Free Publicly Available Full Text
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https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.accounts.5b00495

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  • Chemical Communications, Vol. 55, Issue 56
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9cc03577j

Unexpected solvent effect on the binding of positively-charged macrocycles to neutral aromatic hydrocarbons
journal, January 2019

  • Wang, Yu-Mei; Yao, Huan; Quan, Mao
  • Chemical Communications, Vol. 55, Issue 73
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9cc06154a

pH-Controlled motions in mechanically interlocked molecules
journal, January 2020

  • Zhou, He-Ye; Han, Ying; Chen, Chuan-Feng
  • Materials Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 4, Issue 1
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9qm00546c

Guest-mediated chirality transfer in the host–guest complexes of an atropisomeric perylene bisimide cyclophane host
journal, January 2019

  • Sapotta, Meike; Spenst, Peter; Saha-Möller, Chantu R.
  • Organic Chemistry Frontiers, Vol. 6, Issue 7
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9qo00172g

Guest recognition enhanced by lateral interactions
journal, January 2019

  • Jiao, Tianyu; Cai, Kang; Liu, Zhichang
  • Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 19
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9sc00591a

A sensor array for the discrimination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using conjugated polymers and the inner filter effect
journal, January 2019

  • Tropp, Joshua; Ihde, Michael H.; Williams, Abagail K.
  • Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 44
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03405f

Thinking outside the “Blue Box”: from molecular to supramolecular pH-responsiveness
journal, January 2019

  • Blanco-Gómez, Arturo; Neira, Iago; Barriada, José L.
  • Chemical Science, Vol. 10, Issue 46
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04489b

Controlling the structure and photophysics of fluorophore dimers using multiple cucurbit[8]uril clampings
journal, January 2020

  • Wu, Guanglu; Bae, Youn Jue; Olesińska, Magdalena
  • Chemical Science, Vol. 11, Issue 3
  • DOI: 10.1039/c9sc04587b

Acyclic cucurbit[n]uril type receptors: secondary versus tertiary amide arms
journal, July 2019


Efficient syntheses of π-electron deficient macrocycles
journal, January 2020